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Esian D, Bica C, Vlasa A, Bud E, Stepco E, Bud A, Beresescu L. Retrospective Study Regarding the Correlation between Dental Anxiety and Color Preferences in Children with Severe Early Childhood Caries. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:155. [PMID: 38920856 PMCID: PMC11203338 DOI: 10.3390/dj12060155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) is recognized as a significant chronic disease which affects the quality of life starting at very young ages and has a very rapid evolution towards pulp complication and loss of dental tissue. Children with a high caries index DMFT are more likely to develop high levels of dental anxiety, which will influence the degree of cooperation during dental procedures. Emotions play an important role in the psychosomatic development of children, and all the factors that contribute to the modeling of these emotional states must be known and taken into consideration. AIM The aim of this study was to assess the association between dental anxiety in children with S-ECC and the color preferences for the components of the dental environment to reduce the levels of dental anxiety during medical visits. MATERIAL AND METHOD For this study, 91 children between 3 and 6 years of age diagnosed with S-ECC were selected from the Pediatric Dentistry Department of UMFST from Targu Mures and from a private dental office. The level of dental anxiety was determined by measuring the pulse rate, and a questionnaire was completed to establish the color preferences for the dental office environment and the dentist's attire. For this purpose, six different colors and their variants with three shades less intensity were chosen by using RGB (Red, Green, and Blue) identification codes for each color. RESULT The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the age of the subjects and dental anxiety levels, but there was no significant correlation between the DMFT score and dental anxiety. Also, the results showed that there was no significant difference between girls and boys when choosing the colors preferred by them for the dental office, but when comparing the colors that represented happiness, significant statistical difference was found between the girls' and boys' groups (p = 0.0039). For all the subjects, the colors associated with happiness were light yellow and pink, while the colors associated with anxiety were red and dark blue. CONCLUSION The data obtained showed that dental anxiety is strongly influenced by age, and an important role in inducing positive emotions is played by the dental environment if dressed in specific colors in order to reduce dental anxiety and create familiar conditions, especially for young children with S-ECC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Esian
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania; (D.E.); (E.B.); (A.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Cristina Bica
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania; (D.E.); (E.B.); (A.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Alexandru Vlasa
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania; (D.E.); (E.B.); (A.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Eugen Bud
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania; (D.E.); (E.B.); (A.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Elena Stepco
- “Ion Lupan” Department of Pediatric Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery and Pedodontics, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2004 Chișinău, Moldova;
| | - Anamaria Bud
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania; (D.E.); (E.B.); (A.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Liana Beresescu
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania; (D.E.); (E.B.); (A.B.); (L.B.)
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Funk R, Simpson AP. The Acoustic and Perceptual Correlates of Gender in Children's Voices. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2023; 66:3346-3363. [PMID: 37625149 DOI: 10.1044/2023_jslhr-22-00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigates the perceptual and acoustic correlates of gender in prepubertal voices. The study is part of a longitudinal project analyzing recordings of circa 60 German primary school children from the first to fourth grades (6- to 10-year-olds). METHOD Spontaneous and content-controlled audio recordings were made of 62 first-grade children (29 girls, 33 boys; age: 6- to 7-year-olds) from two German primary schools. Information on gender conformity was also recorded. A total of 167 listeners judged the gender of the voices on a 7-point scale. The results of the listening experiments and gender conformity ratings were related to a range of typical acoustic parameters. RESULTS Measures of self-reported gender conformity differ significantly between the boys and the girls. Sixteen of the 62 children show unambiguous gender attributions in the listening experiment. A hierarchical cluster analysis including gender perception, gender conformity, and acoustic parameters shows four different types of speakers. Two multiple regression models revealed a significant main effect of fundamental frequency on the gender perception ratings of the listening experiment across and within gender. Significant correlations were found between the center of gravity and skewness of the sibilants and gender conformity, especially for the male speakers. CONCLUSIONS Fundamental frequency plays an important role in influencing perceptual judgments, whereas sibilant spectra are correlated with gender conformity. In further listening experiments, we will examine in more detail the role of individual acoustic parameters and analyze how the vocal expression of gender and gender conformity in individual children develops before reaching puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccarda Funk
- Institute for German Linguistics, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Adrian P Simpson
- Institute for German Linguistics, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Chen N, Nakamura K, Watanabe K. An automatic red-female association tested by the Stroop task. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2023; 238:103982. [PMID: 37478774 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Colors have been reported to be associated with genders (e.g., reddish color-females). Here, we investigated color-gender associations (red-female/green-male) among Japanese participants using two Stroop-word categorization tasks. Ten Japanese gendered words were chosen as visual stimuli. In Experiment 1 (N = 23), participants were instructed to indicate whether a target word presented in either red, green, or gray font color was a masculine or feminine word. Results showed a congruency effect of red-female association that red font color facilitated the categorization of feminine words and inhibited the categorization of masculine words compared to other colors. No significant effect of green-male association was observed. Experiment 2 (N = 23 newly recruited participants) examined whether the congruency effect of color-gender associations could bias perceptual font color categorization. Participants were asked to discriminate whether the font color, with low saturation, was red or green while ignoring the word's meaning. Results showed that participants responded faster and made fewer errors when categorizing red font colors for feminine words than masculine words. Additionally, a congruent effect of green-male association on performance accuracy was observed, although it did not affect response times. These results indicate the existence of an automatically activated red-female association, which can influence both conceptual gender categorization and perceptual color processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.
