1
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Massei A, Falco N, Fissore D. Use of Raman spectroscopy and PCA for quality evaluation and out-of-specification identification in biopharmaceutical products. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 200:114342. [PMID: 38795787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, there was a remarkable growth in the approval of antibody-based biopharmaceutical products. These molecules are notably susceptible to the stresses occurring during drug manufacturing, often leading to structural alterations. A key concern is thus the ability to detect and comprehend these alterations caused by processes, such as aggregation, fragmentation, oxidation levels, as well as the change in protein concentration throughout the process steps, potentially resulting in out-of-spec products. In the present study, Raman spectroscopy, coupled with Principal Component Analysis (PCA), has proven to be an excellent tool for characterizing protein-based products. Notably, it offers the advantages of being minimally invasive, rapid and relatively insensitive to water. Therefore, it was successfully employed to discriminate between various stresses impacting a monoclonal antibody (mAb). The molecule used in this study is a fully human IgG1 fusion protein. Thermal stress was induced by incubating the samples at 50 °C for one month, while oxidative stress was induced by introducing hydrogen peroxide. Additionally, dilutions were performed to explore a broader range of protein concentrations. Specific key bands were identified in the Raman spectra, which facilitated the PCA classification and allowed for their association with distinct changes in the secondary and tertiary structures of the protein. Notably, it was observed that signals corresponding to amino acids exhibited a decrease in intensity with increasing levels of thermal stress, while other alterations were noted in the amide bands. It was shown that changes in the range 2800-3000 cm-1 pertains to the dilution process, while specific peaks of C-H stretching were essential for the discrimination between the oxidative-stressed samples and the thermal and diluted counterparts. Furthermore, the model calibrated on the mAb demonstrated remarkable performance when used to evaluate a different product, e.g. a hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Massei
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; Global Drug Product Development, Merck Serono SpA, Via Luigi Einaudi 11, 00012 Guidonia Montecelio (Roma), Italy
| | - Nunzia Falco
- Global Drug Product Development, Merck Serono SpA, Via Luigi Einaudi 11, 00012 Guidonia Montecelio (Roma), Italy
| | - Davide Fissore
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
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2
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Wang X, Ji X, Cai T, Guo M. Mechanistic Insight of Polymer Effects on the Kinetic of Solution-Mediated Phase Transformation of Nitrofurantoin Anhydrate to Monohydrate. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1587-1598. [PMID: 37059941 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nitrofurantoin is an effective antibacterial drug for the treatment of lower urinary tract infection. However, the anhydrate form can easily transform to the less soluble hydrate form (monohydrate) during dissolution, resulting in a reduction of dissolution rate and oral bioavailability. Therefore, inhibition of phase transformation is vital to stabilize the quality of drugs. METHODS In this work, the potential of polyethylene glycol (PEG 8000), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP K30), poloxamer 188 and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) to inhibit the hydration of nitrofurantoin during dissolution was investigated by experimental and simulation approaches. RESULTS The rates of phase transformation were decreased in the presence of PEG 8000 and poloxamer 188, and PVP K30 and HPMC completely inhibited the phase transformation of anhydrate. The abundant hydrogen bond donor and acceptor groups of PVP and HPMC may easily establish intermolecular interactions with nitrofurantoin molecules, accounting for stronger inhibition of nucleation. Besides, the molecular dynamic simulation further indicated the formation of more extensive interactions between PVP K30 (or HPMC) and the (111) face of monohydrate, suggesting that the strong absorption of polymers on the surface and thus block the sites for incorporation of new growth. CONCLUSION This study provides a mechanistic insight into the inhibition of nitrofurantoin hydration by polymeric additives, which helps design formulations and improve the physical stability of anhydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaohong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ting Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Minshan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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3
