Anti-inflammatory properties of orange juice: possible favorable molecular and metabolic effects

Pera orange juice (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) alters lipid metabolism and attenuates oxidative stress in the heart and liver of rats treated with doxorubicin

Background

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a highly effective chemotherapy drug widely used to treat cancer, but its use is limited due to multisystemic toxicity. Lipid metabolism is also affected by doxorubicin. Orange juice can reduce dyslipidemia in other clinical situations and has already been shown to attenuate cardiotoxicity. Our aim is to evaluate the effects of Pera orange juice (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) on mitigating lipid metabolism imbalance, metabolic pathways, and DOX induced cytotoxic effects in the heart and liver.

Methods

Twenty-four male Wistar rats were allocated into 3 groups: Control (C); DOX (D); and DOX plus Pera orange juice (DOJ). DOJ received orange juice for 4 weeks, while C and D received water. At the end of each week, D and DOJ groups received 4 mg/kg/week DOX, intraperitoneal. At the end of 4 weeks animals were submitted to echocardiography and euthanasia.

Results

Animals treated with DOX decreased water intake and lost weight over time. At echocardiography, DOX treated rats presented morphologic alterations in the heart. DOX increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides. It also reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, increased protein carbonylation in the heart and dihydroethidium (DHE) expression in the liver, decreased glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ1) in the heart, and reduced carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) in the liver.

Conclusion

DOX caused dyslipidemia, liver and cardiac toxicity by increasing oxidative stress, and altered energy metabolic parameters in both organs. Despite not improving changes in left ventricular morphology, orange juice did attenuate oxidative stress and mitigate the metabolic effects of DOX.

Orange juice containing Pediococcus acidilactici CE51 modulates the intestinal microbiota and reduces induced inflammation in a murine model of colitis

The management of inflammatory bowel diseases has been widely investigated, especially ulcerative colitis. Thus, studies with the application of new probiotic products are needed in the prevention/treatment of these clinical conditions. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of probiotic orange juice containing Pediococcus acidilactici CE51 in a murine model of colitis. 45 male Swiss lineage mice were used, divided into five groups (n = 9): control, colitis, colitis + probiotic (probiotic orange juice containing CE51), colitis + placebo (orange juice) and colitis + sulfasalazine (10 mg/kg/Weight). The induction of colitis was performed with dextran sodium sulfate (3%). The treatment time was 5 and 15 days after induction. Histopathological analysis, serum measurements of TNF-α and C-reactive protein and metagenomic analysis of feces were performed after euthanasia. Probiotic treatment reduced inflammation in the small intestine, large intestine and spleen. The probiotic did not alter the serum dosages of TNF-α and C-reactive protein. Their use maintained the quantitative ratio of the phylum Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes and increased Lactobacillus helveticus with 15 days of treatment (p < 0.05). The probiotic orange juice containing P. acidilactici CE51 positively modulated the gut microbiota composition and attenuated the inflammation induced in colitis.

Naringenin, a citrus flavanone, enhances browning and brown adipogenesis: Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

Identifying functional brown adipose tissue (BAT) has provided new hope for obesity treatment and prevention. Functional BAT includes classical BAT and brown-like adipose tissue converted from white adipose tissue. By promoting thermogenesis (i.e., heat production) via uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), functional BAT can increase energy expenditure and aid obesity treatment and prevention. Naringenin (NAR) is a flavanone primarily found in citrus fruits. NAR has been reported to decrease body weight, increase energy expenditure in treated mice, and promote browning in human adipocytes. Here, we examined the effects of NAR on 3T3-L1 adipocytes' browning and β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (ISO)-stimulated thermogenic activation and classical murine brown adipogenesis. In addition, we demonstrated the signaling pathways and involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in the process. We found that NAR did not increase Ucp1 mRNA expression at the basal (i.e., non-ISO stimulated) condition. Instead, it enhanced Ucp1 and Pgc-1α up-regulation and thermogenesis under ISO-stimulated conditions in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. NAR promoted protein kinase A (PKA) activation and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK downstream of ISO stimulation and activated PPARγ. Pharmacological inhibition of either PKA or p38 and PPARγ knockdown attenuated Ucp1 up-regulation by NAR. Moreover, NAR promoted brown adipogenesis by increasing lipid accumulation, brown marker expression, and thermogenesis in murine brown adipocytes, which was also attenuated by PPARγ knockdown. Together, our results suggest that NAR may promote the development of functional BAT in part through PPARγ activation. NAR's role in combating human obesity warrants further investigation.

Enhanced Antioxidant Effects of Naringenin Nanoparticles Synthesized using the High-Energy Ball Milling Method

Naringenin, one of the flavonoid components, is majorly found in and obtained from grapefruits and oranges. Naringenin also acts as a potent antioxidant, which possesses hypolipidemic as well as anti-inflammatory potential. Naringenin reduces the expressions of several inflammatory mediators, viz., NF-κB, cycloxygenase-2, and other cytokine mediators. In spite of having various biological effects, the clinical application of naringenin is restricted due to its very poor aqueous solubility. In the present study, the high-energy ball milling method was employed for the preparation of naringenin nanoparticles without using any chemical with an aim to enhance the anti-oxidant potential of naringenin. The milled naringenin nanoparticles were characterized for their physicochemical properties using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction. Additionally, the effects of milling time and temperature were further assessed on the solubility of crude and milled naringenin samples. The antioxidant potential of milled naringenin was evaluated with various assays such as DHE, DCFDA, and cleaved caspase-3 using SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. The nanoparticle size of naringenin after milling was confirmed using SEM analysis. Crystalline peaks for milled and crude samples of naringenin also established that both the naringenin forms were in the crystalline form. The solubility of naringenin was enhanced depending on the milling time and temperature. Moreover, crude and milled naringenin were found to be cytocompatible up to doses of 120 μM each for the duration of 24 and 48 h. It was also observed that milled naringenin at the doses of 1, 2, and 5 μM significantly reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by H₂O₂ and exhibited superior ROS scavenging effects as compared to those of crude or un-milled forms of naringenin. Furthermore, milled naringenin at the doses of 1 and 2 μM inhibited H₂O₂-induced cell death, as shown by immunofluorescence staining of cleaved caspase-3 and Annexin-V PI flow cytometry analysis. Conclusively, it could be suggested that the size reduction of naringenin using high-energy ball milling techniques substantially enhanced the antioxidant potential as compared to naïve or crude naringenin, which may be attributed to its enhanced solubility due to reduced size.

