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Wang X, Li J, Ge H, Pan S, Li P, Guo L, Yang L, Peng Z, Wang B, Wang Z, Wang C, Liu L. Plant traits mediate foliar uptake of deposited nitrogen by mature woody plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 39101480 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition significantly disturbs ecosystem N cycle. Although foliar interception and uptake of N deposition can provide an important alternative N supply to forest ecosystems, the mechanisms regulating foliar N uptake from wet deposition are not fully understood. Here, we selected 19 woody species with a wide range of plant traits from different functional groups and conducted a 15N isotope labelling experiment through brushing 15NH4 + and 15NO3 - solution on canopy leaves. Our findings demonstrate that leaves can directly absorb N from wet deposition within a few hours. The average leaf 15N recoveries were 10% and 28% under 15NH4 + and 15NO3 - treatments across species, respectively, while twig N recoveries were only 1%-7% of leaf N recoveries. Differences in foliar N uptake efficiency among species were closely associated with leaf traits but were little influenced by meteorological conditions or soil nutrient status. Specifically, plants with higher leaf N concentration, larger specific leaf area and lower wax concentration exhibited higher leaf N recovery. Our results indicated that tree canopies could directly absorb N from atmospheric deposition. We highlight the critical role of leaf traits in determining canopy foliar N uptake, which may consequently influence plant competition under elevated N deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengnan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lulu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- The Engineering Technology Research Center of Characteristic Medicinal Plants of Fujian, School of Life Sciences, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, Fujian, China
| | - Chengzhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Miao F, Wang Y, Haq NU, Lyu MJA, Zhu XG. Rewiring of primary metabolism for ammonium recycling under short-term low CO 2 treatment - its implication for C 4 evolution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1322261. [PMID: 39148616 PMCID: PMC11324553 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1322261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The dramatic decrease in atmospheric CO2 concentration during Oligocene was proposed as directly linked to C4 evolution. However, it remains unclear how the decreased CO2 concentration directly facilitate C4 evolution, besides its role as a selection pressure. We conducted a systematic transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis under short-term low CO2 condition and found that Arabidopsis grown under this condition showed 1) increased expression of most genes encoding C4-related enzymes and transporters; 2) increased expression of genes involved in photorespiration and pathways related to carbon skeleton generation for ammonium refixation; 3) increased expression of genes directly involved in ammonium refixation. Furthermore, we found that in vitro treatment of leaves with NH4 + induced a similar pattern of changes in C4 related genes and genes involved in ammonium refixation. These data support the view that Arabidopsis grown under short-term low CO2 conditions rewired its metabolism to supply carbon skeleton for ammonium recycling, during which process the expression of C4 genes were up-regulated as a result of a hitchhiking process. This study provides new insights into the adaptation of the C3 model plant Arabidopsis under low CO2 conditions and suggests that low CO2 can facilitate the evolution of C4 photosynthesis beyond the commonly assumed role of being a selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Miao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Noor Ui Haq
- Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ming-Ju Amy Lyu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Guang Zhu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
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3
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Fathy WA, AbdElgawad H, Essawy EA, Tawfik E, Abdelhameed MS, Hammouda O, Korany SM, Elsayed KNM. Glycine differentially improved the growth and biochemical composition of Synechocystis sp. PAK13 and Chlorella variabilis DT025. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1161911. [PMID: 37324419 PMCID: PMC10267400 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1161911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of microalgae to produce valuable compounds has garnered considerable attention. However, there are various challenges that hinder their large-scale industrial utilization, such as high production costs and the complexities associated with achieving optimal growth conditions. Therefore, we investigated the effects of glycine at different concentrations on the growth and bioactive compounds production of Synechocystis sp. PAK13 and Chlorella variabilis cultivated under nitrogen availability. Glycine supplementation resulted in increased biomass and bioactive primary metabolites accumulation in both species. Sugar production, particularly glucose content, significantly improved in Synechocystis at 3.33 mM glycine (1.4 mg/g). This led to enhanced organic acid, particularly malic acid, and amino acids production. Glycine stress also influenced the concentration of indole-3-acetic acid, which was significantly higher in both species compared to the control. Furthermore, fatty acids content increased by 2.5-fold in Synechocystis and by 1.36-fold in Chlorella. Overall, the exogenous application of glycine is a cheap, safe, and effective approach to enhancing sustainable microalgal biomass and bioproducts production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael A. Fathy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Ehab A. Essawy
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Eman Tawfik
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Abdelhameed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Ola Hammouda
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Shereen Magdy Korany
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled N. M. Elsayed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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4
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Ding S, Lv J, Hu Z, Wang J, Wang P, Yu J, Foyer CH, Shi K. Phytosulfokine peptide optimizes plant growth and defense via glutamine synthetase GS2 phosphorylation in tomato. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111858. [PMID: 36562188 PMCID: PMC10015362 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytosulfokine (PSK) is a plant pentapeptide hormone that fulfills a wide range of functions. Although PSK has frequently been reported to function in the inverse regulation of growth and defense in response to (hemi)biotrophic pathogens, the mechanisms involved remain largely unknown. Using the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 pathogen system, we present compelling evidence that the PSK receptor PSKR1 interacts with the calcium-dependent protein kinase CPK28, which in turn phosphorylates the key enzyme of nitrogen assimilation glutamine synthetase GS2 at two sites (Serine-334 and Serine-360). GS2 phosphorylation at S334 specifically regulates plant defense, whereas S360 regulates growth, uncoupling the PSK-induced effects on defense responses and growth regulation. The discovery of these sites will inform breeding strategies designed to optimize the growth-defense balance in a compatible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Ding
- Department of HorticultureZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jianrong Lv
- Department of HorticultureZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Zhangjian Hu
- Department of HorticultureZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jiao Wang
- Department of HorticultureZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of HorticultureZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of HorticultureZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Hainan Institute, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology CityZhejiang UniversitySanyaChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and DevelopmentMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHangzhouChina
| | - Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of HorticultureZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Hainan Institute, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology CityZhejiang UniversitySanyaChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and DevelopmentMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHangzhouChina
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5
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Pajak A, Zaman D, Ajewole E, Pandurangan S, Marsolais F. Diurnal accumulation of K +-dependent L-asparaginase in leaf of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 205:113489. [PMID: 36328196 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
L-Asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) activity has been previously reported to fluctuate with the photoperiod in young pea leaves, with higher activity in the light. The present research sought to investigate this phenomenon in developing leaves of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). There are two genes coding for K+-dependent asparaginase in this species. Expression of PvASPG1 predominates over PvASPG2 in all tissues. The catalytic efficiency of recombinant PvASPG2 was approximately 2-fold lower than that of PvASPG1. Polyclonal antibodies were raised against a specific peptide present in PvASPG1 to use in immunoblotting. In developing seed, asparaginase protein levels in the seed coat stayed constant, whereas levels in cotyledon were lower and progressively declined. In young leaf, asparagine protein levels showed diurnal variation, increasing at the end of the dark period and slowly decreasing during the light period. This was paralleled by changes in activity levels in leaf extracts. These changes accompanied a transient increase in free asparagine concentration at the beginning of the light period. The present results demonstrated that K+-dependent asparaginase activity reaches a maximum level at the transition from dark to light, anticipating dawn, in young leaves of common bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aga Pajak
- Genomics and Biotechnology, London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada.
| | - Dristy Zaman
- Genomics and Biotechnology, London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Ebenezer Ajewole
- Genomics and Biotechnology, London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Sudhakar Pandurangan
- Genomics and Biotechnology, London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada.
| | - Frédéric Marsolais
- Genomics and Biotechnology, London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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6
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Grewal SK, Gill RK. Insights into carbon and nitrogen metabolism and antioxidant potential during vegetative phase in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:1301-1319. [PMID: 35064825 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01736-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation was carried out to understand the impact of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in quinoa genotypes IC411824, IC411825, EC507747 and EC507742 during pre-anthesis stage. It was observed that activities of acid invertase, sucrose synthase (cleavage) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) increased up to 75 days after sowing (DAS) and this might be responsible for providing reducing sugars for the development of vegetative parts. Enhanced activities of nitrate reductase, glutamate synthase, glutamine synthetase during vegetative growth of leaves and stem at 90 DAS assist the fixation of ammonia on glutamate molecule to synthesize amino acids at early stages. However, the glutamate dehydrogenase and nitrite reductase play a central role in the re-assimilation of amides from the amino group of asparaginase. As a result, these photosynthetic products will be responsible for providing both the energy and the C-skeletons for ammonium assimilation during amino acid biosynthesis. Leaves and stem of IC411824 and IC411825 had higher total phenol and total flavonoid content. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity was found to be higher in leaves of IC411825 and in stem of IC411824 and IC411825 indicating their capability to act as natural antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satvir Kaur Grewal
- Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India.