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Kestur U, Patel A, Badawy S, Mathias N, Zhang L. Strategies for Managing Solid Form Transformation Risk in Drug Product. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:909-921. [PMID: 36513146 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) Q6A document provides guidance on setting specifications for new drug substances and drug products.1 In this paper we focus on decision trees 4 (#1) to (#3) in the guidance related to solid-state form transformation. Form transformation could occur from use of high energy forms to overcome solubility challenges or stresses from manufacturing processes. The decision trees provide guidance on when and how polymorphic form changes should be monitored and controlled. However, guidance is high level and does not capture aspects related to assessments needed to understand if there is a risk of transformation or tools that can be integrated to understand the severity of bioavailability impact at different stages of development. The objective of this paper is therefore to provide comprehensive chemistry manufacturing and controls (CMC) and regulatory strategies to manage the risk of form transformation. This includes practical workflows for form transformation risk assessment, analytical tools to detect and quantify the transformation including their shortcomings, biopharmaceutical tools to understand the severity of transformation risk and if needed justify the limits based on clinical relevance. Finally, a few case studies are discussed that capture how the workflow can be used to manage transformation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Kestur
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
| | - Anisha Patel
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Sherif Badawy
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Neil Mathias
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Limin Zhang
- Analytical Strategy & Operations, Bristol Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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4
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Liu B, Wang J, Zeng J, Zhao L, Wang Y, Feng Y, Du R. A review of high shear wet granulation for better process understanding, control and product development. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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5
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Tian B, Ding Z, Zong S, Yang J, Wang N, Wang T, Huang X, Hao H. Manipulation of Pharmaceutical Polymorphic Transformation Process Using Excipients. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2553-2563. [PMID: 32053064 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200213122302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the pharmaceutical field, it is vital to ensure a consistent product containing a single solid-state form of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in the drug product. However, some APIs are suffering from the risk of transformation of their target forms during processing, formulation and storage. METHODS The purpose of this review is to summarize the relevant category of excipients and demonstrate the availability and importance of using excipients as a key strategy to manipulate pharmaceutical polymorphic transformation. RESULTS The excipient effects on solvent-mediated phase transformations, solid-state transitions and amorphous crystallization are significant. Common pharmaceutical excipients including amino acids and derivatives, surfactants, and various polymers and their different manipulation effects were summarized and discussed. CONCLUSION Appropriate use of excipients plays a role in manipulating polymorphic transformation process of corresponding APIs, with a promising application of guaranteeing the stability and effectiveness of drug dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiqian Tian
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhiyong Ding
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shuyi Zong
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jinyue Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Na Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ting Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xin Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hongxun Hao
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
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6
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In situ monitoring of the crystalline state of active pharmaceutical ingredients during high-shear wet granulation using a low-frequency Raman probe. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 147:1-9. [PMID: 31841690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of manufacturing processes based on scientific evidence is important in the quality control of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and drug products, particularly when crystal forms change during production, which could affect subsequent drug performance. In this study, we verified crystalline states using various crystal faces and excipients during high-shear wet granulation based on non-contact low-frequency (LF) Raman probe monitoring. Four model drugs [indomethacin (IND), acetaminophen (APAP), theophylline (TP), and caffeine (CAF) polymorphs and cocrystals] were mixed with microcrystalline cellulose and hydroxypropyl cellulose with the addition of water over time. The LF Raman probe showed comparatively high sensitivity in monitoring 5-20% APAP and IND in a wet mass. Notably, as observed from the characteristic LF Raman peak shifts, form I TP and CAF and their cocrystals were more susceptible to transformation to the monohydrate form than form II. This method was also shown to be applicable in monitoring a commercial formulation of eight excipients and revealed crystalline transformations after 15 min of mixing. Therefore, probe-type LF Raman spectroscopy can be successfully employed to distinguish and monitor the crystalline state of APIs in real time during high-shear wet granulation, in which there is a risk of crystal transformation.
