1
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Bade I, Karde V, Schenck L, Solomos M, Figus M, Chen C, Axnanda S, Heng JYY. Process-Induced Crystal Surface Anisotropy and the Impact on the Powder Properties of Odanacatib. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:883. [PMID: 39065580 PMCID: PMC11279451 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Crystalline active pharmaceutical ingredients with comparable size and surface area can demonstrate surface anisotropy induced during crystallization or downstream unit operations such as milling. To the extent that varying surface properties impacts bulk powder properties, the final drug product performance such as stability, dissolution rates, flowability, and dispersibility can be predicted by understanding surface properties such as surface chemistry, energetics, and wettability. Here, we investigate the surface properties of different batches of Odanacatib prepared through either jet milling or fast precipitation from various solvent systems, all of which meet the particle size specification established to ensure equivalent biopharmaceutical performance. This work highlights the use of orthogonal surface techniques such as Inverse Gas Chromatography (IGC), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, contact angle, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) to demonstrate the effect of processing history on particle surface properties to explain differences in bulk powder properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Bade
- Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (I.B.); (V.K.)
| | - Vikram Karde
- Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (I.B.); (V.K.)
| | - Luke Schenck
- Oral Formulation Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA; (L.S.)
| | - Marina Solomos
- Oral Formulation Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA; (L.S.)
| | - Margaret Figus
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA; (M.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Chienhung Chen
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA; (M.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Stephanus Axnanda
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA; (M.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Jerry Y. Y. Heng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (I.B.); (V.K.)
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2
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Kaur R, Shaikh TB, Priya Sripadi H, Kuncha M, Vijaya Sarathi UVR, Kulhari H, Balaji Andugulapati S, Sistla R. Nintedanib solid lipid nanoparticles improve oral bioavailability and ameliorate pulmonary fibrosis in vitro and in vivo models. Int J Pharm 2024; 649:123644. [PMID: 38040396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Nintedanib (NIN) and pirfenidone are the only approved drugs for the treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF). However, NIN and pirfenidone have low oral bioavailability and limited therapeutic potential, requiring higher dosages to increase their efficacy, which causes significant liver and gastrointestinal toxicities. In this study, we aimed to develop nintedanib-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (NIN-SLN) to improve the oral bioavailability and therapeutic potential against TGF-β-induced differentiation in IPF fibroblasts and bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis in rat models. NIN-SLN was prepared using a double-emulsification method and characterization studies (Particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency and other parameters) were performed using various techniques. NIN-SLN treatment significantly (p < 0.001) downregulated α-SMA and COL3A1 expression in TGF-β stimulated DHLF and LL29 cells. NIN-SLN showed a 2.87-fold increase in the bioavailability of NIN and also improved the NIN levels in lung tissues compared to NIN alone. Pharmacodynamic investigation revealed that NIN-SLN (50 mg/Kg) treatment significantly attenuated BLM-induced lung fibrosis by inhibiting epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), extracellular matrix remodelling, and collagen deposition compared to free NIN. Additionally, in the BLM model of fibrosis, NIN-SLN greatly improved the BLM-caused pathological changes, attenuated the NIN-induced gastrointestinal abnormalities, and significantly improved the lung functional indices compared to free NIN. Collectively, NIN-SLN could be a promising nanoformulation for the management of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajwinder Kaur
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, Telangana, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Taslim B Shaikh
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, Telangana, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Hari Priya Sripadi
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, Telangana, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Madhusudana Kuncha
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, Telangana, India
| | - U V R Vijaya Sarathi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India; Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, Telangana, India
| | - Hitesh Kulhari
- School of Nano Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382 030, Gujarat, India.
| | - Sai Balaji Andugulapati
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, Telangana, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India.
| | - Ramakrishna Sistla
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, Telangana, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India.