| | - Ranjit Kaur Gill
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
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7
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Altensell J, Wartenberg R, Haferkamp I, Hassler S, Scherer V, Steensma P, Fitzpatrick TB, Sharma A, Sandoval-Ibañez O, Pribil M, Lehmann M, Leister D, Kleine T, Neuhaus HE. Loss of a pyridoxal-phosphate phosphatase rescues Arabidopsis lacking an endoplasmic reticulum ATP carrier. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:49-65. [PMID: 35139220 PMCID: PMC9070803 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-located ATP/ADP-antiporter (ER-ANT1) occurs specifically in vascular plants. Structurally different transporters mediate energy provision to the ER, but the cellular function of ER-ANT1 is still unknown. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants lacking ER-ANT1 (er-ant1 plants) exhibit a photorespiratory phenotype accompanied by high glycine levels and stunted growth, pointing to an inhibition of glycine decarboxylase (GDC). To reveal whether it is possible to suppress this marked phenotype, we exploited the power of a forward genetic screen. Absence of a so far uncharacterized member of the HaloAcid Dehalogenase (HAD)-like hydrolase family strongly suppressed the dwarf phenotype of er-ant1 plants. Localization studies suggested that the corresponding protein locates to chloroplasts, and activity assays showed that the enzyme dephosphorylates, with high substrate affinity, the B6 vitamer pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). Additional physiological experiments identified imbalances in vitamin B6 homeostasis in er-ant1 mutants. Our data suggest that impaired chloroplast metabolism, but not decreased GDC activity, causes the er-ant1 mutant dwarf phenotype. We present a hypothesis, setting transport of PLP by ER-ANT1 and chloroplastic PLP dephosphorylation in the cellular context. With the identification of this HAD-type PLP phosphatase, we also provide insight into B6 vitamer homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Altensell
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67653, Germany
| | - Ruth Wartenberg
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67653, Germany
| | - Ilka Haferkamp
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67653, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hassler
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67653, Germany
| | - Vanessa Scherer
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67653, Germany
| | - Priscille Steensma
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Teresa B Fitzpatrick
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Anurag Sharma
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
| | - Omar Sandoval-Ibañez
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
| | - Mathias Pribil
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Department of Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Department of Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kleine
- Department of Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67653, Germany
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8
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Krämer K, Kepp G, Brock J, Stutz S, Heyer AG. Acclimation to elevated CO 2 affects the C/N balance by reducing de novo N-assimilation. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13615. [PMID: 35014037 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations show an increased photosynthetic activity. However, after prolonged exposure, the activity declines. This acclimation to elevated CO2 is accompanied by a rise in the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of the biomass. Hence, increased sugar accumulation and sequential downregulation of photosynthetic genes, as well as nitrogen depletion and reduced protein content, have been hypothesized as the cause of low photosynthetic performance. However, the reason for reduced nitrogen content in plants at high CO2 is unclear. Here, we show that reduced photorespiration at increased CO2 -to-O2 ratio leads to reduced de novo assimilation of nitrate, thus shifting the C/N balance. Metabolic modeling of acclimated and non-acclimated plants revealed the photorespiratory pathway to function as a sink for already assimilated nitrogen during the light period, providing carbon skeletons for de novo assimilation. At high CO2 , low photorespiratory activity resulted in diminished nitrogen assimilation and eventually resulted in reduced carbon assimilation. For the hpr1-1 mutant, defective in reduction of hydroxy-pyruvate, metabolic simulations show that turnover of photorespiratory metabolites is expanded into the night. Comparison of simulations for hpr1-1 with those for the wild type allowed investigating the effect of a perturbed photorespiration on N-assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Krämer
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Plant Biotechnology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gabi Kepp
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Plant Biotechnology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Judith Brock
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Plant Biotechnology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Simon Stutz
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Plant Biotechnology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Arnd G Heyer
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Plant Biotechnology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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9
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Biochemical Basis for the Time-of-Day Effect on Glufosinate Efficacy against Amaranthus palmeri. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102021. [PMID: 34685830 PMCID: PMC8537983 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glufosinate, a glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibitor, often provides variable weed control depending on environmental conditions such as light, temperature and humidity at the time of application. Midday applications normally provide improved efficacy compared to applications at dawn or dusk. We investigated the biochemical basis for the time-of-day effect on glufosinate efficacy in Amaranthus palmeri. GS1/GS2 gene expression and GS1/GS2 protein abundance were assessed in different parts (young leaves, old leaves, and roots) of plants incubated in the dark compared to those in the light. The turnover of GS total activity was also evaluated overtime following glufosinate treatment at midday compared to dusk application. The results suggest that GS in A. palmeri is less expressed and less abundant in the dark compared to in the light. Midday application of glufosinate under intense light conditions following application provide full control of A. palmeri plants. Consequently, these plants are unable to recover GS activity by de novo protein synthesis. Full activity of GS is required for complete inhibition by the irreversible inhibitor glufosinate. Therefore, glufosinate applications should always be performed in the middle of the day when sunlight is intense, to prevent weed escapes from the herbicide treatment.
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10
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The impact of photorespiration on plant primary metabolism through metabolic and redox regulation. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:2495-2504. [PMID: 33300978 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Photorespiration is an inevitable trait of all oxygenic phototrophs, being the only known metabolic route that converts the inhibitory side-product of Rubisco's oxygenase activity 2-phosphoglycolate (2PG) back into the Calvin-Benson (CB) cycle's intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate (3PGA). Through this function of metabolite repair, photorespiration is able to protect photosynthetic carbon assimilation from the metabolite intoxication that would occur in the present-day oxygen-rich atmosphere. In recent years, much plant research has provided compelling evidence that photorespiration safeguards photosynthesis and engages in cross-talk with a number of subcellular processes. Moreover, the potential of manipulating photorespiration to increase the photosynthetic yield potential has been demonstrated in several plant species. Considering this multifaceted role, it is tempting to presume photorespiration itself is subject to a suite of regulation mechanisms to eventually exert a regulatory impact on other processes, and vice versa. The identification of potential pathway interactions and underlying regulatory aspects has been facilitated via analysis of the photorespiratory mutant phenotype, accompanied by the emergence of advanced omics' techniques and biochemical approaches. In this mini-review, I focus on the identification of enzymatic steps which control the photorespiratory flux, as well as levels of transcriptional, posttranslational, and metabolic regulation. Most importantly, glycine decarboxylase (GDC) and 2PG are identified as being key photorespiratory determinants capable of controlling photorespiratory flux and communicating with other branches of plant primary metabolism.
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11
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Ancín M, Larraya L, Florez-Sarasa I, Bénard C, Fernández-San Millán A, Veramendi J, Gibon Y, Fernie AR, Aranjuelo I, Farran I. Overexpression of thioredoxin m in chloroplasts alters carbon and nitrogen partitioning in tobacco. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4949-4964. [PMID: 33963398 PMCID: PMC8219043 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In plants, there is a complex interaction between carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) metabolism, and its coordination is fundamental for plant growth and development. Here, we studied the influence of thioredoxin (Trx) m on C and N partitioning using tobacco plants overexpressing Trx m from the chloroplast genome. The transgenic plants showed altered metabolism of C (lower leaf starch and soluble sugar accumulation) and N (with higher amounts of amino acids and soluble protein), which pointed to an activation of N metabolism at the expense of carbohydrates. To further delineate the effect of Trx m overexpression, metabolomic and enzymatic analyses were performed on these plants. These results showed an up-regulation of the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase pathway; specifically tobacco plants overexpressing Trx m displayed increased activity and stability of glutamine synthetase. Moreover, higher photorespiration and nitrate accumulation were observed in these plants relative to untransformed control plants, indicating that overexpression of Trx m favors the photorespiratory N cycle rather than primary nitrate assimilation. Taken together, our results reveal the importance of Trx m as a molecular mediator of N metabolism in plant chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ancín
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Applied Biology (IMAB), Dpto. Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación, Universidad Publica de Navarra (UPNA), Campus Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luis Larraya
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Applied Biology (IMAB), Dpto. Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación, Universidad Publica de Navarra (UPNA), Campus Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Igor Florez-Sarasa
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Camille Bénard
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie and Plateforme Metabolome Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux University, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Alicia Fernández-San Millán
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Applied Biology (IMAB), Dpto. Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación, Universidad Publica de Navarra (UPNA), Campus Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jon Veramendi
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Applied Biology (IMAB), Dpto. Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación, Universidad Publica de Navarra (UPNA), Campus Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Yves Gibon
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie and Plateforme Metabolome Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux University, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Iker Aranjuelo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Avda. Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Farran
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Applied Biology (IMAB), Dpto. Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación, Universidad Publica de Navarra (UPNA), Campus Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
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12
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Metabolite Profiling in Arabidopsisthaliana with Moderately Impaired Photorespiration Reveals Novel Metabolic Links and Compensatory Mechanisms of Photorespiration. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060391. [PMID: 34203750 PMCID: PMC8232240 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Photorespiration is an integral component of plant primary metabolism. Accordingly, it has been often observed that impairing the photorespiratory flux negatively impacts other cellular processes. In this study, the metabolic acclimation of the Arabidopsisthaliana wild type was compared with the hydroxypyruvate reductase 1 (HPR1; hpr1) mutant, displaying only a moderately reduced photorespiratory flux. Plants were analyzed during development and under varying photoperiods with a combination of non-targeted and targeted metabolome analysis, as well as 13C- and 14C-labeling approaches. The results showed that HPR1 deficiency is more critical for photorespiration during the vegetative compared to the regenerative growth phase. A shorter photoperiod seems to slowdown the photorespiratory metabolite conversion mostly at the glycerate kinase and glycine decarboxylase steps compared to long days. It is demonstrated that even a moderate impairment of photorespiration severely reduces the leaf-carbohydrate status and impacts on sulfur metabolism. Isotope labeling approaches revealed an increased CO2 release from hpr1 leaves, most likely occurring from enhanced non-enzymatic 3-hydroxypyruvate decarboxylation and a higher flux from serine towards ethanolamine through serine decarboxylase. Collectively, the study provides evidence that the moderate hpr1 mutant is an excellent tool to unravel the underlying mechanisms governing the regulation of metabolic linkages of photorespiration with plant primary metabolism.
