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Dias JBL, Pinheiro MS, Petrucci MP, Travassos CEPF, Mendes GS, Santos N. Rotavirus A and D circulating in commercial chicken flocks in southeastern Brazil. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:743-748. [PMID: 37878188 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) outbreaks can cause significant economic losses in the livestock and poultry industries. Stool samples were collected from asymptomatic laying and broiler chickens from commercial poultry farms in the states of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo in southeastern Brazil for detection of RV species A and D (RVA and RVD, respectively) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RV was detected in 10.5% (34/325) of samples: 22 (64.7%) were positive for RVA and nine (26.5%) for RVD, while three (8.8%) exhibited coinfections with both viruses. Sequence analysis of a VP6 fragment from seven RVA-positive samples identified the I11 genotype in all samples. Information regarding avian RV epidemiology is still scanty, despite the high prevalence of RV infections in several bird species and subsequent economic impact. Consequently, monitoring infections caused by avian RVs, especially in commercial birds, is essential not only to provide new and relevant information regarding the biology, epidemiology, and evolution of these viruses, but also to facilitate the implementation of preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana B L Dias
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CCS, Bl. I, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21.941-902, Brazil
| | - Mariana S Pinheiro
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CCS, Bl. I, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21.941-902, Brazil
| | - Melissa P Petrucci
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Carlos E P F Travassos
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Gabriella S Mendes
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CCS, Bl. I, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21.941-902, Brazil
| | - Norma Santos
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CCS, Bl. I, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21.941-902, Brazil.
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Domańska-Blicharz K, Lisowska A, Opolska J, Pikuła A, Sajewicz-Krukowska J. Molecular Epidemiology of Turkey Coronaviruses in Poland. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051023. [PMID: 35632765 PMCID: PMC9148103 DOI: 10.3390/v14051023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The only knowledge of the molecular structure of European turkey coronaviruses (TCoVs) comes from France. These viruses have a quite distinct S gene from North American isolates. The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of TCoV strains in a Polish turkey farm during a twelve-year period, between 2008 and 2019, and to characterize their full-length S gene. Out of the 648 flocks tested, 65 (10.0%, 95% CI: 7.9–12.6) were positive for TCoV and 16 of them were molecularly characterized. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these strains belonged to two clusters, one formed by the early isolates identified at the beginning of the TCoV monitoring (from 2009 to 2010), and the other, which was formed by more recent strains from 2014 to 2019. Our analysis of the changes observed in the deduced amino acids of the S1 protein suggests the existence of three variable regions. Moreover, although the selection pressure analysis showed that the TCoV strains were evolving under negative selection, some sites of the S1 subunit were positively selected, and most of them were located within the proposed variable regions. Our sequence analysis also showed one TCoV strain had recombined with another one in the S1 gene. The presented investigation on the molecular feature of the S gene of TCoVs circulating in the turkey population in Poland contributes interesting data to the current state of knowledge.
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3
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Domanska-Blicharz K, Sajewicz-Krukowska J. Recombinant turkey coronavirus: are some S gene structures of gammacoronaviruses especially prone to exchange? Poult Sci 2021; 100:101018. [PMID: 33662661 PMCID: PMC7937746 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to characterize the atypical turkey coronavirus strain detected in a commercial meat turkey farm in Poland. Using the viral metagenomics approach, we obtained a complete genome sequence of coronavirus, isolated from duodenum samples of animals suffering from acute enteritis. The nearly full-length genome consisted of 27,614 nucleotides and presented a typical genetic organization similar to that of Polish infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) or French turkey coronavirus/guinea fowl coronavirus strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on both the full-length genome and the whole S gene suggested that gCoV/Tk/Poland/G160/2016 is related to turkey and guinea fowl coronavirus and not IBV strains. Sequence analysis of the genome revealed unique genetic characteristics of the present strain, demonstrating that the virus emerged as a result of the exchange of the S gene of IBV GI-19 lineage with the S gene related to the North American turkey coronaviruses and French guinea fowl coronaviruses. Analysis of earlier, similar recombinations suggests that both the S gene structures may be particularly mobile, willingly switching between different gammacoronavirus genomic backbones. The identified recombinant caused a severe course of the disease, which may imply that it is in the first phase of breaking the barriers between different bird species.