| | - Koyo Nakamura
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Cognition, Emotion, Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1010, Austria; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Katsumi Watanabe
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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Chen N, Nakamura K, Watanabe K. Red background color biases gender categorization of human faces. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7792. [PMID: 37179368 PMCID: PMC10182973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34644-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Color carries gender information (e.g., red-female). This study explored whether background color could influence the gender categorization of human faces. Visual stimuli were generated from faces whose sexually dimorphic content was morphed monotonically from female to male perception. The face stimulus was presented upright (Experiment 1) and inverted (Experiment 2) with three background colors (i.e., red, green, and gray). Participants were instructed to categorize the gender of the face stimulus as male or female by pressing one of two labelled keys. Results showed that a red background could bias the gender of an ambiguous upright face toward a female compared with green and gray background colors (Experiment 1). However, this red effect was diminished when the face stimulus was inverted (Experiment 2). These results suggest that red background color interacting with facial configuration features biases gender perception toward a female face, possibly through top-down processing of learned associations between the color red and femininity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel.
| | - Koyo Nakamura
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Cognition, Emotion, Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, 1010, Vienna, Austria
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Katsumi Watanabe
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
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Wickham MI, van Nunspeet F, Ellemers N. Gender Identification Beyond the Binary and Its Consequences for Social Well-Being. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:1073-1093. [PMID: 36376744 PMCID: PMC10102103 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent societal initiatives (e.g., gender-neutral toilets, clothing, and language) highlight the ongoing shift of gender away from binary categories: "man" and "woman." We identified and investigated two reasons for this shift: that many people may not identify with strictly binary categories and that this may have negative social consequences. Employing a multiple-identification model, we measured intergroup self-categorization with both men and women (Studies 1 and 2), as well as with a "third gender" (Study 3) and investigated how multiple identifications are related to social well-being (Studies 2 and 3). In Study 1 (N = 182, mean age = 32.74, 121 women), we found that a binary model was not the best fit for our gender identification data. In Study 2 (N = 482, mean age = 30.98, 240 AFABs), we found four clusters of gender identification, replicating previous research. Furthermore, we found that gender non-conforming participants reported being less able to be their authentic selves than binary participants. We also found that participants who identified lowly with both binary genders reported lower well-being in general (belongingness, self-esteem, life satisfaction, positive affect). In Study 3 (N = 280, mean age = 36.97, 140 AFABs), we found that asking about a third gender seemed to change how much participants reported identifying with men and women. We also found that gender non-conforming participants reported lower authenticity, belongingness, and self-esteem. We conclude that moving away from binary categories of gender may be beneficial to many non-conforming people of different nationalities, including cisgender, heterosexual people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ines Wickham
- Organisational Behaviour, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Félice van Nunspeet
- Organisational Behaviour, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Naomi Ellemers
- Organisational Behaviour, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Neufeld SAS, Collaer ML, Spencer D, Pasterski V, Hindmarsh PC, Hughes IA, Acerini C, Hines M. Androgens and child behavior: Color and toy preferences in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Horm Behav 2023; 149:105310. [PMID: 36738514 PMCID: PMC9976950 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human males and females show average gender/sex differences for certain psychological phenomena. Multiple factors may contribute to these differences, including sex chromosomes, exposure to gonadal hormones, and socialization or learning. This study investigated potential hormonal and socialization/learning influences on gender/sex differences in childhood preferences for color, specifically pink and red vs. blues, and for toys. Children (aged 4 to 11 years) with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH, n = 43 girls and 37 boys), marked by elevated prenatal adrenal androgen exposure, and without CAH (n = 41 girls and 31 boys) were studied. Prior research indicates girls with CAH are masculinized for certain behaviors, such as toy choices, while boys with CAH generally do not differ from boys without CAH. In the current study, children indicated preferences for stereotyped hues of pink vs. blue as well as two control color pairs. They also indicated their preference between gender/sex-typed toys (doll vs. car) presented in black and white, in gender/sex-congruent colors (pink doll vs. blue car) and in gender/sex-incongruent colors (pink car vs. blue doll). Color findings: Control girls preferred stereotyped pink over blue more than boys or girls with CAH did; the latter two groups did not differ in their