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3
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Mishra MK, Mahur P, Manimunda P, Mishra K. Recent Advances in Nanomechanical Measurements and Their Application for Pharmaceutical Crystals. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4848-4867. [PMID: 37642458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical behavior of pharmaceutical crystals directly impacts the formulation development and manufacturing of drug products. The understanding of crystal structure-mechanical behavior of pharmaceutical and molecular crystals has recently gained substantial attention among pharmaceutical and materials scientists with the advent of advanced nanomechanical testing instruments like nanoindentation. For the past few decades, instrumented nanoindentation was a popular technique for measuring the mechanical properties of thin films and small-length scale materials. More recently it is being implemented to investigate the mechanical properties of pharmaceutical crystals. Integration of correlative microscopy techniques and environmental control opened the door for advanced structure-property correlation under processing conditions. Preventing the degradation of active pharmaceutical ingredients from external factors such as humidity, temperature, or pressure is important during processing. This review deals with the recent developments in the synchronized nanomechanical measurements of pharmaceutical crystals toward the fast and effective development of high-quality pharmaceutical drug products. This review also summarizes some recent reports to intensify how one can design and control the nanomechanical properties of pharmaceutical solids. Measurement challenges and the scope for studying nanomechanical properties of pharmaceutical crystals using nanoindentation as a function of crystal structure and in turn to develop fundamental knowledge in the structure-property relationship with the implications for drug manufacturing and development are discussed in this review. This review further highlights recently developed capabilities in nanoindentation, for example, variable temperature nanoindentation testing, in situ imaging of the indented volume, and nanoindentation coupled Raman spectroscopy that can offer new quantitative details on nanomechanical behavior of crystals and will play a decisive role in the development of coherent theories for nanomechanical study of pharmaceutical crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences (SAS), VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pinki Mahur
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences (SAS), VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Kamini Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences (SAS), VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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4
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Nicholson S, Roberts KJ, Izumi T, Lai X. Characterization of Mass Transfer within the Crystal-Solution Boundary Layer of l-Alanine {120} Faces Using Laser Interferometry during Growth and Dissolution. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2023; 23:2755-2769. [PMID: 37038400 PMCID: PMC10080658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c01541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Crystallization and dissolution are important processes to consider in drug development as well as many other industrial processes. Many current growth and dissolution models are based on bulk solution properties and do not implicitly consider concentration variation close to the crystal surface-solution interface and how this is mediated by solute diffusive mass transfer. Solution boundary layer thickness and concentration distribution, for the {120} crystal habit face of single crystals of l-alanine in saturated aqueous solutions during both growth and dissolution processes, is measured as a function of super/undersaturation using a Mach-Zehnder optical interferometer system. Further analysis allows determination of the diffusion coefficient and mass flux within the boundary layer as well as whether the processes are controlled by mass transfer or crystal interfacial kinetics. The measurement of this study revealed that the {120} face was not saturated at its surface during growth or dissolution meaning both processes were somewhat limited by their crystal interfacial kinetics. Growth was limited by crystal interfacial kinetics at all supersaturations to the same degree, whereas dissolution had a mixed dependency on crystal interfacial kinetics and mass transfer at lower undersaturations becoming more limited by mass transfer at higher undersaturations. Boundary layer thickness increased with super/undersaturation but to a lesser degree than the increase in the concentration difference between the crystal surface and bulk solution leading to a higher mass flux of solute molecules through the boundary layer. At the same relative super/undersaturation mass flux of solute molecules was faster during dissolution which was concurrent with its increased surface to bulk solution concentration difference and boundary layer thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven
T. Nicholson
- EPSRC
Centre for Doctoral Training in Complex Particulate Products and Processes,
School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J. Roberts