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Trasi NS, Bhujbal S, Zhou QT, Taylor LS. Amorphous solid dispersion formation via solvent granulation - A case study with ritonavir and lopinavir. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS-X 2019; 1:100035. [PMID: 31788669 PMCID: PMC6880113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2019.100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we evaluate the potential of using a simple solvent granulation process to prepare a binary drug amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) containing two anti-HIV drugs, ritonavir and lopinavir. The drugs were granulated onto a mixture of lactose and microcrystalline cellulose, followed by drying to remove the solvent. The resultant granules were characterized and each drug was found to be X-ray amorphous. No crystallization was observed following storage for 1 month under accelerated stability conditions (40 °C and 75% relative humidity). The dissolution behavior of the compacted granules was compared with the marketed formulation. The dissolution rate of ritonavir was found to be significantly retarded relative to the commercial product when the two drugs were co-granulated. However, comparable release could be achieved when each drug was individually granulated, followed by combination and compaction. The solvent granulation approach may be a viable method to make ASDs of low dose drugs with low crystallization tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lynne S. Taylor
- Corresponding author at: Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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Shaikh R, Walker GM, Croker DM. Continuous, simultaneous cocrystallization and formulation of Theophylline and 4-Aminobenzoic acid pharmaceutical cocrystals using twin screw melt granulation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 137:104981. [PMID: 31295548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.104981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work a cocrystal of Theophylline and 4Aminobenzoic acid was successfully produced and formulated using a hydrophilic binder with a novel continuous melt granulation approach. This melt granulation was followed with direct compression to generate oral solid dosage forms. The study revealed that the processing temperature, molecular weight of the binder and binder concentration were the most effective parameters for the production and formulation of high purity cocrystals. Superior tableting performance was observed for melt granulated cocrystals as compared with extruded cocrystals and pure theophylline. Moreover the prepared THP-4ABA melt granulated cocrystals were stable for 14 days (50 °C and 75% RH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahamatullah Shaikh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| | - Gavin M Walker
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Denise M Croker
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
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9
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Effect of processing conditions and excipients on dehydration kinetics of sodium naproxen hydrate in formulation. Int J Pharm 2019; 557:221-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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10
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Albarahmieh E, Albarahmieh M, Alkhalidi BA. Fabrication of Hierarchical Polymeric Thin Films by Spin Coating Toward Production of Amorphous Solid Dispersion for Buccal Drug Delivery System: Preparation, Characterization, and In Vitro Release Investigations. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:3112-3122. [PMID: 30176251 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The landscape of thin films is continuously evolving as an attractive self-administration mean to drive patient compliance. This work reports incorporation of drugs into various polymeric compositions using spin coating technology to screen amorphous solid dispersion film formation for buccal applications. Polarized light microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry were used for characterization. Physical stability was assessed after films storage at 0% RH/25°C for 6 months. Chlorpheniramine maleate, theophylline, and famotidine were used as model drugs and mixed with Opadry amb II® or Kollicoat IR®. Acryl-EZE II® or Zein was also used as surface (design I) or surface and base polymers (design II). Of all the drug-Opadry combinations, only chlorpheniramine was amorphously dispersed up to 25% (w/w). In contrast, Kollicoat IR® resulted in amorphous dispersions of all the tested drugs, suggesting that it has a better solubilization capacity. Drugs prepared in design II achieved higher in vitro release compared to respective design I, indicating that lower content of Acryl-EZE II® or Zein can decrease drug release over 3 h. It has been also revealed that Zein could improve physical stability of the aged theophylline solid-dispersed films. Release kinetics of model drugs were satisfactory when described by first-order kinetics, facilitated through anomalous transport of both diffusion and polymer swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra'a Albarahmieh
- Pharmaceutical Chemical Engineering Department, School of Applied Medical Sciences, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan.
