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Hu Z, Cinque P, Dravid A, Hagberg L, Yilmaz A, Zetterberg H, Fuchs D, Gostner J, Blennow K, Spudich SS, Kincer L, Zhou S, Joseph SB, Swanstrom R, Price RW, Gisslén M. Changes in cerebrospinal fluid proteins across the spectrum of untreated and treated chronic HIV-1 infection. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012470. [PMID: 39316609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Using the Olink Explore 1536 platform, we measured 1,463 unique proteins in 303 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from four clinical centers contributed by uninfected controls and 12 groups of people living with HIV-1 infection representing the spectrum of progressive untreated and treated chronic infection. We present three initial analyses of these measurements: an overview of the CSF protein features of the sample; correlations of the CSF proteins with CSF HIV-1 RNA and neurofilament light chain protein (NfL) concentrations; and comparison of CSF proteins in HIV-associated dementia (HAD) and neurosymptomatic CSF escape (NSE). These reveal a complex but coherent picture of CSF protein changes with highest concentrations of many proteins during CNS injury in the HAD and NSE groups and variable protein changes across the course of systemic HIV-1 progression that included two common patterns, designated as lymphoid and myeloid patterns, related to principal involvement of their underlying inflammatory cell lineages. Antiretroviral therapy reduced CSF protein perturbations, though not always to control levels. The dataset of these CSF protein measurements, along with background clinical information, is posted online. Extended studies of this unique dataset will supplement this report to provide more detailed characterization of the dynamic impact of HIV-1 infection on the CSF proteome across the spectrum of HIV-1 infection, advancing the mechanistic understanding of HIV-1-related CNS pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Hu
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Paola Cinque
- Unit of Neurovirology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Ameet Dravid
- HIV Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Poona Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India
- Noble Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India
- Ruby Hall Clinic, Pune, India
| | - Lars Hagberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Aylin Yilmaz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Institute of Medical Biological Chemistry, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johanna Gostner
- Institute of Medical Biological Chemistry, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Serena S Spudich
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Laura Kincer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shuntai Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sarah Beth Joseph
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ronald Swanstrom
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Richard W Price
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Magnus Gisslén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
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Hu Z, Cinque P, Dravid A, Hagberg L, Yilmaz A, Zetterberg H, Fuchs D, Gostner J, Blennow K, Spudich SS, Kincer L, Zhou S, Joseph S, Swanstrom R, Price RW, Gisslén M. Changes in Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins across the Spectrum of Untreated and Treated Chronic HIV-1 Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.03.592451. [PMID: 38746436 PMCID: PMC11092784 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.03.592451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Using the Olink Explore 1536 platform, we measured 1,463 unique proteins in 303 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from four clinical centers that included uninfected controls and 12 groups of people living with HIV-1 infection representing the spectrum of progressive untreated and treated chronic infection. We present three initial analyses of these measurements: an overview of the CSF protein features of the sample; correlations of the CSF proteins with CSF HIV-1 RNA and neurofilament light chain protein (NfL) concentrations; and comparison of the CSF proteins in HIV-associated dementia ( HAD ) and neurosymptomatic CSF escape ( NSE ). These reveal a complex but coherent picture of CSF protein changes that includes highest concentrations of many proteins during CNS injury in the HAD and NSE groups and variable protein changes across the course of neuroasymptomatic systemic HIV-1 progression, including two common patterns, designated as lymphoid and myeloid patterns, related to the principal involvement of their underlying inflammatory cell lineages. Antiretroviral therapy reduced CSF protein perturbations, though not always to control levels. The dataset of these CSF protein measurements, along with background clinical information, is posted online. Extended studies of this unique dataset will provide more detailed characterization of the dynamic impact of HIV-1 infection on the CSF proteome across the spectrum of HIV-1 infection, and further the mechanistic understanding of HIV-1-related CNS pathobiology.