- EPSRC
Centre for Doctoral Training in Complex Particulate Products and Processes,
School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Toshiko Izumi
- Pfizer
R&D U.K., Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, United
Kingdom
| | - Xiaojun Lai
- EPSRC
Centre for Doctoral Training in Complex Particulate Products and Processes,
School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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5
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Andrews J, Kennedy SR, Yufit DS, McCabe JF, Steed JW. Designer Gelators for the Crystallization of a Salt Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient-Mexiletine Hydrochloride. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2022; 22:6775-6785. [PMID: 36345390 PMCID: PMC9635620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report an approach to obtain drug-mimetic supramolecular gelators, which are capable of stabilizing metastable polymorphs of the pharmaceutical salt mexiletine hydrochloride, a highly polymorphic antiarrhythmic drug. Solution-phase screening led to the discovery of two new solvated solid forms of mexiletine, a type C 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene tetarto-solvate and a type D nitrobenzene solvate. Various metastable forms were crystallized within the gels under conditions which would not have been possible in solution. Despite typically crystallizing concomitantly with form 1, a pure sample of form 3 was crystallized within a gel of ethyl methyl ketone. Various type A channel solvates were crystallized from gels of toluene and ethyl acetate, in which the contents of the channels varied from those of solution-phase forms. Most strikingly, the high-temperature-stable form 2 was crystallized from a gel in 1,2-dibromoethane: the only known route to access this form at room temperature. These results exemplify the powerful stabilizing effect of drug-mimetic supramolecular gels, which can be exploited in pharmaceutical polymorph screens to access highly metastable or difficult-to-nucleate solid forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica
L. Andrews
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Stuart R. Kennedy
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Dmitry S. Yufit
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - James F. McCabe
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Charter Way, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K.
| | - Jonathan W. Steed
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
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6
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Pu S, Hadinoto K. Salting-Out crystallization of glycopeptide Vancomycin: Phase behavior study to control the crystal habit. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.118057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Shikha S, Lee YW, Doyle PS, Khan SA. Microfluidic Particle Engineering of Hydrophobic Drug with Eudragit E100─Bridging the Amorphous and Crystalline Gap. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:4345-4356. [PMID: 36268657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Co-processing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with excipients is a promising particle engineering technique to improve the API physical properties, which can lead to more robust downstream drug product manufacturing and improved drug product attributes. Excipients provide control over critical API attributes like particle size and solid-state outcomes. Eudragit E100 is a widely used polymeric excipient to modulate drug release. Being cationic, it is primarily employed as a precipitation inhibitor to stabilize amorphous solid dispersions. In this work, we demonstrate how co-processing of E100 with naproxen (NPX) (a model hydrophobic API) into monodisperse emulsions via droplet microfluidics followed by solidification via solvent evaporation allows the facile fabrication of compact, monodisperse, and spherical particles with an expanded range of solid-state outcomes spanning from amorphous to crystalline forms. Low E100 concentrations (≤26% w/w) yield crystalline microparticles with a stable NPX polymorph distributed uniformly across the matrix at a high drug loading (∼89% w/w). Structurally, E100 incorporation reduces the size of primary particles comprising the co-processed microparticles in comparison to neat API microparticles made using the same technique and the as-received API powder. This reduction in primary particle size translates into an increased internal porosity of the co-processed microparticles, with specific surface area and pore volume ∼9 times higher than the neat API microparticles. These E100-enabled structural modifications result in faster drug release in acidic media compared to neat API microparticles. Additionally, E100-NPX microparticles have a significantly improved flowability compared to neat API microparticles and as-received API powder. Overall, this study demonstrates a facile microfluidics-based co-processing method that broadly expands the range of solid-state outcomes obtainable with E100 as an excipient, with multiscale control over the key attributes and performance of hydrophobic API-laden microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Shikha
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore138602, Singapore