Therapeutic potential of dietary flavonoid hyperoside against non-communicable diseases: targeting underlying properties of diseases

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a global epidemic with diverse pathogenesis. Among them, oxidative stress and inflammation are the most fundamental co-morbid features. Therefore, multi-targets and multi-pathways therapies with significant anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities are potential effective measures for preventing and treating NCDs. The flavonol glycoside compound hyperoside (Hyp) is widely found in a variety of fruits, vegetables, beverages, and medicinal plants and has various health benefits, especially excellent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties targeting nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis associated with oxidative stress and inflammation in NCDs and the biological activity and therapeutic potential of Hyp. Our findings reveal that the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities regulated by Hyp are associated with numerous biological mechanisms, including positive regulation of mitochondrial function, apoptosis, autophagy, and higher-level biological damage activities. Hyp is thought to be beneficial against organ injuries, cancer, depression, diabetes, and osteoporosis, and is a potent anti-NCDs agent. Additionally, the sources, bioavailability, pharmacy, and safety of Hyp have been established, highlighting the potential to develop Hyp into dietary supplements and nutraceuticals.

Comprehensive review on naringenin and naringin polyphenols as a potent anticancer agent

Though the incidence of several cancers in Western societies is regulated wisely, some cancers such as breast, lung, and colorectal cancer are currently rising in many low- and middle-income countries due to increased risk factors triggered by societal and development problems. Surgery, chemotherapy, hormone, radiation, and targeted therapies are examples of traditional cancer treatment approaches. However, multiple short- and long-term adverse effects may also significantly affect patient prognosis depending on treatment-associated clinical factors. More and more research has been carried out to find new therapeutic agents in natural products, among which the bioactive compounds derived from plants have been increasingly studied. Naringin and naringenin are abundantly found in citrus fruits, such as oranges and grapefruits. A variety of cell signaling pathways mediates their anti-carcinogenic properties. Naringin and naringenin were also documented to overcome multidrug resistance, one of the major challenges to clinical practice due to multiple defense mechanisms in cancer. The effective parameters underlying the anticancer effects of naringenin and naringin include GSK3β inactivation, suppression of the gene and protein activation of NF-kB and COX-2, JAK2/STAT3 downregulation, downregulation of intracellular adhesion molecules-1, upregulation of Notch1 and tyrocite-specific genes, and activation of p38/MAPK and caspase-3. Thus, this review outlines the potential of naringin and naringenin in managing different types of cancers.

Effect of Acute Intake of Fermented Orange Juice on Fasting and Postprandial Glucose Metabolism, Plasma Lipids and Antioxidant Status in Healthy Human

Higher postprandial plasma glucose and lipemia, and oxidative and inflammatory responses, are considered important cardiovascular risk factors. Fermentation of fruits has generated products with high concentrations of bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential acute effects that fermented orange juice (FOJ) can exert in healthy humans by modulating postprandial response, and inflammatory/antioxidant status, compared with orange juice (OJ). Nine volunteers were recruited for a randomized, controlled, and crossover study. Participants ingested 500 mL of FOJ. At 4 h post intake, subjects consumed a standardized mixed meal. Blood samples were collected at 0-8 h hours post intake. The subjects repeated the protocol with OJ following a 2-week washout period. Glucose and lipid metabolism, plasma antioxidant capacity (ORAC, FRAP), endogenous antioxidants (albumin, bilirubin, uric acid), C-reactive protein and fibrinogen were measured in plasma samples. There was a trend of a smaller increase in LDL-C after FOJ intake compared with OJ, a significant decrease in apo-B and significant increase in ORAC. The glycemic and triglyceride response of meal was attenuated with FOJ. No differences were obtained in endogenous antioxidants and inflammation status between the treatments. The acute consumption of FOJ could play a protective role against cardiovascular risk factors.

Drug Candidates for Autoimmune Diseases

Most of the immunosuppressive drugs used in the clinic to prevent organ rejection or to treat autoimmune disorders were originally isolated from fungi or bacteria. Therefore, in addition to plants, these are valuable sources for identification of new potent drugs. Many side effects of established drugs limit their usage and make the identification of new immunosuppressants necessary. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of natural products with potent anti-inflammatory activities that have been tested successfully in different models of chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Some of these candidates already have passed first clinical trials. The anti-inflammatory potency of these natural products was often comparable to those of established drugs, and they could be used at least in addition to standard therapy to reduce their dose to minimize unwanted side effects. A frequent mode of action is the inhibition of classical inflammatory signaling pathways, such as NF-κB, in combination with downregulation of oxidative stress. A drawback for the therapeutic use of those natural products is their moderate bioavailability, which can be optimized by chemical modifications and, in addition, further safety studies are necessary. Altogether, very interesting candidate compounds exist which have the potential to serve as starting points for the development of new immunosuppressive drugs.

A Combination of Mediterranean and Low-FODMAP Diets for Managing IBS Symptoms? Ask Your Gut!

Among other factors, food intolerance is cardinal in triggering irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms in a significant percentage of patients. As a result, specific dietary patterns are the first-line therapeutic approach. The low-FODMAP diet (LFD) is gaining ground as the most well-documented diet intervention that significantly reduces IBS symptoms. Though the LFD improves symptoms, the diet’s impact on intestinal low-grade inflammation, one of the cardinal mechanisms contributing to symptom development, remains doubtful. On the other hand, the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is recommended for chronic low-grade inflammation-related diseases because of its anti-inflammatory properties, derived predominantly from olive oil and phenolic compounds. Thus far, the role of a modified LFD, enriched with the MedDiet’s anti-inflammatory components, has not been evaluated in IBS patients. This review aims to examine the hypothesis of a potential combination of the immunomodulatory effects of the MedDiet with the LFD to improve IBS symptoms.

Natural essential oil mix of sweet orange peel, cumin, and allspice elicits anti-inflammatory activity and pharmacological safety similar to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

An inflammation response occurs when the body reacts to exogenous and endo enous noxious stimuli, and it helps the body respond to infection and repair tissues, adapt to stress, and remove dead or damaged cells. Anti-inflammatory drugs such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are traditionally used to treat inflammation; however, these drugs often cause negative side effects. For this reason, developing and establishing effective alternative medicines for treating many chronic diseases with underlying inflammation is critically dependent on the identification of new organic molecules and bioactive substances. Aromatic and volatile compounds found in essential oils isolated from Pimenta dioica (allspice), Cuminum cyminum (cumin), and Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) are a source of bioactive compounds. Allspice essential oil reduces ear inflammation more than 65% and the anti-inflammatory activity of allspice essential oil is enhanced when combined with sweet orange peel and cumin essential oils, resulting in the reduction of edema inflammation by more than 85%, similar to indomethacin. As an alternative to anti-inflammatory treatment, essential oil mix is pharmacologically safe as it is neither toxic nor mutagenic.

