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Retnosari R, Ali AH, Zainalabidin S, Ugusman A, Oka N, Latip J. The recent discovery of a promising pharmacological scaffold derived from carvacrol: A review. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 109:129826. [PMID: 38830427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Carvacrol, called CA, is a dynamic phytoconstituent characterized by a phenol ring abundantly sourced from various natural reservoirs. This versatile scaffold serves as a pivotal template for the design and synthesis of novel drug molecules, harboring promising biological activities. The active sites positioned at C-4, C-6, and the hydroxyl group (-OH) of CA offer fertile ground for creating potent drug candidates from a pharmacological standpoint. In this comprehensive review, we delve into diverse synthesis pathways and explore the biological activity of CA derivatives. We aim to illuminate the potential of these derivatives in discovering and developing efficacious treatments against a myriad of life-threatening diseases. By scrutinizing the structural modifications and pharmacophore placements that enhance the activity of CA derivatives, we aspire to inspire the innovation of novel therapeutics with heightened potency and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rini Retnosari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; International Joint Department of Materials Science and Engineering Between National University of Malaysia and Gifu University, Graduate School of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang No. 5 Malang, Indonesia
| | - Amatul Hamizah Ali
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Satirah Zainalabidin
- Programme of Biomedical Science, Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azizah Ugusman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Natsuhisa Oka
- International Joint Department of Materials Science and Engineering Between National University of Malaysia and Gifu University, Graduate School of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Jalifah Latip
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Ergan E, Çakmak R, Başaran E, Mali SN, Akkoc S, Annadurai S. Molecular Hybrid Design, Synthesis, In Vitro Cytotoxicity, In Silico ADME and Molecular Docking Studies of New Benzoate Ester-Linked Arylsulfonyl Hydrazones. Molecules 2024; 29:3478. [PMID: 39124882 PMCID: PMC11313727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present the synthesis and characterization of two known sulfonyl hydrazides (1 and 2) and their new sulfonyl hydrazone derivatives (9-20), as well as in vitro and in silico investigations of their cytotoxic properties against human lung (A549) and human breast (MCF-7) cancer cell lines. The target compounds (9-20) obtained in high yields were synthesized for the first time by a multi-step reaction, and their structures were confirmed by elemental analysis and various spectral techniques, including FT-IR, 1H-, and 13C-NMR. The antiproliferative profiles of these compounds (1, 2, and 9-20) in this study were determined at concentrations of 200, 100, 50, and 25 µM against selected cancer cell lines for 72 h using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. Except for compounds 1 and 2, other compounds (9-20) demonstrated cytotoxic activity at concentrations lower than 200 µM. The newly synthesized compounds (9-20) demonstrated antiproliferative activities at a micromolar level, with IC50 values in the range of 29.59-176.70 μM for the A549 cell line and 27.70-170.30 μM for the MCF-7 cell line. Among these compounds, compound 15 (IC50 = 29.59 μM against A549 cell line and IC50 = 27.70 μM against MCF-7 cell line) showed the highest cytotoxic activity against these two cancer cell lines compared to the reference drug cisplatin (IC50 = 22.42 μM against A549 cell line and IC50 = 18.01 μM against MCF-7 cell line). From docking simulations, to establish a plausible binding mode of compounds, we noticed that compound 15 demonstrated the highest affinity (-6.8508 kcal/mol) for estrogen receptor-beta (ERbeta) compared to others, suggesting promising ERbeta binding potential. Most compounds followed Lipinski's rule of five, with acceptable logP values. Additionally, all had mixed gastrointestinal absorption and limited blood-brain barrier permeability. Overall, our study proposed new sulfonyl hydrazones as a potential class of anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Ergan
- Department of Property Protection and Security, Van Security Vocational School, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van 65080, Türkiye
| | - Reşit Çakmak
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Program, Vocational School of Health Services, Batman University, Batman 72060, Türkiye;
| | - Eyüp Başaran
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Batman University, Batman 72060, Türkiye
| | - Suraj N. Mali
- School of Pharmacy, D.Y. Patil University (Deemed to be University), Sector 7, Nerul, Navi Mumbai 400706, India;
| | - Senem Akkoc
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32260, Türkiye;
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul 34353, Türkiye
| | - Sivakumar Annadurai
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
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Angelova VT, Pencheva T, Vassilev N, K-Yovkova E, Mihaylova R, Petrov B, Valcheva V. Development of New Antimycobacterial Sulfonyl Hydrazones and 4-Methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-Based Hydrazone Derivatives. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050562. [PMID: 35625207 PMCID: PMC9137698 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifteen 4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-based hydrazone derivatives 3a–d and sulfonyl hydrazones 5a–k were synthesized. They were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS. Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv was used to assess their antimycobacterial activity. All compounds demonstrated significant minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) from 0.07 to 0.32 µM, comparable to those of isoniazid. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using the standard MTT-dye reduction test against human embryonic kidney cells HEK-293T and mouse fibroblast cell line CCL-1. 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl substituted 1,2,3-thiadiazole-based hydrazone derivative 3d demonstrated the highest antimycobacterial activity (MIC = 0.0730 µM) and minimal associated cytotoxicity against two normal cell lines (selectivity index SI = 3516, HEK-293, and SI = 2979, CCL-1). The next in order were sulfonyl hydrazones 5g and 5k with MIC 0.0763 and 0.0716 µM, respectively, which demonstrated comparable minimal cytotoxicity. All compounds were subjected to ADME/Tox computational predictions, which showed that all compounds corresponded to Lipinski’s Ro5, and none were at risk of toxicity. The suitable scores of molecular docking performed on two crystallographic structures of enoyl-ACP reductase (InhA) provide promising insight into possible interaction with the InhA receptor. The 4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-based hydrazone derivatives and sulfonyl hydrazones proved to be new classes of lead compounds having the potential of novel candidate antituberculosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violina T. Angelova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria;
- Correspondence: or (V.T.A.); (V.V.)