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Salinity Duration Differently Modulates Physiological Parameters and Metabolites Profile in Roots of Two Contrasting Barley Genotypes. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020307. [PMID: 33562862 PMCID: PMC7914899 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hordeum maritimum With. is a wild salt tolerant cereal present in the saline depressions of the Eastern Tunisia, where it significantly contributes to the annual biomass production. In a previous study on shoot tissues it was shown that this species withstands with high salinity at the seedling stage restricting the sodium entry into shoot and modulating over time the leaf synthesis of organic osmolytes for osmotic adjustment. However, the tolerance strategy mechanisms of this plant at root level have not yet been investigated. The current research aimed at elucidating the morphological, physiological and biochemical changes occurring at root level in H. maritimum and in the salt sensitive cultivar Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Lamsi during five-weeks extended salinity (200 mM NaCl), salt removal after two weeks of salinity and non-salt control. H. maritimum since the first phases of salinity was able to compartmentalize higher amounts of sodium in the roots compared to the other cultivar, avoiding transferring it to shoot and impairing photosynthetic metabolism. This allowed the roots of wild plants to receive recent photosynthates from leaves, gaining from them energy and carbon skeletons to compartmentalize toxic ions in the vacuoles, synthesize and accumulate organic osmolytes, control ion and water homeostasis and re-establish the ability of root to grow. H. vulgare was also able to accumulate compatible osmolytes but only in the first weeks of salinity, while soon after the roots stopped up taking potassium and growing. In the last week of salinity stress, the wild species further increased the root to shoot ratio to enhance the root retention of toxic ions and consequently delaying the damages both to shoot and root. This delay of few weeks in showing the symptoms of stress may be pivotal for enabling the survival of the wild species when soil salinity is transient and not permanent.
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14
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Yu H, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Wei Y, Jia X, Wang X, Ma X. Towards identification of molecular mechanism in which the overexpression of wheat cytosolic and plastid glutamine synthetases in tobacco enhanced drought tolerance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 151:608-620. [PMID: 32335384 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetases (GS) play an essential role in Nitrogen assimilation. Nonetheless, information respecting the molecular functions of GS in drought tolerance (DT) is limited. Here we show that overexpressing cytosolic GS1 or plastidic GS2 gene in tobacco enhanced DT of both root and leaf tissues of the two transgenic seedlings (named as GS1-TR and GS2-TR). RNA-seq analysis on root tissues showed that 83 aquaporin (AQP) genes were identified. Among them, 37 differential expression genes (DEGs) were found in the GS1-TR roots under normal condition, and all were down-regulated; no any DEGs in the GS2-TR roots were found. Contrastingly, under drought, 28 and 32 DEGs of AQP were up-regulated in GS1-TR and GS2-TR roots, respectively. GC-MS analysis on leaf tissues showed that glutamine (Gln) concentrations were negatively correlated AQP expressions in the all four conditions, which suggests that Gln, as a signal molecule, can negatively regulate many AQP expressions. Prestress accumulation of sucrose and proline (Pro) and chlorophyll, and had higher activities of ROS scavengers also contribute the plant DT in both of the two transgenic plants under drought. In addition, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) was up-accumulated in GS2-TR leaves solely under normal condition, which leads to its net photosynthetic rate higher than that in GS1-TR leaves. Last but not the less, the PYL-PP2C-SnRK2 core ABA-signaling pathway was uniquely activated in GS1-TR independent of drought stress (DS). Therefore, our results suggest a possible model reflecting how overexpression of wheat TaGS1 and TaGS2 regulate plant responses to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yihao Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xiting Jia
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China; State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science in China, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
| | - Xinming Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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15
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Umnajkitikorn K, Sade N, Rubio Wilhelmi MDM, Gilbert ME, Blumwald E. Silencing of OsCV (chloroplast vesiculation) maintained photorespiration and N assimilation in rice plants grown under elevated CO 2. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:920-933. [PMID: 31953871 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
High CO2 concentrations stimulate net photosynthesis by increasing CO2 substrate availability for Rubisco, simultaneously suppressing photorespiration. Previously, we reported that silencing the chloroplast vesiculation (cv) gene in rice increased source fitness, through the maintenance of chloroplast stability and the expression of photorespiration-associated genes. Because high atmospheric CO2 conditions diminished photorespiration, we tested whether CV silencing might be a viable strategy to improve the effects of high CO2 on grain yield and N assimilation in rice. Under elevated CO2 , OsCV expression was induced, and OsCV was targeted to peroxisomes where it facilitated the removal of OsPEX11-1 from the peroxisome and delivered it to the vacuole for degradation. This process correlated well with the reduction in the number of peroxisomes, the decreased catalase activity and the increased H2 O2 content in wild-type plants under elevated CO2 . At elevated CO2 , CV-silenced rice plants maintained peroxisome proliferation and photorespiration and displayed higher N assimilation than wild-type plants. This was supported by higher activity of enzymes involved in NO3- and NH4+ assimilation and higher total and seed protein contents. Co-immunoprecipitation of OsCV-interacting proteins suggested that, similar to its role in chloroplast protein turnover, OsCV acted as a scaffold, binding peroxisomal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamolchanok Umnajkitikorn
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Nir Sade
- Department of Molecular Biology & Ecology of Plants, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA
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16
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Dehigaspitiya P, Milham P, Ash GJ, Arun-Chinnappa K, Gamage D, Martin A, Nagasaka S, Seneweera S. Exploring natural variation of photosynthesis in a site-specific manner: evolution, progress, and prospects. PLANTA 2019; 250:1033-1050. [PMID: 31254100 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Site-specific changes of photosynthesis, a relatively new concept, can be used to improve the productivity of critical food crops to mitigate the foreseen food crisis. Global food security is threatened by an increasing population and the effects of climate change. Large yield improvements were achieved in major cereal crops between the 1950s and 1980s through the Green Revolution. However, we are currently experiencing a significant decline in yield progress. Of the many approaches to improved cereal yields, exploitation of the mode of photosynthesis has been intensely studied. Even though the C4 pathway is considered the most efficient, mainly because of the carbon concentrating mechanisms around the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, which minimize photorespiration, much is still unknown about the specific gene regulation of this mode of photosynthesis. Most of the critical cereal crops, including wheat and rice, are categorized as C3 plants based on the photosynthesis of major photosynthetic organs. However, recent findings raise the possibility of different modes of photosynthesis occurring at different sites in the same plant and/or in plants grown in different habitats. That is, it seems possible that efficient photosynthetic traits may be expressed in specific organs, even though the major photosynthetic pathway is C3. Knowledge of site-specific differences in photosynthesis, coupled with site-specific regulation of gene expression, may therefore hold a potential to enhance the yields of economically important C3 crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Milham
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Gavin J Ash
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Kiruba Arun-Chinnappa
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Dananjali Gamage
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Anke Martin
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Seiji Nagasaka
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Saman Seneweera
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia.
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hanthana Road, Kandy, 20000, Central, Sri Lanka.