Effects of 100% Orange Juice on Markers of Inflammation and Oxidation in Healthy and At-Risk Adult Populations: A Scoping Review, Systematic Review, and Meta-analysis

One hundred percent orange juice (OJ) has no added sugar, naturally contains flavonoids and ascorbic acid, and can modulate the body's oxidative and inflammatory systems. This scoping review, systematic review, and meta-analysis investigated associations between 100% OJ and markers of inflammation or oxidation in healthy adults and those at risk for chronic diseases. The study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement and scoping review extension. Literature in English was searched to July 2021 in Embase and 4 Ovid platform databases. Clinical and observational studies of any duration were eligible. Cochrane Collaboration tools were used to assess the risk of bias in controlled trials. Strength of evidence was determined using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. The scoping review presents a qualitative synthesis of evidence in summary and results tables. Twenty-one interventional studies (16 controlled trials and 5 before-after studies) conducted in 307 healthy and 327 at-risk participants were included. Six common markers [C-reactive protein (CRP) or high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP), IL-6, TNF-α, malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized LDL (oxLDL), and antioxidant capacity] measured across 16 studies were systematically reviewed, and results were synthesized narratively. Random-effects model meta-analyses were conducted on 10 studies reporting hs-CRP, IL-6, and/or MDA. After consuming 100% OJ, healthy and at-risk participants showed significantly lower IL-6 concentrations (pooled net difference: -1.51 pg/mL; 95% CI: -2.31, -0.70) and lower, but nonsignificant, hs-CRP (pooled net change: -0.58 mg/L; 95% CI: -1.22, 0.05) and MDA (crossover trials pooled net difference: -0.06 μmol/L; 95% CI: -0.19, 0.08). Findings suggest that 100% OJ may reduce inflammation, but results should be interpreted with caution due to moderate risk of bias, very low strength of evidence, and the low number of subjects. This study was registered on PROSPERO (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/) as CRD42021235438.

Acute effect of oat β-glucan on the bioavailability of orange juice flavanones

The impact of β-glucan on the bioavailability of orange juice (OJ) flavanones was investigated in a randomised controlled trial. Volunteers consumed 500 mL of OJ without or with either 3 g (OB-3) or 6 g (OB-6) of β-glucan. Urine samples, collected 12 h before and over a 0-24 h period post-supplementation, were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. The overall 0-24 h urinary excretion of the 17 flavanone metabolites identified and quantified in urine after OJ ingestion corresponded to 29.7 µmol, and 25.0 and 9.3 µmol, respectively, after OB-3 and OB-6 intake. This corresponds to 9.3, 7.9, and 2.9% recoveries of the 318 µmol of the ingested flavanones. The acute ingestion of OJ with 6 g, but not 3 g of β-glucan led to a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the excretion of flavanone metabolites compared with consumption of OJ alone.

Influence of Consumption of Orange Juice (Citrus Sinensis) on Cardiac Remodeling of Rats Submitted to Myocardial Infarction

Fundamento

O suco de laranja (SL) é rico em polifenóis com propriedades anti-inflamatórias e antioxidantes. Após o infarto do miocárdio (IM), mudanças complexas ocorrem na estrutura e na função cardíacas, processo conhecido como remodelação cardíaca (RC). O estresse oxidativo e a inflamação podem modular esse processo. Nossa hipótese foi a de que o consumo de SL atenua a RC após o IM.

Objetivos

Avaliar a influência do SL sobre a RC após IM pela análise de variáveis funcionais, morfológicas, de estresse oxidativo, de inflação, e de metabolismo energético.

Métodos

Um total de 242 ratos machos pesando entre 200 e 250g foram submetidos a um procedimento cirúrgico (ligação da artéria coronária ou cirurgia simulada). Sete dia após a cirurgia, os animais sobreviventes foram divididos para um dos quatro grupos: 1) SM, animais sham que receberam água e maltodextrina (n= 20); 2) SSL, animais sham que receberam SL (n= 20); 3) IM, animais infartados que receberam água e maltodextrina (n= 40); e 4) ISL, animais infartados que receberam SL (n = 40). A análise estatística foi realizada pelo teste de ANOVA com dois fatores com o teste de Holm-Sidak. Os resultados foram apresentados em média ± desvio padrão, e o nível de significância adotado foi de 5%.

Resultados

Três meses depois, o IM levou à hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo (VE), com disfunção sistólica e diastólica, e aumento nos mediadores inflamatórios e de estresse oxidativo. Os animais que consumiram SL apresentaram menor atividade da glutationa peroxidase e maior expressão da heme-oxigenase-1 (HO-1).

Conclusão

O SL atenuou a RC, e a HO-1 pode exercer um importante papel nesse processo.

Effects of High-Pressure Homogenization on Pectin Structure and Cloud Stability of Not-From-Concentrate Orange Juice

Not-from-concentrate (NFC) juice is popular with consumers due to its similarity to fresh fruit juice in taste, flavor, and beneficial nutrients. As a commonly used technology in fruit juice production, high-pressure homogenization (HPH) can enhance the commercial value of juice by improving the color, flavor, taste, and nutrient contents. In this study, the effects of HPH on the pectin structural properties and stability of NFC orange juice were investigated. The correlations between HPH-induced changes in the structure of pectin and the stability of orange juice were revealed. Compared with non-homogenized orange juice, HPH increased the galacturonic acid (GalA) content and the linearity of pectin, while decreasing the molecular weight (Mw), pectin branching, and rhamnogalacturonan (RG) contribution, and cracks and pores of different sizes formed on the surface of pectin, implying depolymerization. Meanwhile, with increasing pressure and number homogenization of passes, HPH effectively improved the stability of NFC orange juice. HPH can effectively prevent the stratification of orange juice, thereby promoting consumer acceptance and endowing a higher commercial value. The improvement of the stability of NFC orange juice by HPH was related to the structural properties of pectin. Turbidity was significantly (P < 0.01) positively correlated with GalA and pectin linearity, but was significantly (P < 0.01) negatively correlated with Mw, RG contribution, and pectin branching. Modification of pectin structure can improve the stability of NFC orange juice. In this work, the relationship between the pectin structure and stability of NFC orange juice is elucidated, providing a path toward improving consumer acceptance and enhancing the palatability and nutritional and functional qualities of orange juice. Manufacturers can use this relationship to modify pectin directionally and produce high-quality NFC orange juice beverages.