| | - Yi Wei Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore117576, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore119077, Singapore
| | - Patrick S Doyle
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore138602, Singapore.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States.,Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts02215, United States
| | - Saif A Khan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore117576, Singapore
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8
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Klitou P, Rosbottom I, Karde V, Heng JY, Simone E. Relating Crystal Structure to Surface Properties: A Study on Quercetin Solid Forms. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2022; 22:6103-6113. [PMID: 36217418 PMCID: PMC9542717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The surface energy and surface chemistry of a crystal are of great importance when designing particles for a specific application, as these will impact both downstream manufacturing processes as well as final product quality. In this work, the surface properties of two different quercetin solvates (quercetin dihydrate and quercetin DMSO solvate) were studied using molecular (synthonic) modeling and experimental techniques, including inverse gas chromatography (IGC) and contact angle measurements, to establish a relationship between crystal structure and surface properties. The attachment energy model was used to predict morphologies and calculate surface properties through the study of their growth synthons. The modeling results confirmed the surface chemistry anisotropy for the two forms. For quercetin dihydrate, the {010} facets were found to grow mainly by nonpolar offset quercetin-quercetin stacking interactions, thus being hydrophobic, while the {100} facets were expected to be hydrophilic, growing by a polar quercetin-water hydrogen bond. For QDMSO, the dominant facet {002} grows by a strong polar quercetin-quercetin hydrogen bonding interaction, while the second most dominant facet {011} grows by nonpolar π-π stacking interactions. Water contact angle measurements and IGC confirmed a greater overall surface hydrophilicity for QDMSO compared to QDH and demonstrated surface energy heterogeneity for both structures. This work shows how synthonic modeling can help in the prediction of the surface nature of crystalline particles and guide the choice of parameters that will determine the optimal crystal form and final morphology for targeted surface properties, for example, the choice of crystallization conditions, choice of solvent, or presence of additives or impurities, which can direct the crystallization of a specific crystal form or crystal shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiotis Klitou
- School
of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Ln., Woodhouse, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Rosbottom
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, Imperial College Rd, South Kensington, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Vikram Karde
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, Imperial College Rd, South Kensington, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jerry Y.Y. Heng
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, Imperial College Rd, South Kensington, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Simone
- School
of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Ln., Woodhouse, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico
di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129TorinoTO, Italy
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9
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Dandignac M, Lacerda SP, Chamayou A, Galet L. Comparison study of physicochemical and biopharmaceutics properties of hydrophobic drugs ground by two dry milling processes. Pharm Dev Technol 2022; 27:816-828. [PMID: 36062973 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2121408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
1. AbstractThis study focuses on the dry milling of BCS (Biopharmaceutical Classification System) class II molecules. These molecules have a limited bioavailability because of their low aqueous solubility, poor water wettability and low dissolution rate. In order to improve these properties, indomethacin (IND) and niflumic acid (NIF) were milled using two different types of equipment: Pulverisette 0® and CryoMill®. Milled samples were characterized and compared to commercial molecules. IND shows a modified solid state, like surface crystallinity reduction and an increase in water vapor adsorption from to 2 up to 5-fold due to milling processes. The obtained solubility data resulted in an improvement in solubility up to 1.2-fold and an increase in initial dissolution kinetics: 2% of dissolved drug for original crystals against 25% for milled samples. For NIF no crystallinity reduction, no change of surface properties and no solubility improvement after milling were noticed. In addition, milled particles seemed more agglomerated resulting in no changes in dissolution rate compared to the original drug. IND solubility and dissolution enhancement can be attributed to the modification of surface area, drug crystallinity reduction and water sorption increase due to specific behaviour related to the drug crystal disorder induced by milling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dandignac