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17
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García-Calderón M, Betti M, Márquez AJ, Ortega JM, Roncel M. The afterglow thermoluminescence band as an indicator of changes in the photorespiratory metabolism of the model legume Lotus japonicus. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:240-250. [PMID: 30628087 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The afterglow (AG) luminescence is a delayed chlorophyll fluorescence emitted by the photosystem II that seems to reflect the level of assimilatory potential (NADPH+ATP) in chloroplast. In this work, the thermoluminescence (TL) emissions corresponding to the AG band were investigated in plants of the WT and the Ljgln2-2 photorespiratory mutant from Lotus japonicus grown under either photorespiratory (air) or non-photorespiratory (high concentration of CO2 ) conditions. TL glow curves obtained after two flashes induced the strongest overall TL emissions, which could be decomposed in two components: B band (tmax = 27-29°C) and AG band (tmax = 44-45°C). Under photorespiratory conditions, WT plants showed a ratio of 1.17 between the intensity of the AG and B bands (IAG /IB ). This ratio increased considerably under non-photorespiratory conditions (2.12). In contrast, mutant Ljgln2-2 plants grown under both conditions showed a high IAG /IB ratio, similar to that of WT plants grown under non-photorespiratory conditions. In addition, high temperature thermoluminescence (HTL) emissions associated to lipid peroxidation were also recorded. WT and Ljgln2-2 mutant plants grown under photorespiratory conditions showed both a significant HTL band, which increased significantly under non-photorespiratory conditions. The results of this work indicate that changes in the amplitude of IAG /IB ratio could be used as an in vivo indicator of alteration in the level of photorespiratory metabolism in L. japonicus chloroplasts. Moreover, the HTL results suggest that photorespiration plays some role in the protection of the chloroplast against lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Betti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio J Márquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José M Ortega
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mercedes Roncel
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
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18
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Simkin AJ, López-Calcagno PE, Raines CA. Feeding the world: improving photosynthetic efficiency for sustainable crop production. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1119-1140. [PMID: 30772919 PMCID: PMC6395887 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A number of recent studies have provided strong support demonstrating that improving the photosynthetic processes through genetic engineering can provide an avenue to improve yield potential. The major focus of this review is on improvement of the Calvin-Benson cycle and electron transport. Consideration is also given to how altering regulatory process may provide an additional route to increase photosynthetic efficiency. Here we summarize some of the recent successes that have been observed through genetic manipulation of photosynthesis, showing that, in both the glasshouse and the field, yield can be increased by >40%. These results provide a clear demonstration of the potential for increasing yield through improvements in photosynthesis. In the final section, we consider the need to stack improvement in photosynthetic traits with traits that target the yield gap in order to provide robust germplasm for different crops across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Simkin
- NIAB EMR, New Road, East Malling, Kent, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, Wivenhoe Park, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | | | - Christine A Raines
- School of Biological Sciences, Wivenhoe Park, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
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19
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Levey M, Timm S, Mettler-Altmann T, Luca Borghi G, Koczor M, Arrivault S, PM Weber A, Bauwe H, Gowik U, Westhoff P. Efficient 2-phosphoglycolate degradation is required to maintain carbon assimilation and allocation in the C4 plant Flaveria bidentis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:575-587. [PMID: 30357386 PMCID: PMC6322630 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiration is indispensable for oxygenic photosynthesis since it detoxifies and recycles 2-phosphoglycolate (2PG), which is the primary oxygenation product of Rubisco. However, C4 plant species typically display very low rates of photorespiration due to their efficient biochemical carbon-concentrating mechanism. Thus, the broader relevance of photorespiration in these organisms remains unclear. In this study, we assessed the importance of a functional photorespiratory pathway in the C4 plant Flaveria bidentis using knockdown of the first enzymatic step, namely 2PG phosphatase (PGLP). The isolated RNAi lines showed strongly reduced amounts of PGLP protein, but distinct signs of the photorespiratory phenotype only emerged below 5% residual PGLP protein. Lines with this characteristic were stunted in growth, had strongly increased 2PG content, exhibited accelerated leaf senescence, and accumulated high amounts of branched-chain and aromatic amino acids, which are both characteristics of incipient carbon starvation. Oxygen-dependent gas-exchange measurements consistently suggested the cumulative impairment of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate regeneration with increased photorespiratory pressure. Our results indicate that photorespiration is essential for maintaining high rates of C4 photosynthesis by preventing the 2PG-mediated inhibition of carbon utilization efficiency. However, considerably higher 2PG accumulation can be tolerated compared to equivalent lines of C3 plants due to the differential distribution of specific enzymatic steps between the mesophyll and bundle sheath cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles Levey
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Timm
- University of Rostock, Plant Physiology Department, Albert-Einstein-Straße, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tabea Mettler-Altmann
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS) Plant Metabolism and Metabolomics Laboratory, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gian Luca Borghi
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Golm, Germany
| | - Maria Koczor
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stéphanie Arrivault
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Golm, Germany
| | - Andreas PM Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS) Plant Metabolism and Metabolomics Laboratory, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hermann Bauwe
- University of Rostock, Plant Physiology Department, Albert-Einstein-Straße, Rostock, Germany
| | - Udo Gowik
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Westhoff
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße, Düsseldorf, Germany
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20
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Chatterjee A, Huma B, Shaw R, Kundu S. Reconstruction of Oryza sativa indica Genome Scale Metabolic Model and Its Responses to Varying RuBisCO Activity, Light Intensity, and Enzymatic Cost Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2060. [PMID: 29250098 PMCID: PMC5715477 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
To combat decrease in rice productivity under different stresses, an understanding of rice metabolism is needed. Though there are different genome scale metabolic models (GSMs) of Oryza sativa japonica, no GSM with gene-protein-reaction association exist for Oryza sativa indica. Here, we report a GSM, OSI1136 of O.s. indica, which includes 3602 genes and 1136 metabolic reactions and transporters distributed across the cytosol, mitochondrion, peroxisome, and chloroplast compartments. Flux balance analysis of the model showed that for varying RuBisCO activity (Vc/Vo) (i) the activity of the chloroplastic malate valve increases to transport reducing equivalents out of the chloroplast under increased photorespiratory conditions and (ii) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase can act as source of cytosolic ATP under decreased photorespiration. Under increasing light conditions we observed metabolic flexibility, involving photorespiration, chloroplastic triose phosphate and the dicarboxylate transporters of the chloroplast and mitochondrion for redox and ATP exchanges across the intracellular compartments. Simulations under different enzymatic cost conditions revealed (i) participation of peroxisomal glutathione-ascorbate cycle in photorespiratory H2O2 metabolism (ii) different modes of the chloroplastic triose phosphate transporters and malate valve, and (iii) two possible modes of chloroplastic Glu-Gln transporter which were related with the activity of chloroplastic and cytosolic isoforms of glutamine synthetase. Altogether, our results provide new insights into plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sudip Kundu
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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21
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Pan D, Li QX, Lin Z, Chen Z, Tang W, Pan C, Tan H, Zeng D. Interactions between salicylic acid and antioxidant enzymes tilting the balance of H 2O 2 from photorespiration in non-target crops under halosulfuron-methyl stress. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 143:214-223. [PMID: 29183595 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Halosulfuron-methyl (HSM) is a safe, selective and effective sulfonylurea herbicide (SU) for the control of sedge and broadleaf weeds in sugarcane, corn, tomato, and other crops. The primary site of action is acetolactate synthase (ALS), a key enzyme of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) synthesis. In addition to ALS inhibition, BCAAs deficiencies and oxidative damage may be involved in toxic effects of SUs. However, secondary targets of HSM relevant to plant physiological responses are unclear. In the present study, comparative growth inhibition and peroxidization injury between sensitive and tolerance crops were observed at biochemical and physiological levels suggesting involvement of H2O2, ethylene, salicylic acid (SA) in the oxidative stress responses to HSM. HSM caused accumulation of H2O2, stimulated photorespiration and consequent accumulation of SA that worsened the peroxidization injury to the sensitive C3 plant soybean (Glycine max). The growth inhibition at low concentrations of HSM could be lessened by supplementary BCAAs, reactive oxygen species scavengers or ethylene inducers, whereas the oxidation damage at high concentrations of HSM could not be reversed and ultimately lead to plant death. H2O2 at a low level stimulated the antioxidase system including glutathione S-transferase activities in the HSM-tolerant C4 maize (Zea mays), which contributes to HSM tolerance. H2O2 plays an important role on HSM stress responses in both HSM-sensitive and HSM-tolerant soybean and maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjin Pan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China; Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, United States
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, United States
| | - Zhangxing Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China
| | - Zhaojie Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China
| | - Wenwei Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China
| | - Canping Pan
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huihua Tan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China.
| | - Dongqiang Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China.