| | - Muthaffer Albarahmieh
- Pharmaceutical Chemical Engineering Department, School of Applied Medical Sciences, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan
| | - Bashar A Alkhalidi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman 11942, Jordan
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11
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Hu M, Zhou T, Dezzutti CS, Rohan LC. The Effect of Commonly Used Excipients on the Epithelial Integrity of Human Cervicovaginal Tissue. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 32:992-1004. [PMID: 27611224 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical excipients are widely used in vaginal drug products. The epithelial integrity of the cervicovaginal tissue is important for HIV-1 prevention. However, the effects of excipients on cervicovaginal epithelium remain unknown. This study aims at assessing the effects of vaginal product excipients on the integrity of human cervicovaginal epithelium and on a lead HIV prevention antiretroviral drug, tenofovir (TFV). In the current study, nine excipients commonly used in vaginal formulations were incubated for 6 h with excised human ectocervical tissue. The effects of the excipients were examined by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), epithelial morphology, paracellular/transcellular permeability, and cell viability. The efficacy of TFV for preventing HIV-1 infection in the ex vivo cultured ectocervix was also tested. We found that disodium ethyl-enediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), sorbic acid, and benzoic acid had no effect on the tissue TEER. Butylated hydroxyanisole, glycerin, propylene glycol, methylparaben, and propylparaben slightly to moderately decreased tissue TEER, whereas citric acid significantly decreased the TEER in a time-dependent manner. Tissue morphology observed post-exposure strongly correlated with TEER data; however, a less strong correlation was observed between paracellular permeability and TEER data after exposure to different excipients. In addition, treatment with EDTA, methylparaben, and propylene glycol at tested levels had no effect on the efficacy of TFV in preventing tissue HIV-1 infection. In conclusion, the combined measurements of TEER, morphology, permeability, and viability using human cervicovaginal tissue represent a clinically relevant platform for safety evaluation of excipients and formulated products for HIV-1 prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minlu Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tian Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Charlene S. Dezzutti
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lisa C. Rohan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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12
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Gift AD, Hettenbaugh JA, Quandahl RA, Mapes M. Inhibition of the solid state transformation of carbamazepine in aqueous solution: impact of polymeric properties. Pharm Dev Technol 2017; 23:933-940. [PMID: 29047297 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2017.1395038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of polymers on the anhydrate-to-hydrate transformation of carbamazepine (CBZ) was investigated. The three types of polymers studied were polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and substituted celluloses which included hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and methylcellulose (MC). Anhydrous CBZ was added to dilute aqueous polymer solutions and Raman spectroscopy measurements were collected to monitor the kinetics of the solution-mediated transformation to CBZ dihydrate. Polymers exhibiting the greatest inhibition were able to reduce the growth phase of the solution-mediated transformation and change the habit of the hydrate crystal indicating polymer adsorption to the hydrate crystal surface as the mechanism of inhibition. The results of the various polymers showed that short chain substituted celluloses (HPMC and MC) inhibited the CBZ transformation to a much greater extent than longer chains. The same trend was observed for PVP and PVA, but to a lesser extent. These chain length effects were attributed to changes in polymer confirmation when adsorbed on the crystal surface. Additionally, decreasing the percentage of hydroxyl groups on the PVA polymer backbone reduced the ability of the polymer to inhibit the transformation and changing the degree of substitutions of methyl and hydroxypropyl groups on the cellulosic polymer backbone had no effect on the transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Gift
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Omaha , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Jacob A Hettenbaugh
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Omaha , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Rachel A Quandahl
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Omaha , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Madison Mapes
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Omaha , Omaha , NE , USA
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13
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Paisana MC, Wahl MA, Pinto JF. An Insight Into the Impact of Polymers on the Hydrate Conversion of Olanzapine Form I in Aqueous Suspensions. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:1786-1794. [PMID: 28322942 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The potential of polyethyleneglycol (PEG), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) to inhibit the hydration of olanzapine (OLZ) in aqueous environments was assessed. OLZ Form I (OLZ) suspended in water (A) or in aqueous polymer solutions (2%, 0.2%, 0.02%, and 0.002%) (PEG 6000 [B], PEG 40,000 [C], HPC LF [D], or PVP K30 [E]). Filtered samples were analyzed by different techniques (X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy). OLZ hydration showed to be faster in water than in PEG solutions, regardless of the polymer molecular weight. OLZ in D and E suspensions remained anhydrous at concentrations of 2%-0.02%. The NMR measurements revealed that all of these polymers were able to establish hydrogen bonds with the OLZ molecule and increased its saturation solubility, but only D and E showed to increase the wettability of the OLZ particles due to binding of these polymers to the surface of hydrate nuclei/first crystals OLZ crystals. This study provided an insight into the mechanisms of OLZ hydrate protection by polymers. It confirmed the advantage of using PVP K30 or HPC LF in wet granulation in concentrations as low as 0.02% to prevent formation of OLZ hydrates, due to the combined effect of H-bond ability and the strong bonding of these polymers to the surface of the crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Paisana