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Singh S, Thangaraj A, Chivero ET, Guo ML, Periyasamy P, Buch S. Role of Dysregulated Autophagy in HIV Tat, Cocaine, and cART Mediated NLRP3 Activation in Microglia. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:327-347. [PMID: 37148425 PMCID: PMC10729649 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-023-10063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the ability of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) to suppress viremia, there is persistence low levels of HIV proteins such as Transactivator of transcription (Tat) in the central nervous system (CNS), contributing to glial activation and neuroinflammation. Accumulating evidence also implicates the role of drugs of abuse in exacerbating neurological complications associated with HIV-1. The combined effects of HIV Tat, drugs of abuse, and cART can thus create a toxic milieu in the CNS. The present study investigated the combinatorial effects of HIV-Tat, cocaine, and cART on autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. We selected a combination of three commonly used cART regimens: tenofovir, emtricitabine, and dolutegravir. Our results demonstrated that exposure of mouse primary microglia (MPMs) to these agents-HIV Tat (25 ng/ml), cocaine (1 μM), and cART (1 μM each) resulted in upregulation of autophagy markers: Beclin1, LC3B-II, and SQSTM1 with impaired lysosomal functioning involving increased lysosomal pH, decreased LAMP2 and cathepsin D, ultimately leading to dysregulated autophagy. Our findings also demonstrated activation of the NLRP3 signaling in microglia exposed to these agents. We further demonstrated that gene silencing of key autophagy protein BECN1 significantly blocked NLRP3-mediated activation of microglia. Silencing of NLRP3, however, failed to block HIV Tat, cocaine, and cART-mediated dysregulation of the autophagy-lysosomal axis; these in vitro phenomena were also validated in vivo using iTat mice administered cocaine and cART. This study thus underscores the cooperative effects of HIV Tat, cocaine, and cART in exacerbating microglial activation involving dysregulated autophagy and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Annadurai Thangaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
- Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ernest T Chivero
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182-0001, USA
| | - Ming-Lei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA.
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA.
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA.
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Yarandi SS, Duggan MR, Sariyer IK. Emerging Role of Nef in the Development of HIV Associated Neurological Disorders. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2021; 16:238-250. [PMID: 33123948 PMCID: PMC8081738 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite adherence to treatment, individuals living with HIV have an increased risk for developing cognitive impairments, referred to as HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND). Due to continued growth in the HIV population, particularly amongst the aging cohort, the neurobiological mechanisms of HAND are increasingly relevant. Similar to other viral proteins (e.g. Tat, Gp120, Vpr), the Negative Factor (Nef) is associated with numerous adverse effects in the CNS as well as cognitive impairments. In particular, emerging data indicate the consequences of Nef may be facilitated by the modulation of cellular autophagy as well as its inclusion into extracellular vesicles (EVs). The present review examines evidence for the molecular mechanisms by which Nef might contribute to neuronal dysfunction underlying HAND, with a specific focus on autophagy and EVs. Based on the these data, we propose an integrated model by which Nef may contribute to underlying neuronal dysfunction in HAND and highlight potentially novel therapeutic targets for HAND. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadan S Yarandi
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Medical Education and Research Building Room 753, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Michael R Duggan
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Medical Education and Research Building Room 753, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ilker K Sariyer
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Medical Education and Research Building Room 753, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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Bhutta MS, Gallo ES, Borenstein R. Multifaceted Role of AMPK in Viral Infections. Cells 2021; 10:1118. [PMID: 34066434 PMCID: PMC8148118 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral pathogens often exploit host cell regulatory and signaling pathways to ensure an optimal environment for growth and survival. Several studies have suggested that 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an intracellular serine/threonine kinase, plays a significant role in the modulation of infection. Traditionally, AMPK is a key energy regulator of cell growth and proliferation, host autophagy, stress responses, metabolic reprogramming, mitochondrial homeostasis, fatty acid β-oxidation and host immune function. In this review, we highlight the modulation of host AMPK by various viruses under physiological conditions. These intracellular pathogens trigger metabolic changes altering AMPK signaling activity that then facilitates or inhibits viral replication. Considering the COVID-19 pandemic, understanding the regulation of AMPK signaling following infection can shed light on the development of more effective therapeutic strategies against viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maimoona Shahid Bhutta
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA;
| | - Elisa S. Gallo
- Board-Certified Dermatologist and Independent Researcher, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA;
| | - Ronen Borenstein
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA;