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22
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Han X, Peng K, Wu H, Song S, Zhu Y, Bai Y, Wang Y. Overexpression of PSP1 enhances growth of transgenic Arabidopsis plants under ambient air conditions. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 94:419-431. [PMID: 28455648 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the phosphorylated pathway (PPSB) of L-serine (Ser) biosynthesis in plant growth and development has been demonstrated, but its specific role in leaves and interaction with photorespiration, the main leaf Ser biosynthetic pathway at daytime, are still unclear. To investigate whether changes in biosynthesis of Ser by the PPSB in leaves could have an impact on photorespiration and plant growth, we overexpressed PSP1, the last enzyme of this pathway, under control of the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter in Arabidopsis thaliana. Overexpressor plants grown in normal air displayed larger rosette diameter and leaf area as well as higher fresh and dry weight than the wild type. By contrast, no statistically significant differences to the wild type were observed when the overexpressor seedlings were transferred to elevated CO2, indicating a relationship between PSP1 overexpression and photorespiration. Additionally, the transgenic plants displayed higher photorespiration, an increase in CO2 net-uptake and stronger expression in the light of genes encoding enzymes involved in photorespiration. We further demonstrated that expression of many genes involved in nitrogen assimilation was also promoted in leaves of transgenic plants and that leaf nitrate reductase activity increased in the light, too, although not in the dark. Our results suggest a close correlation between the function of PPSB and photorespiration, and also nitrogen metabolism in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Han
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Keli Peng
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Haixia Wu
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shanshan Song
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Yerong Zhu
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yanling Bai
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Zhang Z, Xiong S, Wei Y, Meng X, Wang X, Ma X. The role of glutamine synthetase isozymes in enhancing nitrogen use efficiency of N-efficient winter wheat. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1000. [PMID: 28428629 PMCID: PMC5430530 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) isozymes play critical roles in nitrogen (N) metabolism. However, the exact relationship between GS and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) remain unclear. We have selected and compared two wheat cultivars, YM49 and XN509, which were identified as the N-efficient and N-inefficient genotypes, respectively. In this study, agronomical, morphological, physiological and biochemical approaches were performed. The results showed that TaGS1 was high expressed post-anthesis, and TaGS2 was highly expressed pre-anthesis in N-efficient genotype compared to N-inefficient genotype. GS1 and GS2 isozymes were also separated by native-PAGE and found that the spatial and temporal distribution of GS isozymes, their expression of gene and protein subunits in source-sink-flow organs during development periods triggered the pool strength and influenced the N flow. According to the physiological role of GS isozymes, we illustrated four metabolic regulation points, by which acting collaboratively in different organs, accelerating the transport of nutrients to the grain. It suggested that the regulation of GS isozymes may promote flow strength and enhance NUE by a complex C-N metabolic mechanism. The relative activity or amount of GS1 and GS2 isozymes could be a potential marker to predict and select wheat genotypes with enhanced NUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- Key Laboratory of Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Improvement of Food Crops in HenanProvince, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Shuping Xiong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- Key Laboratory of Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Improvement of Food Crops in HenanProvince, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yihao Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- Key Laboratory of Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Improvement of Food Crops in HenanProvince, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xiaodan Meng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- Key Laboratory of Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Improvement of Food Crops in HenanProvince, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Xinming Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Improvement of Food Crops in HenanProvince, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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Liu B, Lei C, Jin J, Guan Y, Li S, Zhang Y, Liu W. Physiological responses of two moss species to the combined stress of water deficit and elevated N deposition (II): Carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:7596-7609. [PMID: 30128114 PMCID: PMC6093146 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) deposition levels and frequencies of extreme drought events are increasing globally. In efforts to improve understanding of plants' responses to associated stresses, we have investigated responses of mosses to drought under elevated nitrogen conditions. More specifically, we exposed Pogonatum cirratum subsp. fuscatum and Hypnum plumaeforme to various nitrate (KNO 3) or ammonium (NH 4Cl) treatments, with and without water deficit stress and monitored indices related to carbon (C) and N metabolism both immediately after the stress and after a short recovery period. The results show that N application stimulated both C and N assimilation activities, including ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase (GS/GOGAT), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activities, while water deficit inhibited C and N assimilation. The mosses could resist stress caused by excess N and water deficit by increasing their photorespiration activity and proline (Pro) contents. However, N supply increased their sensitivity to water stress, causing sharper reductions in C and N assimilation rates, and further increases in photorespiration and Pro contents, indicating more serious oxidative or osmotic stress in the mosses. In addition, there were interspecific differences in N assimilation pathways, as the GS/GOGAT and GDH pathways were the preferentially used ammonium assimilation pathways in P. cirratum and H. plumaeforme when stressed, respectively. After rehydration, both mosses exhibited overcompensation effects for most C and N assimilation activities, but when supplied with N, the activities were generally restored to previous levels (or less), indicating that N supply reduced their ability to recover from water deficit stress. In conclusion, mosses can tolerate a certain degree of water deficit stress and possess some resilience to environmental fluctuations, but elevated N deposition reduces their tolerance and ability to recover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin‐yang Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant ResourcesSchool of Life SciencesSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- The State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environment ChangeInstitute of BotanyThe Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chun‐yi Lei
- Heishiding Nature Reserve of Guangdong ProvinceZhaoqingChina
| | - Jian‐hua Jin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant ResourcesSchool of Life SciencesSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yi‐yun Guan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant ResourcesSchool of Life SciencesSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Shan Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant ResourcesSchool of Life SciencesSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yi‐shun Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant ResourcesSchool of Life SciencesSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wei‐qiu Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant ResourcesSchool of Life SciencesSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
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25
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Laxa M, Müller K, Lange N, Doering L, Pruscha JT, Peterhänsel C. The 5'UTR Intron of Arabidopsis GGT1 Aminotransferase Enhances Promoter Activity by Recruiting RNA Polymerase II. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:313-27. [PMID: 27418588 PMCID: PMC5074633 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiration is essential for the detoxification of glycolate and recycling of carbon to the Calvin Benson Bassham cycle. Enzymes participating in the pathway have been identified, and investigations now focus on the regulation of photorespiration by transporters and metabolites. However, regulation of photorespiration on the gene level has not been intensively studied. Here, we show that maximum transcript abundance of Glu:glyoxylate aminotransferase 1 (GGT1) is regulated by intron-mediated enhancement (IME) of the 5' leader intron rather than by regulatory elements in the 5' upstream region. The intron is rich in CT-stretches and contains the motif TGTGATTTG that is highly similar to the IME-related motif TTNGATYTG. The GGT1 intron also confers leaf-specific expression of foreign promoters. Quantitative PCR analysis and GUS activity measurements revealed that IME of the GGT1 5'UTR intron is controlled on the transcriptional level. IME by the GGT1 5'UTR intron was at least 2-fold. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed that the abundance of RNA polymerase II binding to the intron-less construct is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Laxa
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Botany, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kristin Müller
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Botany, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Natalie Lange
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Botany, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lennart Doering
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Botany, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Thomas Pruscha
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Botany, 30419 Hannover, Germany
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26
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Du J, Shu S, Shao Q, An Y, Zhou H, Guo S, Sun J. Mitigative effects of spermidine on photosynthesis and carbon-nitrogen balance of cucumber seedlings under Ca(NO3)2 stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:79-91. [PMID: 26659857 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-015-0762-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ca(NO3)2 stress is one of the most serious constraints to plants production and limits the plants growth and development. Application of polyamines is a convenient and effective approach for enhancing plant salinity tolerance. The present investigation aimed to discover the photosynthetic carbon-nitrogen (C-N) mechanism underlying Ca(NO3)2 stress tolerance by spermidine (Spd) of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Jinyou No. 4). Seedling growth and photosynthetic capacity [including net photosynthetic rate (P N), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (Tr)] were significantly inhibited by Ca(NO3)2 stress (80 mM). However, a leaf-applied Spd (1 mM) treatment alleviated the reduction in growth and photosynthesis in cucumber caused by Ca(NO3)2 stress. Furthermore, the application of exogenous Spd significantly decreased the accumulation of NO3 (-) and NH4 (+) caused by Ca(NO3)2 stress and remarkably increased the activities of N metabolism enzymes simultaneously. In addition, photosynthesis N-use efficiency (PNUE) and free amino acids were significantly enhanced by exogenous Spd in response to Ca(NO3)2 stress, thus promoting the biosynthesis of N containing compounds and soluble protein. Also, the amounts of several carbohydrates (including sucrose, fructose and glucose), total C content and the C/N radio increased significantly in the presence of Spd. Based on our results, we suggest that exogenous Spd could effectively accelerate nitrate transformation into amino acids and improve cucumber plant photosynthesis and C assimilation, thereby enhancing the ability of the plants to maintain their C/N balance, and eventually promote the growth of cucumber plants under Ca(NO3)2 stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Du
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaosai Shao
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yahong An
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Shirong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
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27
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Yoneyama T, Fujimori T, Yanagisawa S, Hase T, Suzuki A. 15N Tracing Studies on In Vitro Reactions of Ferredoxin-Dependent Nitrite Reductase and Glutamate Synthase Using Reconstituted Electron Donation Systems. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1154-1161. [PMID: 25745028 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It is known that plants contain ferredoxin (Fd)-dependent nitrite reductase (NiR) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT). The Fd-NiR reaction produces ammonia from nitrite, and the activity is usually measured by nitrite disappearance. The Fd-GOGAT reaction forms two glutamates of different origin, from glutamine and 2-oxoglutarate, and the activity is measured by the oxidation of reductant (NADPH) or by formation of total glutamate. Here, a quantitative probe of the products and efficiency of the process was conducted using (15)N tracing techniques on these reactions in vitro. We quantified the reduction of (15)N-labeled [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] and the formation of [(15)N]glutamate and [(14)N]glutamate from [5-(15)N-amide]glutamine plus 2-oxoglutarate by NiR and GOGAT, respectively, with the reductant-Fd-NADP(+) oxidoreductase (FNR)-Fd system as the sequential electron donors. The supply of dithionite or NADPH to recombinant cyanobacterial NiR led to electron donation system-dependent formation of [(15)N]ammonium from [(15)N]nitrite. Addition of 20 mM NaCl and 20 mM Na-ascorbate accelerated nitrite reduction under high concentrations of NADPH. A sufficient supply of NADPH to recombinant Zea mays Fd-GOGAT generated complete GOGAT activity (transferring the [5-(15)N]amide of glutamine to 2-oxoglutarate to form [(15)N]glutamate), whereas a shortage of NADPH resulted in glutaminase activity only, which removed the amide from glutamine and released ammonia and [(14)N]glutamate. We conclude that although the recombinant Fd-GOGAT enzyme has two forms of glutamate synthesis, the first by glutaminase (ammonia release by glutamine amidotransferase) and the second by glutamate synthase (coupling of the ammonia and exogenously applied 2-oxoglutarate), the first works without NADPH, while the second is strictly dependent on NADPH availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadakatsu Yoneyama