- iMed.ULisboa -Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, P-1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Martin A Wahl
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - João F Pinto
- iMed.ULisboa -Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, P-1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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14
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Korang-Yeboah M, Rahman Z, Shah D, Mohammad A, Wu S, Siddiqui A, Khan MA. Impact of formulation and process variables on solid-state stability of theophylline in controlled release formulations. Int J Pharm 2016; 499:20-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Paisana M, Wahl M, Pinto J. Role of Polymeric Excipients in the Stabilization of Olanzapine when Exposed to Aqueous Environments. Molecules 2015; 20:22364-82. [PMID: 26703534 PMCID: PMC6332009 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrate formation is a phase transition which can occur during manufacturing processes involving water. This work considers the prevention of hydration of anhydrous olanzapine and hydrate conversions in the presence of water and polymers (polyethyleneglycol; hydroxypropylcellulose; polyvinylpyrrolidone) in forming pellets by wet extrusion and spheronisation. Anhydrous olanzapine was added to water with or without those polymers prior to extrusion with microcrystalline cellulose. Assessment of olanzapine conversion was made by XRP-Diffraction; FTIR spectroscopy; calorimetry (DSC) and microscopy (SEM for crystal size and shape). The addition of water converted the anhydrous form into dihydrate B and higher hydrate; whereas polyethyleneglycol promoted a selective hydrate conversion into the higher hydrate olanzapine form. Both polyvinylpyrrolidone and hydroxypropylcellulose prevented the hydrate transformations of the anhydrous drug; the latter even in the presence of hydrate seeds. This may be explained by the higher H-bond ability; higher network association and higher hydrophobicity of hydroxypropylcellulose by comparison with polyethyleneglycol and polyvinylpyrrolidone; which could contribute to its higher affinity to the crystal surfaces of the hydrate nuclei/initial crystals and promoting steric hindrance to the incorporation of other drug molecules into the crystal lattice; thus, preventing the crystal growth. The addition of microcrystalline cellulose needed for the pellets production (final product) did not eliminate the protector effect of both hydroxypropylcellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone during pellets’ processing and dissolution evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paisana
- iMed.ULisboa, Departamento de Farmácia Galénica e Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, P-1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Martin Wahl
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - João Pinto
- iMed.ULisboa, Departamento de Farmácia Galénica e Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, P-1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Pandey P, Badawy S. A quality by design approach to scale-up of high-shear wet granulation process. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:175-89. [PMID: 26489403 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
High-shear wet granulation is a complex process that in turn makes scale-up a challenging task. Scale-up of high-shear wet granulation process has been studied extensively in the past with various different methodologies being proposed in the literature. This review article discusses existing scale-up principles and categorizes the various approaches into two main scale-up strategies - parameter-based and attribute-based. With the advent of quality by design (QbD) principle in drug product development process, an increased emphasis toward the latter approach may be needed to ensure product robustness. In practice, a combination of both scale-up strategies is often utilized. In a QbD paradigm, there is also a need for an increased fundamental and mechanistic understanding of the process. This can be achieved either by increased experimentation that comes at higher costs, or by using modeling techniques, that are also discussed as part of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetanshu Pandey
- a Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Brunswick , NJ , USA
| | - Sherif Badawy
- a Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Brunswick , NJ , USA
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17
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Understanding pharmaceutical polymorphic transformations I: influence of process variables and storage conditions. Ther Deliv 2015; 5:1123-42. [PMID: 25418270 DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) of a dosage form is affected by number of mechanical and environmental factors which have a tendency to alter its crystalline state. Polymorphic transitions have been observed to occur during various unit operations like granulation, milling and compression. Forces of pressure, shear and temperature have an ability to induce alterations in crystal habit. A conversion in polymorphic form during a unit operation is very likely to affect the handling of API in the subsequent unit operation. Transitions have also been observed during storage of formulations where the relative humidity and temperature play a major role. An increase in temperature during storage can dehydrate or desolvate the crystal and hence produce crystal defects, whilst, high humidity conditions produce higher molecular mobility leading to either crystallization of API or alteration of its crystalline form.