| | - Tania Pencheva
- Department of QSAR and Molecular Modeling, Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Nikolay Vassilev
- Laboratory “Nuclear Magnetic Resonance”, Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Elena K-Yovkova
- Faculty of Computer Systems and Technologies, Technical University, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Rositsa Mihaylova
- Laboratory “Drug Metabolism and Drug Toxicity”, Department “Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology”, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Boris Petrov
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Violeta Valcheva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Mycobacteria, Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: or (V.T.A.); (V.V.)
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Floris B, Galloni P, Conte V, Sabuzi F. Tailored Functionalization of Natural Phenols to Improve Biological Activity. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1325. [PMID: 34572538 PMCID: PMC8467377 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenols are widespread in nature, being the major components of several plants and essential oils. Natural phenols' anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, pharmacological and nutritional properties are, nowadays, well established. Hence, given their peculiar biological role, numerous studies are currently ongoing to overcome their limitations, as well as to enhance their activity. In this review, the functionalization of selected natural phenols is critically examined, mainly highlighting their improved bioactivity after the proper chemical transformations. In particular, functionalization of the most abundant naturally occurring monophenols, diphenols, lipidic phenols, phenolic acids, polyphenols and curcumin derivatives is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Floris
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Pierluca Galloni
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Valeria Conte
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Federica Sabuzi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
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The bioactivity of benzenesulfonyl hydrazones: A short review. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111851. [PMID: 34229246 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and biological activity evaluation of benzenesulfonyl hydrazones is quite frequently encountered in scientific literature. This class of compounds is very interesting due to the wide spectrum of potential applications in the field of medicinal chemistry. The benzenesulfonyl hydrazones possess mainly antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antidepressant properties, activity against Alzheimer's disease, insecticidal activity and ability to inhibit the activity of enzymes. This review is an attempt to gather the literature findings on the most promising bioactive benzenesulfonyl hydrazones.
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A Regioselective Synthesis of Novel Functionalized Organochalcogen Compounds by Chalcogenocyclofunctionalization Reactions Based on Chalcogen Halides and Natural Products. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123729. [PMID: 34207301 PMCID: PMC8234429 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The regioselective synthesis of novel functionalized condensed organochalcogen compounds by chalcogenocyclofunctionalization reactions based on chalcogen halides and the natural products thymol and carvacrol has been developed. The reactions of selenium dibromide with allyl thymol and allyl carvacrol proceeded in methylene chloride at room temperature in the presence of NaHCO3 affording bis[(7-isopropyl-4-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl)methyl] and bis[(4-isopropyl-7-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl)methyl] selenides in 90–92% yield. Similar sulfides were obtained in 70–72% yields by the reaction of sulfur dichloride in chloroform under reflux. Trihalotellanes containing the same organic moieties were synthesized from allyl thymol, allyl carvacrol and tellurium tetrachloride or tetrabromide in quantitative yields. Corresponding functionalized ditellurides were prepared in 91–92% yields by the reduction of the trichlorotellanes with sodium metabisulfite in two-phase solvent system. The comparison of reactivity of sulfur, selenium and tellurium halides in chalcogenocyclofunctionalization and distinguishing features of each reaction were discussed.
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Gorodnicheva NV, Vasil´eva OS, Ostroglyadov ES, Baichurin RI, Makarenko SV, Karamov FA, Lodochnikova OA, Litvinov IA. 4-Het(aryl)-2-pyrrolidone-3(5)-carboxylic acid alkyl(hetaryl)idenecarbohydrazides: synthesis and structure. Russ Chem Bull 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-020-2786-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sathe PS, Rajput JD, Gunaga SS, Patel HM, Bendre RS. Synthesis, characterization, and antioxidant activity of thymol-based paracetamol analogues. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-019-03914-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mohapatra RK, Das PK, Pradhan MK, Maihub AA, El-ajaily MM. Biological aspects of Schiff base–metal complexes derived from benzaldehydes: an overview. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-018-1411-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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