- Université de Toulouse, IMT Mines Albi, UMR CNRS 5302, Centre RAPSODEE, Campus Jarlard, Albi Cedex 09 F-81013, France
| | - S P Lacerda
- Université de Toulouse, IMT Mines Albi, UMR CNRS 5302, Centre RAPSODEE, Campus Jarlard, Albi Cedex 09 F-81013, France
| | - A Chamayou
- Université de Toulouse, IMT Mines Albi, UMR CNRS 5302, Centre RAPSODEE, Campus Jarlard, Albi Cedex 09 F-81013, France
| | - L Galet
- Université de Toulouse, IMT Mines Albi, UMR CNRS 5302, Centre RAPSODEE, Campus Jarlard, Albi Cedex 09 F-81013, France
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10
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Tran QD, Tran V, Toh LS, Williams PM, Tran NN, Hessel V. Space Medicines for Space Health. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1231-1247. [PMID: 35978686 PMCID: PMC9377000 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientists from around the world are studying the effects of microgravity and cosmic radiation via the "off-Earth" International Space Station (ISS) laboratory platform. The ISS has helped scientists make discoveries that go beyond the basic understanding of Earth. Over 300 medical experiments have been performed to date, with the goal of extending the knowledge gained for the benefit of humanity. This paper gives an overview of these numerous space medical findings, critically identifies challenges and gaps, and puts the achievements into perspective toward long-term space traveling and also adding benefits to our home planet. The medical contents are trifold structured, starting with the well-being of space travelers (astronaut health studies), followed by medical formulation research under space conditions, and then concluding with a blueprint for space pharmaceutical manufacturing. The review covers essential elements of our Earth-based pharmaceutical research such as drug discovery, drug and formulation stability, drug-organ interaction, drug disintegration/bioavailability/pharmacokinetics, pathogen virulence, genome mutation, and body's resistance. The information compiles clinical, medicinal, biological, and chemical research as well as fundamentals and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quy Don Tran
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
- Andy
Thomas Centre for Space Resources, University
of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Vienna Tran
- Adelaide
Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Li Shean Toh
- Faculty
of Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Philip M. Williams
- Faculty
of Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Nam Nghiep Tran
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
- Andy
Thomas Centre for Space Resources, University
of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Can Tho University, Can Tho 900000, Vietnam
| | - Volker Hessel
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
- Andy
Thomas Centre for Space Resources, University
of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
- School of
Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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11
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Turner TD, Dawson N, Edwards M, Pickering JH, Hammond RB, Docherty R, Roberts KJ. A Digital Mechanistic Workflow for Predicting Solvent-Mediated Crystal Morphology: The α and β Forms of l-Glutamic Acid. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2022; 22:3042-3059. [PMID: 35529067 PMCID: PMC9073950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.1c01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The solvent-mediated crystal morphologies of the α and β polymorphic forms of l-glutamic acid are presented. This work applies a digital mechanistically based workflow that encompasses calculation of the crystal lattice energy and its constituent intermolecular synthons, their interaction energies, and their key role in understanding and predicting crystal morphology as well as assessing the surface chemistry, topology, and solvent binding on crystal habit growth surfaces. Through a comparison between the contrasting morphologies of the conformational polymorphs of l-glutamic acid, this approach highlights how the interfacial chemistry of organic crystalline materials and their inherent anisotropic interactions with their solvation environments direct their crystal habit with potential impact on their further downstream processing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Turner
- Centre
for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process
Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Neil Dawson
- Pfizer
R&D Ltd, Ramsgate
Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K.
| | - Martin Edwards
- Britest
Limited, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4FS, U.K.
| | - Jonathan H. Pickering
- Centre
for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process
Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Robert B. Hammond
- Centre
for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process
Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Robert Docherty
- Pfizer
R&D Ltd, Ramsgate
Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K.
| | - Kevin J. Roberts
- Centre
for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process
Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K.