Citrus flavanone metabolites protect pancreatic-β cells under oxidative stress induced by cholesterol

Cholesterol is one of the triggers of oxidative stress in the pancreatic-β cell, generating high levels of reactive oxygen species, which leads to impairment of insulin synthesis and secretion. Bioactive compounds, such as citrus flavanones, which possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, could reduce oxidative stress in β-cells and improve their function. We describe for the first time the protective effects of the phase-II flavanone metabolites [naringenin 7-O-glucuronide, hesperetin 3'-O-glucuronide, and hesperetin 7-O-glucuronide], and two flavanones-catabolites derived from gut microbiota metabolism [hippuric acid and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid], on pancreatic β-cell line MIN6 under oxidative stress, at physiologically relevant concentration. Cholesterol reduced cell viability in a dose and time-dependent manner, with an improvement in the presence of the metabolites. Moreover, flavanone metabolites attenuated oxidative stress by reducing levels of lipid peroxides, superoxide anions, and hydrogen peroxide. In response to the reduction of reactive oxygen species, a decrease in superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities was observed; these activities were elevated by cholesterol. Moreover, all the flavanone metabolites improved mitochondrial function and insulin secretion, and reduced apoptosis. Flavanone metabolites were found uptake by β-cells, and therefore could be responsible for the observed protective effects. These results demonstrated that circulating phase-II hesperetin and naringenin metabolites, and also phenolics derived from gut microbiota, protect pancreatic-β cells against oxidative stress, leading to an improvement in β-cell function and could be the bioactive molecules derived from the citrus consumption.

Novel Polymeric Biomaterial Based on Naringenin

Biomaterials prepared based on raw plant materials are becoming more and more popular due to their specific properties and environmental friendliness. Naringenin is a flavonoid naturally occurring in citrus fruit with antioxidant and pharmacological activity. Polymeric materials based on flavonoids may have favorable properties in comparison to monomeric polyphenols, such as stronger antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. One of the methods of obtaining the polymeric form of flavonoids is polymerization with a cross-linking compound. This method has already been used to obtain poly(quercetin) and poly(rutin) from a flavonol group as well as poly(catechin) from the flavan-3-ol group of flavonoids. However, to date, no polymeric forms of flavanones have been prepared in a cross-linking reaction; the aim of this study was to obtain poly(naringenin) by reaction with a cross-linking compound using glycerol diglycide ether GDE. The degree of conversion of naringenin to poly(naringenin) determined by FTIR spectroscopy was 85%. In addition, the thermal, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of poly(naringenin) were analyzed. Poly(naringenin) was characterized by greater resistance to oxidation and better thermal stability than monomeric naringenin. Moreover, polymeric naringenin also had a better ability to scavenge ABTS and DPPH free-radicals. In contrast to monomeric form, poly(naringenin) had antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans. Polymeric biomaterial based on naringenin could potentially be used as a natural stabilizer and antimicrobial additive for polymer compositions, as well as pro-ecological materials.

The effects of hesperidin supplementation or orange juice consumption on anthropometric measures in adults: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials

BACKGROUND

The current evidence-base regarding the effect of hesperidin (a flavanone found in citrus fruits) on body composition is equivocal.

OBJECTIVE

We conducted a meta-analysis on the effect of orange juice and/or hesperidin supplementation on anthropometric measures in randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A systematic search of PubMed and Scopus was performed up to February 2020. The overall estimates and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model.

RESULTS

Eleven eligible RCTs, with 512 individuals, were included in this study. The meta-analysis showed that orange juice and/or hesperidin had no significant effect on body weight [weighted mean difference (WMD) = -0.31 kg; 95% CI, -1.44 to 0.82, P = 0.592], body mass index [WMD = 0.11 kg/m²; 95% CI, -0.33 to 0.56, P = 0.617], fat mass [WMD = 0.14 kg; 95% CI, -0.95 to 1.22, P = 0.807], percentage body fat [WMD = -0.70%; 95% CI, -2.58 to 1.18, P = 0.463] and waist circumference [WMD = 0.07 cm; 95% CI, -1.16 to 1.30, P = 0.588].

CONCLUSION

The present study revealed that there is no significant beneficial effect of orange juice and/or hesperidin supplementation on anthropometric measures. The authors advocate that more high-quality clinical trials are needed to better discern the potential efficacy of orange juice and/or hesperidin.

Determination of etoxazole in different parts of citrus fruit and its potential dietary exposure risk assessment

In this study, the profile of etoxazole in whole citrus, peel and pulp samples collected from Chongqing, Guangdong and Anhui provinces was monitored and their dietary risk to human had also been assessed. The final residual levels and distributions of etoxazole in citrus samples were detected by using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that final concentrations of etoxazole in whole citrus, peel, and pulp were ranged at 0.012-0.174, 0.010-0.637, and 0.010-0.011 mg kg^-1, respectively. The assessment of dietary risk suggested that chronic dietary risk of etoxazole in whole fruit and peel were 0.010-0.197% and 0.035-0.951%, respectively. Our findings indicated that the chronic risk of daily consumption of citrus fruit is acceptable at recommended dosage.

Hesperidin and SARS-CoV-2: New Light on the Healthy Function of Citrus Fruits

Among the many approaches to Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prevention, the possible role of nutrition has so far been rather underestimated. Foods are very rich in substances, with a potential beneficial effect on health, and some of these could have an antiviral action or be important in modulating the immune system and in defending cells from the oxidative stress associated with infection. This short review draws the attention on some components of citrus fruits, and especially of the orange (Citrus sinensis), well known for its vitamin and flavonoid content. Among the flavonoids, hesperidin has recently attracted the attention of researchers, because it binds to the key proteins of the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Several computational methods, independently applied by different researchers, showed that hesperidin has a low binding energy, both with the coronavirus "spike" protein, and with the main protease that transforms the early proteins of the virus (pp1a and ppa1b) into the complex responsible for viral replication. The binding energy of hesperidin to these important components is lower than that of lopinavir, ritonavir, and indinavir, suggesting that it could perform an effective antiviral action. Furthermore, both hesperidin and ascorbic acid counteract the cell damaging effects of the oxygen free radicals triggered by virus infection and inflammation. There is discussion about the preventive efficacy of vitamin C, at the dose achievable by the diet, but recent reviews suggest that this substance can be useful in the case of strong immune system burden caused by viral disease. Computational methods and laboratory studies support the need to undertake apposite preclinical, epidemiological, and experimental studies on the potential benefits of citrus fruit components for the prevention of infectious diseases, including COVID-19.