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, the University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Tamaki Fujimori
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, the University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Shuichi Yanagisawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, the University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Toshiharu Hase
- Laboratory of Regulation of Biological Reaction, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Akira Suzuki
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
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28
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Chellamuthu VR, Ermilova E, Lapina T, Lüddecke J, Minaeva E, Herrmann C, Hartmann MD, Forchhammer K. A widespread glutamine-sensing mechanism in the plant kingdom. Cell 2015; 159:1188-1199. [PMID: 25416954 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine is the primary metabolite of nitrogen assimilation from inorganic nitrogen sources in microorganisms and plants. The ability to monitor cellular nitrogen status is pivotal for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and sustaining growth. The present study identifies a glutamine-sensing mechanism common in the entire plant kingdom except Brassicaceae. The plastid-localized PII signaling protein controls, in a glutamine-dependent manner, the key enzyme of the ornithine synthesis pathway, N-acetyl-l-glutamate kinase (NAGK), that leads to arginine and polyamine formation. Crystal structures reveal that the plant-specific C-terminal extension of PII, which we term the Q loop, forms a low-affinity glutamine-binding site. Glutamine binding alters PII conformation, promoting interaction and activation of NAGK. The binding motif is highly conserved in plants except Brassicaceae. A functional Q loop restores glutamine sensing in a recombinant Arabidopsis thaliana PII protein, demonstrating the modular concept of the glutamine-sensing mechanism adopted by PII proteins during the evolution of plant chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasuki-Ranjani Chellamuthu
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 35, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elena Ermilova
- Lab Adaptation in Microorganisms, Biological Faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya em. 7/9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatjana Lapina
- Lab Adaptation in Microorganisms, Biological Faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya em. 7/9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jan Lüddecke
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Minaeva
- Lab Adaptation in Microorganisms, Biological Faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya em. 7/9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Christina Herrmann
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus D Hartmann
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 35, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karl Forchhammer
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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29
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Betti M, García-Calderón M, Pérez-Delgado CM, Credali A, Pal'ove-Balang P, Estivill G, Repčák M, Vega JM, Galván F, Márquez AJ. Reassimilation of ammonium in Lotus japonicus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5557-66. [PMID: 24948681 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the most recent results obtained in the analysis of two important metabolic pathways involved in the release of internal sources of ammonium in the model legume Lotus japonicus: photorespiratory metabolism and asparagine breakdown mediated by aparaginase (NSE). The use of photorespiratory mutants deficient in plastidic glutamine synthetase (GS2) enabled us to investigate the transcriptomics and metabolomic changes associated with photorespiratory ammonium accumulation in this plant. The results obtained indicate the existence of a coordinate regulation of genes involved in photorespiratory metabolism. Other types of evidence illustrate the multiple interconnections existing among the photorespiratory pathway and other processes such as intermediate metabolism, nodule function, and secondary metabolism in this plant, all of which are substantially affected in GS2-deficient mutants because of the impairment of the photorespiratory cycle. Finally, the importance of asparagine metabolism in L. japonicus is highlighted because of the fact that asparagine constitutes the vast majority of the reduced nitrogen translocated between different organs of this plant. The different types of NSE enzymes and genes which are present in L. japonicus are described. There is a particular focus on the most abundant K(+)-dependent LjNSE1 isoform and how TILLING mutants were used to demonstrate by reverse genetics the importance of this particular isoform in plant growth and seed production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Betti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Margarita García-Calderón
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen M Pérez-Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alfredo Credali
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Peter Pal'ove-Balang
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, SK-04001 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Guillermo Estivill
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Miroslav Repčák
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, SK-04001 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - José M Vega
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco Galván
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio J Márquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
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30
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Araújo WL, Nunes-Nesi A, Fernie AR. On the role of plant mitochondrial metabolism and its impact on photosynthesis in both optimal and sub-optimal growth conditions. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2014; 119:141-156. [PMID: 23456269 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Given that the pathways of photosynthesis and respiration catalyze partially opposing processes, it follows that their relative activities must be carefully regulated within plant cells. Recent evidence has shown that the components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain are essential for the proper maintenance of intracellular redox gradients, to allow considerable rates of photorespiration and in turn efficient photosynthesis. Thus considerable advances have been made in understanding the interaction between respiration and photosynthesis during the last decades and the potential mechanisms linking mitochondrial function and photosynthetic efficiency will be reviewed. Despite the fact that manipulation of various steps of mitochondrial metabolism has been demonstrated to alter photosynthesis under optimal growth conditions, it is likely that these changes will, by and large, not be maintained under sub-optimal situations. Therefore producing plants to meet this aim remains a critical challenge. It is clear, however, that although there have been a range of studies analysing changes in respiratory and photosynthetic rates in response to light, temperature and CO2, our knowledge of the environmental impact on these processes and its linkage still remains fragmented. We will also discuss the metabolic changes associated to plant respiration and photosynthesis as important components of the survival strategy as they considerably extend the period that a plant can withstand to a stress situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
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31
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Wang M, Shen Q, Xu G, Guo S. New insight into the strategy for nitrogen metabolism in plant cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 310:1-37. [PMID: 24725423 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800180-6.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important mineral nutrients required by higher plants. Primary N absorbed by higher plants includes nitrate (NO3(-)), ammonium (NH4(+)), and organic N. Plants have developed several mechanisms for regulating their N metabolism in response to N availability and environmental conditions. Numerous transporters have been characterized and the mode of N movement within plants has been demonstrated. For further assimilation of N, various enzymes are involved in the key processes of NO3(-) or NH4(+) assimilation. N and carbon (C) metabolism are tightly coordinated in the fundamental biochemical pathway that permits plant growth. As N and C metabolism are the fundamental constituents of plant life, understanding N regulation is essential for growing plants and improving crop production. Regulation of N metabolism at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels provides important perceptions in the complex regulatory network of plants to adapt to changing N availability. In this chapter, recent advances in elucidating molecular mechanisms of N metabolism processes and regulation strategy, as well as interactions between C and N, are discussed. This review provides new insights into the strategy for studying N metabolism at the cellular level for optimum plant growth in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Key Lab of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Agricultural Ministry, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qirong Shen
- Key Lab of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Agricultural Ministry, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- Key Lab of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Agricultural Ministry, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shiwei Guo
- Key Lab of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Agricultural Ministry, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Johnson JE, Berry JA. The influence of leaf-atmosphere NH3(g ) exchange on the isotopic composition of nitrogen in plants and the atmosphere. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:1783-1801. [PMID: 23452149 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of nitrogen isotopes in the biosphere has the potential to offer insights into the past, present and future of the nitrogen cycle, but it is challenging to unravel the processes controlling patterns of mixing and fractionation. We present a mathematical model describing a previously overlooked process: nitrogen isotope fractionation during leaf-atmosphere NH3(g ) exchange. The model predicts that when leaf-atmosphere exchange of NH3(g ) occurs in a closed system, the atmospheric reservoir of NH3(g ) equilibrates at a concentration equal to the ammonia compensation point and an isotopic composition 8.1‰ lighter than nitrogen in protein. In an open system, when atmospheric concentrations of NH3(g ) fall below or rise above the compensation point, protein can be isotopically enriched by net efflux of NH3(g ) or depleted by net uptake. Comparison of model output with existing measurements in the literature suggests that this process contributes to variation in the isotopic composition of nitrogen in plants as well as NH3(g ) in the atmosphere, and should be considered in future analyses of nitrogen isotope circulation. The matrix-based modelling approach that is introduced may be useful for quantifying isotope dynamics in other complex systems that can be described by first-order kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Florian A, Araújo WL, Fernie AR. New insights into photorespiration obtained from metabolomics. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2013; 15:656-666. [PMID: 23573870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiration, one of the cornerstone pathways of primary metabolism, allows plant growth in a high oxygen-containing environment. While the oxygenase reaction of Rubisco directly influences photosynthesis per se, several other processes are also affected by photorespiration, including nitrogen assimilation, respiration, amino acid metabolism, 1-C metabolism and redox metabolism, cumulating to impose a severe impact across multiple signalling pathways. Accordingly, although the plant photorespiratory cycle is complex and highly compartmentalised, little is currently known about the participating transport proteins, and relatively few of them have been properly identified. Despite its centrality, uniqueness, and mystery, the biochemistry of photorespiration has historically been quite poorly understood, in part because at least some of its enzymes and intermediates tend to be labile and of low abundance. Fortunately, the integration of molecular and genetic approaches with biochemical ones, such as metabolite profiling, is now driving rapid advances in knowledge of the key metabolic roles and connections of the enzymes and genes of the photorespiratory pathway. While these experiments have revealed a surprising complexity in the response and established connections between photorespiration and other metabolic pathways, the mechanisms behind the observed responses have still to be fully elucidated. Here we review recent progress into photorespiration and its interaction with other metabolic processes, paying particular attention to data emanating from metabolic profiling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Florian
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekular Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Gas-Chromatography Mass-Spectrometry (GC-MS) Based Metabolite Profiling Reveals Mannitol as a Major Storage Carbohydrate in the Coccolithophorid Alga Emiliania huxleyi. Metabolites 2013; 3:168-84. [PMID: 24957896 PMCID: PMC3901260 DOI: 10.3390/metabo3010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Algae are divergent organisms having a wide variety of evolutional histories. Although most of them share photosynthetic activity, their pathways of primary carbon metabolism are rather diverse among species. Here we developed a method for gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) based metabolite profiling for the coccolithophorid alga Emiliania huxleyi, which is one of the most abundant microalgae in the ocean, in order to gain an overview of the pathway of primary metabolism within this alga. Following method optimization, twenty-six metabolites could be detected by this method. Whilst most proteogenic amino acids were detected, no peaks corresponding to malate and fumarate were found. The metabolite profile of E. huxleyi was, however, characterized by a prominent accumulation of mannitol reaching in excess of 14 nmol 106 cells−1. Similarly, the accumulation of the 13C label during short term H13CO3− feeding revealed a massive redistribution of label into mannitol as well as rapid but saturating label accumulation into glucose and several amino acids including aspartate, glycine and serine. These results provide support to previous work suggesting that this species adopts C3 photosynthesis and that mannitol functions as a carbon store in E. huxleyi.