color preferences. No preference differences occurred for other color pairs. Toy findings: In black/white or gender/sex-congruent colors, boys preferred the car more than control girls or girls with CAH did, while girls with CAH preferred the car more than control girls did. In gender/sex-incongruent colors (pink car vs. blue doll), boys still preferred the car, while girls with CAH showed reduced and control girls showed increased preferences for the pink car compared to the car preferences in black/white. Results support learning theories of color preferences, perhaps also influenced by pre-existing toy preferences which may occur for other reasons, including early androgen exposure. Specifically, girls with CAH may have learned they do not enjoy stereotypical toys for girls, often colored pink, and pink coloring may subsequently diminish their preference for a car. Our results highlight the importance of gonadal hormones and learning in the development of childhood toy and color preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A S Neufeld
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
| | - Marcia L Collaer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA.
| | - Debra Spencer
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
| | - Vickie Pasterski
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Peter C Hindmarsh
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Ieuan A Hughes
- Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Carlo Acerini
- Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Melissa Hines
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
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Santos J, Bittencourt I, Reis M, Chalco G, Isotani S. Two billion registered students affected by stereotyped educational environments: an analysis of gender-based color bias. HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 9:249. [PMID: 35967484 PMCID: PMC9362687 DOI: 10.1057/s41599-022-01220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
According to the literature, educational technologies present several learning benefits to promote online education. However, there are several associated challenges, and some studies illustrate the limitations in elaborating educational technologies, called Design limitations. This aspect is responsible for unleashing various issues in the learning process, such as gender inequality, creating adverse effects on cognitive, motivational, and behavioral mediators, which opposes the fifth UN's Sustainable Development Goal. Therefore, many studies notice the harmful effects of stereotypes in educational technologies. These effects can be included in the design, like colors or other stereotyped elements, or how the activity is conducted. Based on this, the present study aimed to verify the predominance of color bias in educational technologies available on the WEB. This study developed a computational solution to calculate male and female color bias in the available educational technology web pages. The results suggest the prevalence of the development of educational technologies with a male color bias, with an imbalance among genders, without adequate customization for age groups. Furthermore, some environments, such as Computer Science, present a higher color bias for men when compared to women. Despite both scales being independent, results indicated interesting evidence of a substantial prevalence of colors associated with the male scale. According to the literature, this may be associated with dropout and lack of interest in female students, especially in sciences, technology, engineering, and mathematics domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jário Santos
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of São Paulo (ICMC-USP), CEP: 13566-590 São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Ig Bittencourt
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, Brazil, CEP: 57072-970 Maceió, AL Brazil
| | - Marcelo Reis
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, Brazil, CEP: 57072-970 Maceió, AL Brazil
| | - Geiser Chalco
- Computer Science Center (C3), Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), CEP: 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS Brazil
| | - Seiji Isotani
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of São Paulo (ICMC-USP), CEP: 13566-590 São Carlos, SP Brazil
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Wang Y, Qian M, Nabbijohn AN, Wen F, Fu G, Zuo B, VanderLaan DP. Culture influences the development of children's gender-related peer preferences: Evidence from China and Thailand. Dev Sci 2021; 25:e13221. [PMID: 34942036 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Current understanding of how culture relates to the development of children's gender-related peer preferences is limited. To investigate the role of societal acceptance of gender nonconformity, this study compared children from China and Thailand. Unlike China and other cultures where the conceptualization of gender as binary is broadly accepted, individuals who identify as a nonbinary "third" sex/gender have been highly visible and tolerated in Thai society for at least several decades. Chinese and Thai 4- to 9-year-olds (N = 458) viewed vignettes of four hypothetical peers who varied on gender (i.e., boy vs. girl) and gender-typed toy play behavior (i.e., masculine vs. feminine), and were asked to give a friendship preference rating for each peer. Chinese, compared with Thai, children evidenced gender-related peer preferences that emerged earlier, remained more stable across age groups, and were relatively more biased against gender-nonconforming behavior. The only cultural similarity was in children's preference for peers who were of the same gender and/or displayed same-gender-typed behavior. Thus, while preference for peers who are of the same gender and/or display same-gender-typed behavior is common among children across cultures, the developmental onset and course of these preferences vary by culture. Moreover, societal acceptance of gender nonconformity might be key to limiting children's bias against gender-nonconforming peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Miao Qian
- Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Michigan, USA
| | - A Natisha Nabbijohn
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fangfang Wen
- Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Genyue Fu
- School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Zuo
- Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Doug P VanderLaan
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.,Child and Youth Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Lipowska K, Łada-Maśko AB. When Parents Go Shopping: Perspectives on Gender-Typed Toys among Polish Mothers and Fathers from Big Cities. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:children8090744. [PMID: 34572176 PMCID: PMC8468362 DOI: 10.3390/children8090744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Children learn to understand gender categories and roles typical for women and men from the earliest stages of their life. Toys, by which they are surrounded in everyday routine, may have a significant role in their knowledge of cultural norms and societal expectations, but also might have a great impact on children’s health in the context of psychosocial development. Parental attitudes can also be an important moderator of the choice of gender-stereotyped toys. The aim of the study was to investigate parents’ perspectives on toys’ appropriateness for children according to gender, and to analyze parents’ knowledge about the labeling of toys in shops. In total, 526 parents from big cities participated in the study; to assess parental knowledge and perspectives on toys’ categorization, The World of Toys questionnaire was used. The results indicated that most parents from big cities observe that toys are arranged according to the child’s age and sex and the toys’ functionality. Moreover, in parents’ opinion, the compliance with the role of a woman or man affects categorization the most. Furthermore, both parents tended to attribute toys to both sexes more often than they believe the stores do. To conclude, despite the still visible division of toys in shops, Polish parents from big cities are more liberal and egalitarian than shops are when it comes to the perception of toys’ appropriateness, allowing children to play with most toys regardless of their sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Lipowska
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-502-031-231
| | - Ariadna Beata Łada-Maśko
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Psychopathology, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Gdańsk, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Davis JTM, Robertson E, Lew‐Levy S, Neldner K, Kapitany R, Nielsen M, Hines M. Cultural Components of Sex Differences in Color Preference. Child Dev 2021; 92:1574-1589. [PMID: 33476046 PMCID: PMC8451877 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Preferences for pink and blue were tested in children aged 4-11 years in three small-scale societies: Shipibo villages in the Peruvian Amazon, kastom villages in the highlands of Tanna Island, Vanuatu, and BaYaka foragers in the northern Republic of Congo; and compared to children from an Australian global city (total N = 232). No sex differences were found in preference for pink in any of the three societies not influenced by global culture (ds - 0.31-0.23), in contrast to a female preference for pink in the global city (d = 1.24). Results suggest that the pairing of female and pink is a cultural phenomenon and is not driven by an essential preference for pink in girls.
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Kung KTF. Preschool Gender-Typed Play Behavior Predicts Adolescent Gender-Typed Occupational Interests: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:843-851. [PMID: 33751288 PMCID: PMC8035105 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-01976-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There are significant gender differences in both play behavior and occupational interests. Play has been regarded as an important medium for development of skills and personal characteristics. Play may also influence subsequent preferences through social and cognitive processes involved in gender development. The present study investigated the association between gender-typed play behavior in early childhood and gender-typed occupational interests in early adolescence. Participants were drawn from a British longitudinal population study, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Participants were recruited based on their parent-reported gender-typed play behavior assessed at age 3.5 years. There were 66 masculine boys and 61 masculine girls, 82 feminine boys and 69 feminine girls, and 55 randomly selected control boys and 67 randomly selected control girls. At age 13 years, the participants were administered a questionnaire assessing their interest in gender-typed occupations. It was found that masculine children showed significantly more interest in male-typical occupations than did control or feminine children. Compared with control children, feminine children had marginally significantly lower interest in male-typical jobs. Masculine children also had significantly lower interest in female-typical jobs than did control or feminine children. The associations were not moderated by gender and were observed after taking into account sociodemographic background, parental occupations, and academic performance. The degree of gender-typed play shown by preschoolers can predict their occupational interests 10 years later following transition into adolescence. Childhood gender-typed play has occupational implications that transcend developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karson T F Kung
- Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.