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12
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Hadjittofis E, Vargas SM, Litster JD, Campbell KLS. Exploring the role of crystal habit in the Ostwald rule of stages. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2022; 478:20210601. [PMID: 35173519 PMCID: PMC8826364 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2021.0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystallization of calcium carbonate is shown to be dictated by the Ostwald rule of stages (ORS), for high relative initial supersaturations (S CaCO 3 = [ C a 2 + ] [ CO 3 2 - ] / K SP, Calcite > 2500 ), under sweet (carbon dioxide saturated) and anoxic (oxygen depleted) solution conditions. Rhombohedral calcite crystals emerge after the sequential crystallization and dissolution of the metastable polymorphs: vaterite (snowflake-shaped) and aragonite (needle-shaped). However, the presence of certain cations, which can form trigonal carbonates (e.g. Fe2+ and Ni2+), in concentrations as low as 1.5 mM, triggers the emergence of calcite crystals, with a star-shaped crystal habit, first. These star-shaped crystals dissolve to yield needle-shaped aragonite crystals, which in turn dissolve to give the rhombohedral calcite crystals. The star-shaped crystals, formed at high SCaCO3 , possess higher surface free energy (therefore higher apparent solubility) than their rhombohedral counterparts. This sequence of dissolution and recrystallization demonstrates that the ORS does not only drive the crystal towards its thermodynamically most stable polymorph but also towards its most stable crystal habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eftychios Hadjittofis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
- UCB Pharma SA, 1420 Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | | | - James D. Litster
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Kyra L. Sedransk Campbell
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
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13
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Goh CF, Lane ME. Advanced structural characterisation of pharmaceuticals using nano-thermal analysis (nano-TA). Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 180:114077. [PMID: 34896130 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The production of drug delivery systems fabricated at the nano scale comes with the challenges of identifying reliable characterisation tools, especially for solid dosage forms. A full understanding of physicochemical properties of solid-state systems at a high spatial resolution is essential to monitor their manufacturability, processability, performance (dissolution) and stability. Nano-thermal analysis (nano-TA), a hybrid of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and thermal analysis, has emerged as a solution to address the need for complete characterisation of samples with surface heterogeneity. Nano-TA provides not only physical information using conventional AFM but also the thermal behaviour of these systems as an additional chemical dimension. In this review, the principles and techniques of nano-TA are discussed with emphasis on recent pharmaceutical applications. Building on nano-TA, the combination of this approach with infrared spectroscopic analysis is briefly introduced. The challenges and considerations for future development of nano-TA characterisation are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Fu Goh
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Majella E Lane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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14
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Upadhyay P, Mishra MK, Ramamurty U, Bond AD. Mechanical Anisotropy and Tabletability of Famotidine Polymorphs. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01406d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the drug development process, early characterization of solid forms can help to envisage the bulk processability of a powder, which should assist in selecting an optimal solid form. In...
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15
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Ouranidis A, Davidopoulou C, Kachrimanis K. Integrating Elastic Tensor and PC-SAFT Modeling with Systems-Based Pharma 4.0 Simulation, to Predict Process Operations and Product Specifications of Ternary Nanocrystalline Suspensions. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111771. [PMID: 34834186 PMCID: PMC8623873 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Comminution of BCS II APIs below the 1 μm threshold followed by solidification of the obtained nanosuspensions improves their dissolution properties. The breakage process reveals new crystal faces, thus creating altered crystal habits of improved wettability, facilitated by the adsorption of stabilizing polymers. However, process-induced transformations remain unpredictable, mirroring the current limitations of our atomistic level of understanding. Moreover, conventional equations of estimating dissolution, such as Noyes–Whitney and Nernst–Brunner, are not suitable to quantify the solubility enhancement due to the nanoparticle formation; hence, neither the complex stabilizer contribution nor the adsorption influence on the interfacial tension occurring between the water and APIs is accounted for. For such ternary mixtures, no numeric method exists to correlate the mechanical properties with the interfacial energy, capable of informing the key process parameters and the thermodynamic stability assessment of nanosuspensions. In this work, an elastic tensor analysis was performed to quantify the API stability during process implementation. Moreover, a novel thermodynamic model, described by the stabilizer-coated nanoparticle Gibbs energy anisotropic minimization, was structured to predict the material’s system solubility quantified by the application of PC-SAFT modeling. Comprehensively merging elastic tensor and PC-SAFT analysis into the systems-based Pharma 4.0 algorithm provided a validated, multi-level, built-in method capable of predicting the critical material quality attributes and corresponding key process parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ouranidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (C.D.); (K.K.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +30-231-099-7666
| | - Christina Davidopoulou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (C.D.); (K.K.)
| | - Kyriakos Kachrimanis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (C.D.); (K.K.)