Lemon Extract Reduces Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Expression and Activity and Increases Insulin Sensitivity and Lipolysis in Mouse Adipocytes

Obesity is associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular complications. In this paper, we examine the possible beneficial role of lemon juice in dieting. Lemon extract (LE) has been proposed to improve serum insulin levels and decrease angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in mouse models. ACE is also a biomarker for sustained weight loss and ACE inhibitors improve insulin sensitivity in humans. Here, we show that LE impacts adipose tissue metabolism directly. In 3T3-L1 differentiated adipocyte cells, LE improved insulin sensitivity as evidenced by a 3.74 ± 0.54-fold increase in both pAKT and GLUT4 levels. LE also induced lipolysis as demonstrated by a 16.6 ± 1.2 fold-change in pHSL protein expression levels. ACE gene expression increased 12.0 ± 0.1 fold during differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells in the absence of LE, and treatment with LE decreased ACE gene expression by 80.1 ± 0.5% and protein expression by 55 ± 0.37%. We conclude that LE's reduction of ACE expression causes increased insulin sensitivity and breakdown of lipids in adipocytes.

Pulp in Shop-Bought Orange Juice Has Little Effect on Flavonoid Content and Gut Bacterial Flavanone Degradation In Vitro

Orange juice is an important source of flavanones in the Western diet. However, little is known of the variation in flavanone content of shop-bought orange juice with pulp (OJP) or without pulp (OJ), nor the impact of pulp on the fate of flavanones in the gut. Total phenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, hesperidin and narirutin, and dietary fibre were measured in six orange juice brands sold as OJP and OJ. The inclusion of pulp had little impact on fibre content. Apart from total phenols (OJ: 208.4 ± 10.7 μg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) ml^-1; OJP: 225.9 ± 16.7 μg GAE ml^-1, P < 0.05), there were no differences between OJ and OJP. The fate of flavanones in OJ and OJP (Tropicana) were further compared using in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) models. After in vitro upper GI digestion, recovery of hesperidin was higher in OJ compared with OJP (89 ± 6 vs. 68 ± 3%, P = 0.033). After 2 h colonic fermentation, hesperidin was 1.2 fold higher in OJP than OJ. However, after 24 h colonic fermentation there was no significant difference between juices in terms of hesperidin, hesperetin, narirutin, naringenin and catabolites. In conclusion, the amount of pulp included in these shop-bought orange juices had little impact on flavanone metabolism in models of the GI tract. The effects of greater amounts of orange pulp remain to be determined.

Dietary non-nutrients in the prevention of non-communicable diseases: Potentially related mechanisms

Among the 10 leading causes of death in developed countries are chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The effect of these multifactorial diseases on public health has stimulated considerable research aimed at investigating their primary risk factors (genetic factors, stress, food intake, and amount of physical exercise). Thus, healthful foods (e.g., fruits, vegetables, oils, grains, and seeds) are sources of bioactive compounds that promote good health and disease prevention. Among their components are non-caloric substances identified as non-nutrients (polyphenols, phytosterols, saponins, and phytates), which have been found to have a role in modulating metabolic pathways, maintaining health, and preventing NCDs. The aim of this study is to demonstrate and review the performance of some non-nutrients, such as their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action, modulation of the antiatherogenic lipid profile (higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lower oxidized low-density lipoprotein, and triacylglycerols), reduction of glucose and fat intestinal absorption, increase in insulin sensitivity, and stimulation of nitic oxide synthesis.

Antidiabetic Properties of Naringenin: A Citrus Fruit Polyphenol

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance and hyperglycemia and is associated with personal health and global economic burdens. Current strategies/approaches of insulin resistance and T2DM prevention and treatment are lacking in efficacy resulting in the need for new preventative and targeted therapies. In recent years, epidemiological studies have suggested that diets rich in vegetables and fruits are associated with health benefits including protection against insulin resistance and T2DM. Naringenin, a citrus flavanone, has been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, immunomodulatory and antidiabetic properties. The current review summarizes the existing in vitro and in vivo animal studies examining the anti-diabetic effects of naringenin.

Beneficial Effects of Citrus Flavonoids on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health

The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increasing over time. CVD is a comorbidity in diabetes and contributes to premature death. Citrus flavonoids possess several biological activities and have emerged as efficient therapeutics for the treatment of CVD. Citrus flavonoids scavenge free radicals, improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, modulate lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation, suppress inflammation and apoptosis, and improve endothelial dysfunction. The intake of citrus flavonoids has been associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes. Although citrus flavonoids exerted multiple beneficial effects, their mechanisms of action are not completely established. In this review, we summarized recent findings and advances in understanding the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of citrus flavonoids against oxidative stress, inflammation, diabetes, dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. Further studies and clinical trials to assess the efficacy and to explore the underlying mechanism(s) of action of citrus flavonoids are recommended.

Dietary Fatty Acids and Other Nutrients in Relation to Inflammation and Particularly to Oral Mucosa Inflammation. A Literature Review

Oral mucosa is site of inflammatory process development. When they are chronic, they provide a microenvironment based on cytokines and inflammatory mediators that contribute to cancer initiation, progression, invasion, and metastasis. Certain dietary fatty acids (FAs) have immunomodulatory, inflammatory, and antiinflammatory effects. This review examined the literature on inflammation, mainly referred to the oral mucosa, and its association with dietary FAs and other nutrients. A Pubmed search of studies published in English until June 2018 was carried out. N-3 FAs have shown immunomodulatory and antiinflammatory activity in certain human diseases. These FAs and their mediators may inhibit inflammation, angiogenesis, and cancer via multiple mechanisms. Studies on cellular models of murine and human intestinal mucosa indicate association between dietary n-3 FA intake and the inflammatory state of mucosa membranes. Nevertheless scarce information on the association between dietary FAs and oral inflammation could be found. Based on the evidence, we hypothesize that n-3 FAs reduce the oral mucosa inflammation thus decreasing the risk of developing precancerous lesions and cancer. Molecular and clinical studies referred to this topic should be carried out as a contribution to the oral cancer prevention.