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Christodoulou J, Lac A. Examining the communication of gender roles to parents: a quantitative content analysis of online birth congratulations cards. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2021.1902378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Lac
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
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Li Y, Du J, Song Q, Wu S, Liu L. An ERP Study of the Temporal Course of Gender-Color Stroop Effect. Front Psychol 2021; 11:613196. [PMID: 33519635 PMCID: PMC7838154 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.613196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pink and blue colors have been found to associate with gender stereotypes in previous Western studies. The purpose of the present study was to explore the neuropsychological processing basis of this effect in contemporary Chinese society. We presented stereotypically masculine or feminine occupation words in either pink or blue colors to Chinese college students in a modified Stroop paradigm, in which participants were asked to classify each occupation word by gender as quickly and accurately as possible. Event-related potential (ERP) signals were concurrently recorded in order to identify the temporal dynamics of gender stereotypical interference effect. The behavioral results showed that pink–masculine stimuli elicited a longer response time and lower accuracy than blue–masculine stimuli in the participants, while no such differences were observed between pink–feminine and blue–feminine conditions. The ERP results further revealed distinctive neural processing stages for pink–masculine stimuli (i.e., in comparison to the other three types of stimuli) in P200, N300, N400, and P600. Overall, our results suggested that pink but not blue was a “gendered” color in Chinese culture. Moreover, our ERP findings contributed to the understanding of the neural mechanism underlying the processing of gender–color stereotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Li
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qingfang Song
- Department of Applied Human Sciences, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, United States
| | - Sina Wu
- School of Chinese Language and Literature, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of Psychology, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, China
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Liu L, Escudero P, Quattropani C, Robbins RA. Factors affecting infant toy preferences: Age, gender, experience, motor development, and parental attitude. INFANCY 2020; 25:593-617. [PMID: 32857444 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the anecdotal claim that "male infants like cars and female infants like dolls," previous studies have reported mixed findings for gender-related toy preferences in infancy. In Experiment 1, we explored the emergence of gender-related preferences using face-car pairs (Experiment 1a, n = 51, 6-20 months) or face-stove pairs (Experiment 1b, n = 54, 6-20 months). In Experiment 2 (n = 42, 14-16 months), we explore the effect of toy properties, infants' past toy exposure, activity levels, and parental attitudes on such preferences using a wider range of toys. For both studies, infants demonstrated a general preference for faced stimuli over other objects, except for male infants who showed no preference between dolls and cars at around 15 months. Infants' prior experience participating in motor-intensive activities, with wheeled toys and parental attitudes appeared to relate to female infants' preferences for dynamic toys. These results indicate a range of factors influence gendered toy preferences and suggest that nurture plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liquan Liu
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, Australian Research Council, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Center of Multilingualism across the Lifespan, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Paola Escudero
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, Australian Research Council, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Christina Quattropani
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel A Robbins
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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15
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Seitz M, Lenhart J, Rübsam N. The effects of gendered information in stories on preschool children's development of gender stereotypes. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 38:363-390. [PMID: 32056261 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Social-cognitive theory posits that children learn gender stereotypes through gendered information. The present study examined whether children learn new gender stereotypes from stories when unknown words are linked to a gendered protagonist or context information. In Experiment 1, 40 3- to 6-year-old preschoolers were read stories with either a gendered protagonist embedded within a non-gendered context, or a non-gendered protagonist embedded within a gendered context. In Experiment 2, the same sample of children were read stories with the protagonist and the context displaying congruent or incongruent gender information. Each story featured an unknown activity linked with the stereotypical content. Both experiments indicate that the children rated the activity according to both the gender of the context and of the protagonist; however, the effect of the latter was stronger. In addition, children showed higher interest in the unknown activity if the protagonist's gender matched their own sex. Thus, gender information in stories influences how children perceive unknown words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Seitz
- Leibniz-Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Jan Lenhart
- Department of Psychology IV, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nina Rübsam
- Department of Psychology IV, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Germany
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17
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Gutierrez BC, Halim MLD, Ng FFY, Kwak K, Ortiz-Cubias S, Cheng GYL, Sze INL. Gendered Appearances among Young Children and in the Media: An East-West Cultural Comparison. SEX ROLES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-019-01059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Boys Just Don’t! Gender Stereotyping and Sanctioning of Counter-Stereotypical Behavior in Preschoolers. SEX ROLES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-019-01051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Pink for Girls, Red for Boys, and Blue for Both Genders: Colour Preferences in Children and Adults. SEX ROLES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-018-0955-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Weisgram ES, Bruun ST. Predictors of Gender-Typed Toy Purchases by Prospective Parents and Mothers: The Roles of Childhood Experiences and Gender Attitudes. SEX ROLES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-018-0928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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