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16
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Su X, Yu C, Zhao P, Wang M, Zhao C, Chen M, Gong J. Solid-liquid equilibrium and thermodynamic analysis of elastically bendable crystal celecoxib in thirteen pure solvents based on experiments and molecular simulation. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Hadjittofis E, Vargas SM, Litster JD, Sedransk Campbell KL. Τhe role of surface energy in the apparent solubility of two different calcite crystal habits. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2021; 477:20210200. [PMID: 35153572 PMCID: PMC8385356 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2021.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between polymorphism and facet-specific surface energy on the dissolution of crystals is examined in this work. It is shown that, using cationic additives, it is possible to produce star-shaped calcite crystals at very high supersaturations. In crystallization processes following the Ostwald rule of stages these star-shaped crystals appear to have higher solubility than both their rhombohedral counterparts and needle-shaped aragonite crystals. The vapour pressures of vaterite, aragonite, star-shaped calcite and rhombohedral calcite crystals are measured using thermogravimetric analysis and the corresponding enthalpies of melting are obtained. Using inverse gas chromatography, the surface energy of the aforementioned crystals is measured as well and the surface energy of the main crystal facets is calculated. Combining the effect of facet-specific surface energies and the enthalpies of melting on a modified version of the classical solubility equation for regular solutions, it is proved that the star-shaped calcite crystals can indeed have higher apparent solubility than aragonitecrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eftychios Hadjittofis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
- UCB Pharma SA, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | | | - James D. Litster
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Kyra L. Sedransk Campbell
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
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18
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Zhao C, Lin J, Gao Y, Guo S, Liu R, Wu S. Solid-liquid equilibrium behavior, thermodynamic analysis and molecular simulation of dimetridazole in twelve organic solvents. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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20
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Guo S, Li Z, Du S, Zhao C, Wang M, Su X, Wu S. Thermodynamic analysis and molecular dynamic simulation of solid-liquid phase equilibrium of imazapyr in twelve pure organic solvents. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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Hong RS, Mattei A, Sheikh AY, Bhardwaj RM, Bellucci MA, McDaniel KF, Pierce MO, Sun G, Li S, Wang L, Mondal S, Ji J, Borchardt TB. Novel Physics-Based Ensemble Modeling Approach That Utilizes 3D Molecular Conformation and Packing to Access Aqueous Thermodynamic Solubility: A Case Study of Orally Available Bromodomain and Extraterminal Domain Inhibitor Lead Optimization Series. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:1412-1426. [PMID: 33661005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug design with patient centricity for ease of administration and pill burden requires robust understanding of the impact of chemical modifications on relevant physicochemical properties early in lead optimization. To this end, we have developed a physics-based ensemble approach to predict aqueous thermodynamic crystalline solubility, with a 2D chemical structure as the input. Predictions for the bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) inhibitor series show very close match (0.5 log unit) with measured thermodynamic solubility for cases with low crystal anisotropy and good match (1 log unit) for high anisotropy structures. The importance of thermodynamic solubility is clearly demonstrated by up to a 4 log unit drop in solubility compared to kinetic (amorphous) solubility in some cases and implications thereof, for instance on human dose. We have also demonstrated that incorporating predicted crystal structures in thermodynamic solubility prediction is necessary to differentiate (up to 4 log unit) between solubility of molecules within the series. Finally, our physics-based ensemble approach provides valuable structural insights into the origins of 3-D conformational landscapes, crystal polymorphism, and anisotropy that can be leveraged for both drug design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Hong
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Alessandra Mattei
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ahmad Y Sheikh
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Rajni Miglani Bhardwaj
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Michael A Bellucci
- XtalPi, Inc., 245 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Keith F McDaniel
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - M Olivia Pierce
- Schrödinger Inc., 120 W 45th Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Guangxu Sun
- XtalPi, Inc., 245 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sizhu Li
- XtalPi, Inc., 245 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Lingle Wang
- Schrödinger Inc., 120 W 45th Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Sayan Mondal
- Schrödinger Inc., 120 W 45th Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Jianguo Ji
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Thomas B Borchardt
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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22
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Mazurek AH, Szeleszczuk Ł, Pisklak DM. Periodic DFT Calculations-Review of Applications in the Pharmaceutical Sciences. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E415. [PMID: 32369915 PMCID: PMC7284980 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the introduction to this review the complex chemistry of solid-state pharmaceutical compounds is summarized. It is also explained why the density functional theory (DFT) periodic calculations became recently so popular in studying the solid APIs (active pharmaceutical ingredients). Further, the most popular programs enabling DFT periodic calculations are presented and compared. Subsequently, on the large number of examples, the applications of such calculations in pharmaceutical sciences are discussed. The mentioned topics include, among others, validation of the experimentally obtained crystal structures and crystal structure prediction, insight into crystallization and solvation processes, development of new polymorph synthesis ways, and formulation techniques as well as application of the periodic DFT calculations in the drug analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Łukasz Szeleszczuk
- Chair and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.H.M.); (D.M.P.)