Sasa quelpaertensis leaves ameliorate alcohol-induced liver injury by attenuating oxidative stress in HepG2 cells and mice

Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the progression of alcoholic liver diseases and substances of antioxidant property are of special interest for therapeutic purposes. We investigated the hepatoprotective effect of leaf extracts of Sasa quelpaertensis, an edible bamboo mainly cultivated in Jeju Island, South Korea. We examined the cytotoxicity of different extracts (distilled water, 20-80% EtOH) of S. quelpaertensis on HepG2 cells and their hepatoprotective effect on HepG2 cells stimulated by ethanol (800 mM, 24 h). Furthermore, we measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, ethanol toxicity induced cell death, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In in vivo experiments, liver damage was induced by oral administration of 5 g/kg ethanol with or without potent ethanol extract of S. quelpaertensis (10 or 100 mg/kg) 12 h interval for a total of 3 doses. Only 80% ethanol extract of S. quelpaertensis (SQEE80) exhibited cytoprotective effect on HepG2 cells against alcohol-induced toxicity. SQEE80 treatment (250, 500 μg/mL) in ethanol exposed HepG2 cells showed significant attenuation of ROS production and ethanol toxicity induced cell death. Furthermore, SQEE80 markedly increased the activity of antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase 1 in ethanol exposed HepG2 cells compared to ethanol stimulated cells. In in vivo experiments, SQEE80 treatment evidently suppressed the alcohol-induced histopathological changes in liver, serum ethanol content, and expression of cytochrome P450 2E1. Furthermore, SQEE80 significantly reversed the reduction of glutathione level in the ethanol challenged liver. Taken together, we suggest the possibility of developing SQEE80 as a natural hepatoprotective substance in attenuating alcohol-induced oxidative stress.

Orange juice modulates proinflammatory cytokines after high-fat saturated meal consumption

We aimed to evaluate the postprandial secretion of inflammatory markers induced by SFA or MUFA high-fat meal consumption and whether orange juice intake could modulate this induction. This study included 55 healthy women (aged 20 to 40 years): 33 participants received an SFA high-fat meal (≈1000 kcal, 37.6% of energy intake (E) from SFA) and 22 participants received an MUFA high-fat meal (≈1000 kcal, 56.3% E from MUFA). Both interventions were accompanied by 500 ml of orange juice (test) or water (control). The plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) and CRP were determined before (fasting) and 2, 3 and 5 hours after the test meal intake. The SFA high-fat meal induced a significant increase in AUC values (for TNF-α, IL-12, IL-10, IL-6 and IL-2 adjusted for baseline concentrations) in comparison with MUFA high-fat meal intervention. The results were independent of the drink which accompanied the meal (water or orange juice). Both IL-4 and IL-17A AUC values were significantly increased after an SFA high-fat meal intake, accompanied by water, but not by orange juice. In addition, these values were higher in relation to MUFA high-fat meal interventions. Also, IL-17A significantly increased at 3 h after an SFA high-fat meal intake accompanied by water, but not by orange juice. Overall, our conclusions indicate an anti-inflammatory effect of MUFA compared to SFA high-fat meal intake, while orange juice intake was able to mitigate the subclinical increase of postprandial inflammation, induced by SFA high-fat meal consumption, for a particular biomarker (IL-17A).

Grapefruit Flavonoid Naringenin Regulates the Expression of LXRα in THP-1 Macrophages by Modulating AMP-Activated Protein Kinase

The present work investigates the modulation of grapefruit flavonoid naringenin over liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) and its target genes in THP-1 macrophages, focusing on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) implication. Naringenin induced LXRα at mRNA and protein levels besides influencing the expression of LXRα target genes ABCA1, ABCG1 (ATP-binding cassette A1 and G1), and SREBP1c (sterol response element binding protein 1c) in THP-1 macrophages. The increased LXRα mRNA and protein expression was reverted when AMPK was inhibited by its chemical inhibitor, compound C or by transfection with AMPK α1 and α2 siRNA. Naringenin treatments were also able to promote reverse cholesterol transport in THP-1 cells, which is in line with the increase in the ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression found. Treatments with this flavonoid also inhibited cell migration in THP-1 cells. In conclusion, LXRα and its target genes are up-regulated by naringenin in an AMPK dependent manner in human macrophages. The enhancement in the expression of genes involved in cholesterol efflux may reveal a new mechanism by which this polyphenol can prevent atherosclerosis and foam cell progression.

Dietary Pattern and Macronutrients Profile on the Variation of Inflammatory Biomarkers: Scientific Update

It is known that the dietary pattern and macronutrients profile may influence the expression and secretion of inflammatory biomarkers, and the low-grade inflammation is associated with the manifestation of noncommunicable chronic diseases. Therefore, this review aimed to present and discuss the role of dietary patterns and macronutrients on the variation of inflammatory markers related to NCD risk. Scientific evidences within the last five years based on clinical trials, case-controls, cohorts, and cross-sectional studies indicate that normocaloric, carbohydrate-moderated, low-glycemic index, protein-moderated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich, omega-3, and low-saturated fat diets display positive effects on the inflammatory state, both in healthy individuals and in those with cardiovascular risk, although the second group seems to benefit more from changes in the dietary profile.

Orange juice with a high-fat meal prolongs postprandial lipemia in apparently healthy overweight/obese women

OBJECTIVE

We investigated the postprandial response of lipid markers to a high-fat meal (HFM) with two different beverages in apparently healthy normal-weight and overweight/obese women.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

This crossover, randomized study enrolled 36 women, of whom 21 had normal weight (body mass index [BMI] 22 ± 1.8 kg/m2) and 15 had overweight/obesity (BMI 31 ± 3.7 kg/m2). In two different test days, the participants ingested a HFM (37% of energy as saturated fat) with 500 mL of water (HFM-W) or 500 mL of orange juice (HFM-OJ). Blood samples were collected at baseline (12-hour fasting), and at 2, 3, and 5 hours postprandial. The analysis included fasting and postprandial total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides (TG), uric acid, and complement C3. Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (ReBEC); Primary Identification Number: RBR-2h3wjn (www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br).