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18
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Otsuka M, Kanai Y, Hattori Y. Real-time monitoring of changes of adsorbed and crystalline water contents in tablet formulation powder containing theophylline anhydrate at various temperatures during agitated granulation by near-infrared spectroscopy. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:2924-2936. [PMID: 24832393 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of adsorbed water content (FW) and hydrate formation of theophylline anhydrate (THA) in tablet formulation during agitated granulation was investigated by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. As the wet-granulation process of THA tablet formulation involves change in pseudo-polymorphs between THA and theophylline monohydrate (THM), the pharmaceutical properties of THA tablet depend on the degree of hydration during granulation. After mixing of the powder materials (4 g) containing THA, and excipients and the addition of 600 μL of binding water, the powder was kneaded at 27°C, 40°C, and 50°C and then dried. The mixing, granulating, and drying processes were monitored using NIR. The calibration models to predict THM and total water contents during granulation in THA tablet formulation were obtained by partial least-squares regression. The FW in the formulation was determined by subtracting THM from the water content. The results of the THA formulation powder bed during granulation by NIR monitoring indicated that the transformation pathway of the THA powder was THA ⇒ THM ⇒ THA at 27°C and 40°C, but that at 50°C was THA ⇒ THA ⇒ THA. The pharmaceutical properties, such as tablet porosity, hardness, tablet disintegration time, and dissolution rate of the final THA tablet products, were affected by the degree of crystalline transformation during granulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Otsuka
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Kanai
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hattori
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
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19
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Fan Y, Yang M, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhou Y, Chen X, Shan L, Wei J, Gao C. Preformulation characterization andin vivoabsorption in beagle dogs of JFD, a novel anti-obesity drug for oral delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 41:801-11. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.903494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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20
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Raijada D, Müllertz A, Cornett C, Munk T, Sonnergaard J, Rantanen J. Miniaturized approach for excipient selection during the development of oral solid dosage form. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:900-8. [PMID: 24436033 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study introduces a miniaturized high-throughput platform to understand the influence of excipients on the performance of oral solid dosage forms during early drug development. Wet massing of binary mixtures of the model drug (sodium naproxen) and representative excipients was followed by sieving, drying, and compaction of the agglomerated material. The mini-compacts were subjected to stability studies at 25°C/5% relative humidity (RH), 25°C/60% RH and 40°C/75% RH for 3 months. The physical stability of the drug was affected by the storage condition and by the characteristics of the excipients, whereas all the samples were chemically stable. Force-distance curves obtained during the compression of agglomerated material were used for the comparison of compressibility of different drug-excipient mixtures. The agglomerated drug-excipient mixtures were also subjected to studies of the dissolution trend under sequential pH conditions to simulate pH environment of gastrointestinal tract. Major factors affecting the dissolution behavior were the diffusion layer pH of the binary mixtures and the ability of the excipients to alter the diffusion layer thickness. The proposed approach can be used for excipient selection and for early-stage performance testing of active pharmaceutical ingredient intended for oral solid dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhara Raijada
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
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21
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Fussell A, Garbacik E, Offerhaus H, Kleinebudde P, Strachan C. In situ dissolution analysis using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and hyperspectral CARS microscopy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 85:1141-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Raijada D, Cornett C, Rantanen J. A high throughput platform for understanding the influence of excipients on physical and chemical stability. Int J Pharm 2013; 453:285-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Gift AD, Southard LA, Riesberg AL. Influence of Polymeric Excipient Properties on Crystal Hydrate Formation Kinetics of Caffeine in Aqueous Slurries. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:1755-62. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Christensen NPA, Cornett C, Rantanen J. Role of Excipients on Solid-State Properties of Piroxicam During Processing. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:1202-11. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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25