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Chern M, Bai W, Chen X, Canlas PE, Ronald PC. Reduced expression of glycolate oxidase leads to enhanced disease resistance in rice. PeerJ 2013; 1:e28. [PMID: 23638363 PMCID: PMC3628735 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolate oxidase (GLO) is a key enzyme in photorespiration, catalyzing the oxidation of glycolate to glyoxylate. Arabidopsis GLO is required for nonhost defense responses to Pseudomonas syringae and for tobacco Pto/AvrPto-mediated defense responses. We previously described identification of rice GLO1 that interacts with a glutaredoxin protein, which in turn interacts with TGA transcription factors. TGA transcription factors are well known to participate in NPR1/NH1-mediated defense signaling, which is crucial to systemic acquired resistance in plants. Here we demonstrate that reduction of rice GLO1 expression leads to enhanced resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo). Constitutive silencing of GLO1 leads to programmed cell death, resulting in a lesion-mimic phenotype and lethality or reduced plant growth and development, consistent with previous reports. Inducible silencing of GLO1, employing a dexamethasone-GVG (Gal4 DNA binding domain-VP16 activation domain-glucocorticoid receptor fusion) inducible system, alleviates these detrimental effects. Silencing of GLO1 results in enhanced resistance to Xoo, increased expression of defense regulators NH1, NH3, and WRKY45, and activation of PR1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mawsheng Chern
- Department of Plant Pathology , University of California Davis , California , USA
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36
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Betti M, García-Calderón M, Pérez-Delgado CM, Credali A, Estivill G, Galván F, Vega JM, Márquez AJ. Glutamine synthetase in legumes: recent advances in enzyme structure and functional genomics. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:7994-8024. [PMID: 22942686 PMCID: PMC3430217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13077994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) is the key enzyme involved in the assimilation of ammonia derived either from nitrate reduction, N(2) fixation, photorespiration or asparagine breakdown. A small gene family is encoding for different cytosolic (GS1) or plastidic (GS2) isoforms in legumes. We summarize here the recent advances carried out concerning the quaternary structure of GS, as well as the functional relationship existing between GS2 and processes such as nodulation, photorespiration and water stress, in this latter case by means of proline production. Functional genomic analysis using GS2-minus mutant reveals the key role of GS2 in the metabolic control of the plants and, more particularly, in carbon metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Betti
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-95-4556917; Fax: +34-95-4626853
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García-Calderón M, Chiurazzi M, Espuny MR, Márquez AJ. Photorespiratory metabolism and nodule function: behavior of Lotus japonicus mutants deficient in plastid glutamine synthetase. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:211-219. [PMID: 22007601 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-11-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Two photorespiratory mutants of Lotus japonicus deficient in plastid glutamine synthetase (GS(2)) were examined for their capacity to establish symbiotic association with Mesorhizobium loti bacteria. Biosynthetic glutamine synthetase (GS) activity was reduced by around 40% in crude nodule extracts from mutant plants as compared with the wild type (WT). Western blot analysis further confirmed the lack of GS(2) polypeptide in mutant nodules. The decrease in GS activity affected the nodular carbon metabolism under high CO(2) (suppressed photorespiration) conditions, although mutant plants were able to form nodules and fix atmospheric nitrogen. However, when WT and mutant plants were transferred to an ordinary air atmosphere (photorespiratory active conditions) the nodulation process and nitrogen fixation were substantially affected, particularly in mutant plants. The number and fresh weight of mutant nodules as well as acetylene reduction activity showed a strong inhibition compared with WT plants. Optical microscopy studies from mutant plant nodules revealed the anticipated senescence phenotype linked to an important reduction in starch and sucrose levels. These results show that, in Lotus japonicus, photorespiration and, particularly, GS(2) deficiency result in profound limitations in carbon metabolism that affect the nodulation process and nitrogen fixation.