RESULTS

TG levels increased at 3 hours with HFM-OJ in normal-weight women (p = 0.01) and returned to normal levels at 5h. TG increased at 3 hours with HFM-W (p = 0.01) and HFM-OJ (p = 0.02), and remained high at 5 hours (p = 0.03) in overweight/obese women. Complement C3 remained unchanged, but showed different responses between meals (p = 0.01 for positive incremental area under the curve [piAUC] HFM-OJ vs. HFM-W, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

In apparently healthy overweight/obese women compared with normal-weight ones, the concomitant intake of orange juice with a HFM prolonged postprandial lipemia but had no effect on postprandial complement C3 concentrations.

Effectiveness of Citrus Fruits on Helicobacter pylori

It is known that Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric carcinoma. Due to the increased side effects of the treatment regimens and the development of antimicrobial resistance, a number of natural compounds have been tested as potential alternatives. In this review, we will examine the current knowledge on the effect of Citrus fruits and their derivatives against H. pylori, highlighting the remaining outstanding questions on the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

Citrus hallabong [(Citrus unshiu × C. sinensis) × C. reticulata)] exerts potent anti-inflammatory properties in murine splenocytes and TPA-induced murine ear oedema model

CONTEXT

Hallabong [(Citrus unshiu × C. sinensis) X C. reticulata)] (Rutaceae) is a hybrid citrus cultivated in temperate regions of South Korea. Its fruit is well-known for pharmacological properties.

OBJECTIVE

This study examined the anti-inflammatory effect of 80% ethanol extract of Hallabong (HE) on concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated splenocytes and mouse oedema model induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbal acetate (TPA).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Murine splenocytes treated with HE were stimulated with Con A (10 μg/mL, for 24 h) were evaluated for T-cell population and production of inflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-γ. Anti-inflammatory effect of topically applied HE (100 μg/20 μL) on TPA (4 μg/20 μL/ear)-induced ear oedema was investigated in mouse model.

RESULTS

HE-treated Con A-stimulated murine splenocytes showed a marked decrease in CD44/CD62L⁺ memory T-cell population, an important marker for anti-inflammatory activity, and a significant inhibition in the production of IL-2 and IFN-γ. HE treatment had reduced the mouse skin oedema (47%) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity significantly (40%) in TPA-challenged tissues. More importantly, immunohistochemical localization revealed the suppressed (p < 0.05) expression of inducible nitric oxide (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2). HE decreased the infiltration of CD3⁺ T cells and F4/80⁺ macrophages to the site of inflammation and a topical application of HE significantly suppressed the expression of TNF-α (20.2%).

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

A topical application of HE can exert a potential anti-inflammatory effect and HE can be explored further as a putative alternative therapeutic agent for inflammatory oedema.

Association between high consumption of phytochemical-rich foods and anthropometric measures: a systematic review

Phytochemical-rich foods consumption may be a valid nutritional strategy to reduce the risk of weight gain and obesity. The phytochemical index (PI) is a simple and nonspecific method to evaluate the phytochemical intake, defined as the percentage of dietary calories derived from foods rich in phytochemicals. We aimed to conduct a systematic review to evaluate whether high consumption of phytochemical-rich foods evaluated by the PI is associated with lower values of anthropometric measurements. The available literature suggests that the PI seems to be inversely associated with body weight and waist circumference. Analyzing the longitudinal changes in anthropometric variables, individuals with high intake of phytochemicals gained less weight and fat mass when compared to those with lower PI. Our findings suggest that higher PI is associated with lower body mass index, waist circumference and adiposity. Whether the results are a reflex of a lower calorie intake or the anti-obesity properties of phytochemicals remains to be elucidated.

Higher Fruit Intake Is Related to TNF-α Hypomethylation and Better Glucose Tolerance in Healthy Subjects

BACKGROUND/AIM

This study hypothesized an association between healthy dietary patterns, hypermethylation of the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) promoter and decreased risk of metabolic changes.

METHODS

Forty normal-weight young women were involved in this cross-sectional study. DNA was isolated from white blood cells, and CpG site methylation in TNF-α was analyzed by Sequenom EpiTyper. The quality of the diet was assessed by Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2005).

RESULTS

Contradicting our hypothesis, HEI-2005 score was negatively associated with CpG5 (r = -0.460, p = 0.003) and TNF-α total methylation (r = -0.355, p = 0.026). A higher intake of fruits was related to lower insulin, HOMA-IR, and TNF-α methylation. No other dietary pattern was related to TNF-α methylation. TNF-α total methylation correlated positively with systolic blood pressure (r = 0.323; p = 0.042) and CpG5 methylation with body mass index (r = 0.333, p = 0.036). Furthermore, fiber intake was negatively associated with the CpG5 (r = -0.324, p = 0.041) and TNF-α total methylation (r = -0.434, p = 0.005), whereas vitamin C intake was negatively associated with TNF-α total methylation (r = -0.411, p = 0.009). Intakes of apples and citrus fruits were negatively associated with TNF-α total methylation.

CONCLUSION

A healthy dietary pattern and higher fruit intake (particularly apples and citrus fruits) were related to better glucose tolerance in healthy subjects, which could be mediated by lower TNF-α methylation.

The citrus flavonone naringenin reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory pain and leukocyte recruitment by inhibiting NF-κB activation

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major structural component of Gram-negative bacteria cell wall and a highly pro-inflammatory toxin. Naringenin is found in Citrus fruits and exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties through inhibition of NF-κB activation but its effects in LPS-induced inflammatory pain and leukocyte recruitment were not investigated yet. We investigated the effects of naringenin in mechanical hyperalgesia, thermal hyperalgesia and leukocyte recruitment induced by intraplantar injection of LPS in mice. We found that naringenin reduced hyperalgesia to mechanical and thermal stimuli, myeloperoxidase (MPO, a neutrophil and macrophage marker) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG, a macrophage marker) activities, oxidative stress and cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12) production in the paw skin. In the peritoneal cavity, naringenin reduced neutrophil and mononuclear cell recruitment, and abrogated MPO and NAG activity, cytokine and superoxide anion production, and lipid peroxidation. In vitro, pre-treatment with naringenin inhibited superoxide anion and cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12) production by LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Finally, we demonstrated that naringenin inhibited NF-κB activation in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, naringenin is a promising compound to treat LPS-induced inflammatory pain and leukocyte recruitment.

Investigation of cytokines, oxidative stress, metabolic, and inflammatory biomarkers after orange juice consumption by normal and overweight subjects

Background

Abdominal adiposity has been linked to metabolic abnormalities, including dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and low-grade inflammation.