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Koradia V, Fontelonga de Lemos AF, Allesø M, Lopez de Diego H, Ringkjøbing-Elema M, Müllertz A, Rantanen J. Phase Transformations of Amlodipine Besylate Solid Forms. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:2896-910. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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De Beer T, Burggraeve A, Fonteyne M, Saerens L, Remon JP, Vervaet C. Near infrared and Raman spectroscopy for the in-process monitoring of pharmaceutical production processes. Int J Pharm 2010; 417:32-47. [PMID: 21167266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Within the Process Analytical Technology (PAT) framework, it is of utmost importance to obtain critical process and formulation information during pharmaceutical processing. Process analyzers are the essential PAT tools for real-time process monitoring and control as they supply the data from which relevant process and product information and conclusions are to be extracted. Since the last decade, near infrared (NIR) and Raman spectroscopy have been increasingly used for real-time measurements of critical process and product attributes, as these techniques allow rapid and nondestructive measurements without sample preparations. Furthermore, both techniques provide chemical and physical information leading to increased process understanding. Probes coupled to the spectrometers by fiber optic cables can be implemented directly into the process streams allowing continuous in-process measurements. This paper aims at reviewing the use of Raman and NIR spectroscopy in the PAT setting, i.e., during processing, with special emphasis in pharmaceutics and dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
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28
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Chakravarty P, Govindarajan R, Suryanarayanan R. Investigation of Solution and Vapor Phase Mediated Phase Transformation in Thiamine Hydrochloride. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:3941-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Jørgensen AC, Strachan CJ, Pöllänen KH, Koradia V, Tian F, Rantanen J. An insight into water of crystallization during processing using vibrational spectroscopy. J Pharm Sci 2010; 98:3903-32. [PMID: 19670461 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Many organic molecules used as drugs can incorporate water into their crystal lattice. These compounds are also prone to processing-induced transformations (PITs) because processing often exposes the compounds to moisture, heat and mechanical stress. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the possibilities for following and understanding hydrate/anhydrate transformations using vibrational spectroscopy (mid-infrared, near-infrared, Raman and terahertz). The review begins with a general section on hydrates, followed by considerations on the impact of these on drug products and a description of transformation mechanisms of hydrates. Moreover, a general introduction is given for the spectroscopic techniques together with a discussion of critical issues for quantification models. Unit operations that may induce transformations in hydrate systems are discussed with focus on the published work on the use of spectroscopy to derive information from these processes. Finally, the effect of excipients on PITs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cecilia Jørgensen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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30
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Gift AD, Luner PE, Luedeman L, Taylor LS. Manipulating Hydrate Formation During High Shear Wet Granulation Using Polymeric Excipients. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:4670-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Chakravarty P, Bhardwaj SP, King L, Suryanarayanan R. Monitoring phase transformations in intact tablets of trehalose by FT-Raman spectroscopy. AAPS PharmSciTech 2009; 10:1420-6. [PMID: 19937407 PMCID: PMC2799603 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-009-9337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to monitor phase transformations in intact trehalose tablets using FT-Raman spectroscopy. Tablets of trehalose dihydrate, amorphous trehalose (obtained by freeze-drying aqueous trehalose solutions), and anhydrous trehalose (beta-trehalose) were prepared. The tablets were exposed to different conditions [11% and 0% RH (60 degrees C); 75% RH (25 degrees C)] and monitored periodically over 96 h using Raman spectroscopy. Within 96 h of storage, the following phase transformations were observed: (1) trehalose dihydrate-->beta-trehalose (11% RH, 60 degrees C), (2) trehalose dihydrate-->alpha-trehalose (0% RH, 60 degrees C), (3) beta-trehalose-->trehalose dihydrate (75% RH, 25 degrees C), and (4) amorphous trehalose-->trehalose dihydrate (75% RH, 25 degrees C). FT-Raman spectroscopy was a useful technique to identify the solid form and monitor multiple-phase transformations in intact trehalose tablets stored at different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paroma Chakravarty
- />Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, 9-157 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - Sunny P. Bhardwaj
- />Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, 9-157 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - Leslie King
- />Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46221 USA
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- />Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, 9-157 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 USA
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32
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Tian F, Baldursdottir S, Rantanen J. Effects of Polymer Additives on the Crystallization of Hydrates: A Molecular-Level Modulation. Mol Pharm 2008; 6:202-10. [DOI: 10.1021/mp800142z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefania Baldursdottir
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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