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Carvalho JDFC, Madgwick PJ, Powers SJ, Keys AJ, Lea PJ, Parry MAJ. An engineered pathway for glyoxylate metabolism in tobacco plants aimed to avoid the release of ammonia in photorespiration. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:111. [PMID: 22104170 PMCID: PMC3252329 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The photorespiratory nitrogen cycle in C₃ plants involves an extensive diversion of carbon and nitrogen away from the direct pathways of assimilation. The liberated ammonia is re-assimilated, but up to 25% of the carbon may be released into the atmosphere as CO₂. Because of the loss of CO₂ and high energy costs, there has been considerable interest in attempts to decrease the flux through the cycle in C₃ plants. Transgenic tobacco plants were generated that contained the genes gcl and hyi from E. coli encoding glyoxylate carboligase (EC 4.1.1.47) and hydroxypyruvate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.22) respectively, targeted to the peroxisomes. It was presumed that the two enzymes could work together and compete with the aminotransferases that convert glyoxylate to glycine, thus avoiding ammonia production in the photorespiratory nitrogen cycle. RESULTS When grown in ambient air, but not in elevated CO₂, the transgenic tobacco lines had a distinctive phenotype of necrotic lesions on the leaves. Three of the six lines chosen for a detailed study contained single copies of the gcl gene, two contained single copies of both the gcl and hyi genes and one line contained multiple copies of both gcl and hyi genes. The gcl protein was detected in the five transgenic lines containing single copies of the gcl gene but hyi protein was not detected in any of the transgenic lines. The content of soluble amino acids including glycine and serine, was generally increased in the transgenic lines growing in air, when compared to the wild type. The content of soluble sugars, glucose, fructose and sucrose in the shoot was decreased in transgenic lines growing in air, consistent with decreased carbon assimilation. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco plants have been generated that produce bacterial glyoxylate carboligase but not hydroxypyruvate isomerase. The transgenic plants exhibit a stress response when exposed to air, suggesting that some glyoxylate is diverted away from conversion to glycine in a deleterious short-circuit of the photorespiratory nitrogen cycle. This diversion in metabolism gave rise to increased concentrations of amino acids, in particular glutamine and asparagine in the leaves and a decrease of soluble sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josirley de FC Carvalho
- Embrapa Soybean, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, Rodovia Carlos Strass, Distrito da Warta; C.P.: 6001; 86001-970; Londrina - PR - Brasil
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2 JQ, UK
| | | | | | - Alfred J Keys
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2 JQ, UK
| | - Peter J Lea
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Biological Sciences, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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Nunes-Nesi A, Fernie AR, Stitt M. Metabolic and signaling aspects underpinning the regulation of plant carbon nitrogen interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT 2010; 3:973-96. [PMID: 20926550 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssq049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In addition to light and water, CO(2) and mineral elements are required for plant growth and development. Among these factors, nitrogen is critical, since it is needed to synthesize amino acids, which are the building elements of protein, nucleotides, chlorophyll, and numerous other metabolites and cellular components. Therefore, nitrogen is required by plants in higher quantities and this investment in nitrogen supports the use of CO(2), water, and inorganic nitrogen to produce sugars, organic acids, and amino acids, the basic building blocks of biomass accumulation. This system is maintained by complex metabolic machinery, which is regulated at different levels according to environmental factors such as light, CO(2), and nutrient availability. Plants integrate these signals via a signaling network, which involves metabolites as well as nutrient-sensing proteins. Due to its importance, much research effort has been expended to understand how carbon and nitrogen metabolism are integrated and regulated according to the rates of photosynthesis, photorespiration, and respiration. Thus, in this article, we both discuss recent advances in carbon/nitrogen metabolisms as well as sensing and signaling systems in illuminated leaves of C3-plants and provide a perspective of the type of experiments that are now required in order to take our understanding to a higher level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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40
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Hu Y, Sun G. Leaf nitrogen dioxide uptake coupling apoplastic chemistry, carbon/sulfur assimilation, and plant nitrogen status. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2010; 29:1069-77. [PMID: 20628880 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0898-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Revised: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Emission and plant uptake of atmospheric nitrogen oxides (NO + NO(2)) significantly influence regional climate change by regulating the oxidative chemistry of the lower atmosphere, species composition and the recycling of carbon and nutrients, etc. Plant uptake of nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) is concentration-dependent and species-specific, and covaries with environmental factors. An important factor determining NO(2) influx into leaves is the replenishment of the substomatal cavity. The apoplastic chemistry of the substomatal cavity plays crucial roles in NO(2) deposition rates and the tolerance to NO(2), involving the reactions between NO(2) and apoplastic antioxidants, NO(2)-responsive germin-like proteins, apoplastic acidification, and nitrite-dependent NO synthesis, etc. Moreover, leaf apoplast is a favorable site for the colonization by microbes, which disturbs nitrogen metabolism of host plants. For most plant species, NO(2) assimilation in a leaf primarily depends on the nitrate (NO(3) (-)) assimilation pathway. NO(2)-N assimilation is coupled with carbon and sulfur (sulfate and SO(2)) assimilation as indicated by the mutual needs for metabolic intermediates (or metabolites) and the NO(2)-caused changes of key metabolic enzymes such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPc) and adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase, organic acids, and photorespiration. Moreover, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization improves the tolerance of host plants to NO(2) by enhancing the efficiency of nutrient absorption and translocation and influencing foliar chemistry. Further progress is proposed to gain a better understanding of the coordination between NO(2)-N, S and C assimilation, especially the investigation of metabolic checkpoints, and the effects of photorespiratory nitrogen cycle, diverse PEPc and the metabolites such as cysteine, O-acetylserine (OAS) and glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Hu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, 26# Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China.
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Peterhansel C, Horst I, Niessen M, Blume C, Kebeish R, Kürkcüoglu S, Kreuzaler F. Photorespiration. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2010; 8:e0130. [PMID: 22303256 PMCID: PMC3244903 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiration is initiated by the oxygenase activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-carboxylase/oxygenase (RUBISCO), the same enzyme that is also responsible for CO(2) fixation in almost all photosynthetic organisms. Phosphoglycolate formed by oxygen fixation is recycled to the Calvin cycle intermediate phosphoglycerate in the photorespiratory pathway. This reaction cascade consumes energy and reducing equivalents and part of the afore fixed carbon is again released as CO(2). Because of this, photorespiration was often viewed as a wasteful process. Here, we review the current knowledge on the components of the photorespiratory pathway that has been mainly achieved through genetic and biochemical studies in Arabidopsis. Based on this knowledge, the energy costs of photorespiration are calculated, but the numerous positive aspects that challenge the traditional view of photorespiration as a wasteful pathway are also discussed. An outline of possible alternative pathways beside the major pathway is provided. We summarize recent results about photorespiration in photosynthetic organisms expressing a carbon concentrating mechanism and the implications of these results for understanding Arabidopsis photorespiration. Finally, metabolic engineering approaches aiming to improve plant productivity by reducing photorespiratory losses are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Peterhansel
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Botany, Herrenhaeuser Strasse 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ina Horst
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Botany, Herrenhaeuser Strasse 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Niessen
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Botany, Herrenhaeuser Strasse 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Blume
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Botany, Herrenhaeuser Strasse 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rashad Kebeish
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Botany, Herrenhaeuser Strasse 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sophia Kürkcüoglu
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Botany, Herrenhaeuser Strasse 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Fritz Kreuzaler
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Botany, Worringer Weg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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Abstract
Photorespiration is the light-dependent release of CO2 initiated by Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) during oxygenic photosynthesis. It occurs during the biochemical reactions of the photorespiratory C2 cycle, which is an ancillary metabolic process that allows photosynthesis to occur in oxygen-containing environments. Recent research has identified the genes for many plant photorespiratory enzymes, allowing precise functional analyses by reverse genetics. Similar studies with cyanobacteria disclosed the evolutionary origin of photorespiratory metabolism in these ancestors of plastids.
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Bauwe H. Chapter 6 Photorespiration: The Bridge to C4 Photosynthesis. C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RELATED CO2 CONCENTRATING MECHANISMS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9407-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Parvin S, Pulla RK, Kim YJ, Sathiyaraj G, Jung SK, Khorolragchaa A, In JG, Yang DC. Isolation and Characterization of Glycolate Oxidase Gene from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. J Ginseng Res 2009. [DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2009.33.4.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Xu H, Zhang J, Zeng J, Jiang L, Liu E, Peng C, He Z, Peng X. Inducible antisense suppression of glycolate oxidase reveals its strong regulation over photosynthesis in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:1799-809. [PMID: 19264754 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiration is one of the most intensively studied topics in plant biology. While a number of mutants deficient in photorespiratory enzymes have been identified and characterized for their physiological functions, efforts on glycolate oxidase (GLO; EC 1.1.3.15) have not been so successful. This is a report about the generation of transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants carrying a GLO antisense gene driven by an estradiol-inducible promoter, which allowed for controllable suppressions of GLO and its detailed functional analyses. The GLO-suppressed plants showed typical photorespiration-deficient phenotypes. More intriguingly, it was found that a positive and linear correlation existed between GLO activities and the net photosynthetic rates (P(N)), and photoinhibition subsequently occurred once P(N) reduction surpassed 60%, indicating GLO can exert a strong regulation over photosynthesis. Various expression analyses identified that Rubisco activase was transcriptionally suppressed in the GLO-suppressed plants, consistent with the decreased Rubisco activation states. While the substrate glycolate accumulated substantially, few changes were observed for the product glyoxylate, and for some other downstream metabolites or genes as well in the transgenic plants. Further analyses revealed that isocitrate lyase and malate synthase, two key enzymes in the glyoxylate cycle, were highly up-regulated under GLO deficiency. Taken together, the results suggest that GLO is a typical photorespiratory enzyme and that it can exert a strong regulation over photosynthesis, possibly through a feed-back inhibition on Rubisco activase, and that the glyoxylate cycle may be partially activated to compensate for the photorespiratory glyoxylate when GLO is suppressed in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Barel G, Ginzberg I. Potato skin proteome is enriched with plant defence components. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:3347-57. [PMID: 18653692 PMCID: PMC2529239 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2007] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Periderm is a tissue of secondary origin that replaces damaged epidermis. It can be found in underground plant organs, as an above-ground tissue of woody species (cork), and as a wound-healing tissue. Its outer layers are composed of phellem cells with suberized walls that constitute a protective barrier, preventing pathogen invasion and fluid loss. In potato, a model for periderm studies, periderm tissue replaces the epidermis early in tuber development and the suberized phellems constitute the tuber's skin. To identify factors involved in phellem/skin development and that play a role in its defensive characteristics, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to compare the skin and parenchymatic flesh proteomes of young developing tubers. Proteins exhibiting differentially high signal intensity in the skin were sorted by functional categories. As expected, the differential skin proteome was enriched in proteins whose activity is characteristic of actively dividing tissues such as cell proliferation, C(1) metabolism, and the oxidative respiratory chain. Interestingly, the major functional category consisted of proteins (63%) involved in plant defence responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. This group included three isozymes of caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase and five isozymes of peroxidase that may play a role in suberization processes. The differential expression of these proteins in the skin was further verified by RT-PCR of their corresponding transcripts in skin and tuber flesh samples. The results presented here shed light on the early events in skin development and further expand the concept of the periderm as a protective tissue containing an array of plant defence components.
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