Objective

To test the hypothesis that consumption of 100% orange juice (OJ) would improve metabolic, oxidative, and inflammatory biomarkers and cytokine levels in normal and overweight subjects with increased waist circumference.

Design

Subjects were divided into two groups in accordance with their body mass index: normal and overweight. Both groups of individuals consumed 750 mL of OJ daily for 8 weeks. Body composition (weight, height, percentage of fat mass, and waist circumference); metabolic biomarkers (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [LDL-C], high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [HDL-C], triglycerides, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and glycated hemoglobin); oxidative biomarkers (malondialdehyde and DPPH^•); inflammatory biomarkers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP]); cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ); and diet were evaluated before and after consumption of OJ for 8 weeks.

Results

The major findings of this study were: 1) no alteration in body composition in either group; 2) improvement of the lipid profile, evidenced by a reduction in total cholesterol and LDL-C; 3) a potential stimulation of the immune response due to increase in IL-12; 4) anti-inflammatory effect as a result of a marked reduction in hsCRP; and 5) antioxidant action by the enhancement of total antioxidant capacity and the reduction of lipid peroxidation, in both normal and overweight subjects.

Conclusions

OJ consumption has a positive effect on important biomarkers of health status in normal and overweight subjects, thereby supporting evidence that OJ acts as functional food and could be consumed as part of a healthy diet to prevent metabolic and chronic diseases.

Hesperidin, a Citrus Flavonoid, Has the Ameliorative Effects Against Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in a C57BL/J6 Mouse Model

The aim of this study was determined the effects of Hesperidin (HP) on neuronal damage in brain tissue caused by Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an established model of multiple sclerosis in C57BL/J6 mice. To explore 40 mice were equally divided into four groups: (1) Control, (2) EAE, (3) HP, and (4) HP + EAE. 14 days after induction of EAE with MOG35-55 and pertussis toxin, the mice treated with HP at the doses of 50 mg/kg/day for 7 days subcutaneously. To our results HP treatment prevents the oxidative stress caused by EAE via a decrease in lipid peroxidations and increase in elements of the antioxidant defense systems in brain tissue. Also, EAE elevate the IL-17, express the pro-inflammatory cytokines, and caspase-3-like immunreactivity, show apoptosis, staining in EAE mice brain and increased the incidence of histopathological damage. However, immonohistochemical and histological changes were reversed with HP. Moreover, elevated TNF-α and IL-1β levels, a result of EAE, were decreased in serum and neurological deficits as clinical signs were reversed with HP treatment in EAE mice, given HP. In conclusion, HP treatment effectively prevents oxidative, immunological and histological damage in the brain caused by EAE. It was thought that the beneficial effects of HP are likely a result of its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Bioassay guided fractionation and identification of active anti-inflammatory constituent from Delonix elata flowers using RAW 264.7 cells

CONTEXT

Delonix elata (L.) Gamble (Fabaceae) has been used in the Indian traditional medicine system to treat rheumatism and inflammation.

AIM

To assess the anti-inflammatory effect of Delonix elata flowers and to isolate the active principle.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The prompt anti-inflammatory constituent was isolated from Delonix elata flower extracts using bioassay guided fractionation in liposaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. The anti-inflammatory activity of extracts/fractions/sub-fractions/compounds (10, 25, and 50 µg/ml) was evaluated by estimating the levels of nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, and IL-1β after 24 h of LPS induction (1 μg/ml). The isolated active compound was subjected to NMR, IR, and UV analyses for structure determination.

RESULTS

In an attempt to search for anti-inflammatory constituents, the active pure principle was isolated and crystallized as a white compound from Delonix elata flowers methanol extract. This active compound (50 µg/ml) decreased the release of inflammatory mediators levels such as NO (0.263 ± 0.03 µM), TNFα (160.20 ± 17.57 pg/ml), and IL-1β (285.79 ± 15.16 pg/ml) significantly (p < 0.05); when compared to the levels of NO (0.774 ± 0.08 µM), TNFα (501.71 ± 25.14 pg/ml), and IL-1β (712.68 ± 52.25 pg/ml) from LPS-stimulated macrophage cells. The active compound was confirmed as hesperidin with NMR, IR, and UV spectroscopy data. This is the first report of this compound from Delonix elata flowers.

CONCLUSION

The findings of the study support the traditional use of Delonix elata flowers to treat inflammation.

Effects of the flavanone combination hesperetin-naringenin, and orange and grapefruit juices, on airway inflammation and remodeling in a murine asthma model

We investigated whether flavanones, hesperetin-naringenin, orange, and grapefruit juices reduce airway inflammation and remodeling in murine chronic asthma model. To establish chronic asthma, mice received house dust mite (HDM) for 3 days in 2 weeks, followed by twice per week for 4 weeks. Concurrently, during the last 4 weeks, mice received hesperetin plus naringenin (HN), orange plus grapefruit juice (OGJ), orange juice (OJ), or grapefruit juice (GJ); whereas the asthmatic control (AC) group and non-asthmatic control (NC) group consumed water ad libitum. In histopathological examination, no goblet cells metaplasia was observed in the HN, OJ, and GJ groups; also, intra-alveolar macrophages decreased compared with those of the AC group. Hesperetin plus naringenin significantly decreased subepithelial fibrosis, smooth muscle hypertrophy in airways, and lung atelectasis compared with the AC group. Also, there was a reduction of subepithelial fibrosis in airways in OJ and GJ groups compared with AC group, but it was not noticed in OGJ group. In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, macrophages numbers decreased in OJ and OGJ groups, whereas eosinophil numbers were increased in OJ group compared with NC group. Our finding revealed that hesperetin plus naringenin ameliorate airway structural remodeling more than orange juice and grapefruit juice in murine model of HDM-induced asthma.

Dietary agents and phytochemicals in the prevention and treatment of experimental ulcerative colitis

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), consisting mainly of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), are important immune-mediated diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The etiology of the disease includes environmental and genetic factors. Its management presents a constant challenge for gastroenterologists and conventional surgeon. 5-Amninosalicylates, antibiotics, steroids, and immune modulators have been used to reduce the symptoms and for maintenance of remission. Unfortunately, long-term usage of these agents has been found to lead to severe toxicities, which are deterrent to the users. Pre-clinical studies carried out in the recent past have shown that certain dietary agents, spices, oils, and dietary phytochemicals that are consumed regularly possess beneficial effects in preventing/ameliorating UC. For the first time, this review addresses the use of these dietary agents and spices in the treatment and prevention of IBD and also emphasizes on the mechanisms responsible for their effects.