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Cabrera-Rodríguez R, Pérez-Yanes S, Estévez-Herrera J, Márquez-Arce D, Cabrera C, Espert L, Blanco J, Valenzuela-Fernández A. The Interplay of HIV and Autophagy in Early Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:661446. [PMID: 33995324 PMCID: PMC8113651 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.661446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV/AIDS is still a global threat despite the notable efforts made by the scientific and health communities to understand viral infection, to design new drugs or to improve existing ones, as well as to develop advanced therapies and vaccine designs for functional cure and viral eradication. The identification and analysis of HIV-1 positive individuals that naturally control viral replication in the absence of antiretroviral treatment has provided clues about cellular processes that could interact with viral proteins and RNA and define subsequent viral replication and clinical progression. This is the case of autophagy, a degradative process that not only maintains cell homeostasis by recycling misfolded/old cellular elements to obtain nutrients, but is also relevant in the innate and adaptive immunity against viruses, such as HIV-1. Several studies suggest that early steps of HIV-1 infection, such as virus binding to CD4 or membrane fusion, allow the virus to modulate autophagy pathways preparing cells to be permissive for viral infection. Confirming this interplay, strategies based on autophagy modulation are able to inhibit early steps of HIV-1 infection. Moreover, autophagy dysregulation in late steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle may promote autophagic cell-death of CD4+ T cells or control of HIV-1 latency, likely contributing to disease progression and HIV persistence in infected individuals. In this scenario, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying HIV/autophagy interplay may contribute to the development of new strategies to control HIV-1 replication. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the knowledge of the interplay between autophagy and the early events of HIV-1 infection, and how autophagy modulation could impair or benefit HIV-1 infection and persistence, impacting viral pathogenesis, immune control of viral replication, and clinical progression of HIV-1 infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Cabrera-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Silvia Pérez-Yanes
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Judith Estévez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Daniel Márquez-Arce
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Cecilia Cabrera
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucile Espert
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Julià Blanco
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVIC-UCC), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
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Wang H, Li Y, Li Y, Li B, Zhu X, Yan D, Li M, Wu W, Sun M, Yang R. Variations in Env at amino acids 328 and 330 affect HIV-1 replicative fitness and entry inhibitor sensitivity. Virus Res 2021; 299:198424. [PMID: 33862046 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
While the variations in the HIV-1 Env V3 loop have been the focus of much research to explore its functional effect, how specific mutations of certain amino acids in the V3 loop affect viral fitness remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated a series of natural polymorphisms at positions 328 and 330 with different combinations of adjacent glycosylation sites in the HIV-1 subtype B backbone to address their role in replicative fitness and sensitivity to entry inhibitors based on analysis of env sequence frequency at the population level. Pairwise growth competition experiment showed that wild-type virus with major consensus amino acids obviously had higher replicative fitness (P < 0.001). A change at position 328 to a less frequently occurring amino acid, K, together with a mutated N332 glycosylation site harbored lower fitness and became more sensitive to coreceptor antagonists (AMD3100), fusion inhibitors (T20) and sCD4. A change at position 330 to a less frequently occurring amino acid, Y, together with a mutated N332 glycosylation site resulted in higher fitness and less sensitivity to entry inhibitors (T20, AMD3100, and sCD4), and viruses containing both changes showed intermediate activity. It seems that the H330Y mutation compensated for the reduced replicative capacity caused by the Q328 K mutation. Moreover, viruses that showed lower replicative fitness also exhibited slower entry kinetics, lower levels of replication intermediates and protein packaging, and a lower ability to replicate in primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The findings highlight the functional effect of variations at 328 and 330 in the V3 loop on replicative fitness and may benefit HIV-1 treatment by helping predict the sensitivity to entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Pecking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Yang Li
- Unit of HIV Molecular Epidemiology and Virology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ya Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Yunnan Innovation Team of Clinical Laboratory and Diagnosis, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Bingxiang Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Pecking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Pecking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Dongshan Yan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Pecking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Mingyu Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Yunnan Innovation Team of Clinical Laboratory and Diagnosis, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Wenying Wu
- Unit of HIV Molecular Epidemiology and Virology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ming Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Pecking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, 650118, China.
| | - Rongge Yang
- Unit of HIV Molecular Epidemiology and Virology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Chen X, Zhang T, Zhang Y. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:824-833. [PMID: 32918163 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00906-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) affects virologic suppression and prolongs life expectancies among HIV-positive patients; HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) continue to be diagnosed in patients with HIV-1 undergoing treatment. The extensive clinical manifestations of HAND include behavioral, cognitive, and motor dysfunctions that severely affect the patients' quality of life. The pathogenesis of HAND has received increasing attention as a potential avenue by which to improve the treatment of the condition. Many studies have shown that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, autophagy, and their interaction play important roles in the onset and development of neurodegenerative diseases. While the accumulation of misfolded proteins can induce ER stress, autophagy can effectively remove accumulated toxic proteins, reduce ER stress, and thus inhibit the development of neuropathy. Through the in-depth study of ER stress and autophagy, both have been recognized as promising targets for pharmacotherapeutic intervention in the treatment of HAND. This review will highlight the effects of ER stress, autophagy, and their interaction in the context of HAND, thereby helping to inform the future development of targeted treatments for patients with HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing You An Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing You An Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing You An Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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