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Gerges J, Affouard F. Insight From Molecular Dynamics Simulations on the Crystallization Tendency of Indomethacin Polymorphs in the Undercooled Liquid State. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1086-1095. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Drugs with poor biopharmaceutical performance are the main obstacle to the development and design of medicinal preparations. The anisotropic surface chemistry of different surfaces on the crystal influences its physical and chemical properties, such as solubility, tableting, etc. In this study, the antisolvent crystallization and rapid-cooling crystallization were carried out to tune the crystal habits of ticagrelor (TICA) form II. Different crystal habits of ticagrelor (TICA) form II (TICA-A, TICA-B, TICA-C, TICA-D, and TICA-E) were prepared and evaluated for solubility. The single-crystal diffraction (SXRD) indicated that TICA form II belongs to the triclinic P1 space group with four TICA molecules in the asymmetric unit. The TICA molecules are generated through intermolecular hydrogen bonds along the (010) direction, forming an infinite molecular chain, which are further stacked by hydrogen bonds between hydroxyethoxy side chains, forming molecular circles composed of six TICA molecules along bc directions. Thus, in the case of TICA form II, hydrogen bonds drive growth along one axis (b-axis), which results in the formation of mostly needle-shape crystals. Morphology and face indexation reveals that (001), (010) and (01-1) are the main crystal planes. Powder diffractions showed that five habits have the same crystal structure and different relative intensity of diffraction peak. The solubility of the obtained crystals showed the crystal habits affect their solubility. This work is helpful for studying the mechanism of crystal habit modification and its effect on solubility.
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25
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Implication of Differential Surface Anisotropy on Biopharmaceutical Performance of Polymorphic Forms of Ambrisentan. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3792-3802. [PMID: 31449817 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the dissolution rate and in vivo biopharmaceutical performance of 2 polymorphic forms (form I and II) of ambrisentan and correlate with their surface molecular environment. Dominance of various functionalities on the surface of specific crystal facets of both forms was predicted by Bravais-Friedel-Donnay-Harker method. Hirshfeld surface analysis maps and 2D fingerprint plots indicate a difference in shape index, curvedness, and relative percentage contribution of various contacts in both forms. Pre- and post-intrinsic dissolution compact studied by atomic force microscopy showed a significant difference in surface roughness and defects formation in form II as compared to form I which is attributed to the presence of more hydrophilic surfaces. The hydrophilic molecular surface environment of form II is ascribed to its improved intrinsic dissolution rate than form I. Furthermore, in vivo pharmacokinetic study also showed significantly higher AUC0-24 and Cmax in form II compared to form I. Overall, this study demonstrates that form I and II of ambrisentan exhibited the differential surface anisotropy which has significant implications on their biopharmaceutical performance.
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26
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Zhou QT, Li T. Formulation and Manufacturing of Solid Dosage Forms. Pharm Res 2018; 36:16. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2547-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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