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Kashi F, Madani SA, Ghalyanchilangeroudi A, Najafi H. Diagnosis of poult enteritis complex (PEC) and molecular detection of avian coronaviruses in some commercial turkey flocks in Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2021; 22:342-346. [PMID: 35126543 PMCID: PMC8806176 DOI: 10.22099/ijvr.2021.40378.5853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteritis syndromes, also known as poult enteritis complex (PEC) with diverse etiologies, can affect turkey production. An avian coronavirus (AvCoV), turkey coronavirus (TCoV), is one of the most important viral causes of PEC in turkeys. AIMS In the present study, the occurrence of PEC and the presence of AvCoV in some commercial turkey flocks were investigated. METHODS PEC was diagnosed based on the history, clinical, and necropsy findings. A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the AvCoV nucleoprotein (N) gene was applied to detect the virus in the tissue samples. Cloacal swabs were collected from 11 flocks without a known history of PEC. RESULTS PEC was diagnosed in six (16.2%) out of 37 investigated turkey flocks. The daily mortality rate in affected flocks ranged from 0.2 to 1.2%. Samples from 8 flocks out of 18 (44.4%) were positive for AvCoV. Four PEC affected flocks were positive for AvCoV. Seven positive samples were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis revealed the close relationship with previously characterized avian infectious bronchitis viruses (IBV). CONCLUSION The results suggested that PEC should be considered as a significant syndrome in the Iranian turkey industry. According to this preliminary study, it was shown that avian coronavirus infection is prevalent in commercial turkey farms of Iran. However, no causative association could be concluded between PEC occurrence and AvCoV infection in turkey flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Kashi
- DVM Student, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - S. A. Madani
- Department of Animal and Poultry Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - A. Ghalyanchilangeroudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - H. Najafi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Marques AT, Anjo SI, Bhide M, Varela Coelho A, Manadas B, Lecchi C, Grilli G, Ceciliani F. Changes in the intestinal mucosal proteome of turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) infected with haemorrhagic enteritis virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 213:109880. [PMID: 31307669 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Haemorrhagic enteritis (HE) is a viral disease affecting intestinal integrity and barrier function in turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) and resulting in a significant economic loss. Sequential Windowed Acquisition of All Theoretical Fragment Ion Mass Spectra (SWATH-MS) was applied to identify crucial proteins involved in HE infection. A total of 938 proteins were identified and used to generate a reference library for SWATH-MS analysis. In total, 523 proteins were reliably quantified, and 64 proteins were found to be differentially expressed, including 49 up-regulated and 15 down-regulated proteins between healthy and HE-affected intestinal mucosa. Functional analysis suggested that these proteins were involved in the following categories of cellular pathways and metabolisms: 1) energy pathways; 2) intestine lipid and amino acid metabolism; 3) oxidative stress; 4) intestinal immune response. Major findings of this study demonstrated that natural HE infection is related to the changes in abundance of several proteins involved in cell-intrinsic immune defense against viral invasion, systemic inflammation, modulation of excessive inflammation, B and T cell development and function and antigen presentation. mRNA quantitative expression demonstrated that most of the proteins involved in innate immunity that were found to be differentially abundant were produced by intestinal mucosa, suggesting its direct involvement in immune defences against HE infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Tomás Marques
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Sandra I Anjo
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Faculdade de Medicina, Pólo I, 1° andar, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Universidade de Coimbra - Pólo II, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Ana Varela Coelho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Faculdade de Medicina, Pólo I, 1° andar, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Lecchi
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Guido Grilli
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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Nuñez LFN, Parra SHS, De la Torre D, Catroxo MH, Buim MR, Chacon RV, Ferreira CSA, Piantino Ferreira AJ. Isolation of avian nephritis virus from chickens showing enteric disorders. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3478-3488. [PMID: 30239960 PMCID: PMC6142861 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Runting-stunting syndrome (RSS) is one of the diseases associated with many detected viruses. In Brazil, there were reports of several enteric disease outbreaks in chickens in which avian nephritis virus (ANV) was detected; however, the role of ANV in the outbreaks and whether the virus was a causative agent of these cases of enteric diseases were not determined. The aim of this study was to isolate ANV in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryonated eggs (CEE) from the enteric contents of chickens showing signs of RSS. For this purpose, 22 samples of chicken enteric contents that were positive only for ANV were inoculated into 7 and 14-day-old SPF-CEE via the yolk sac route and incubated for 5 d, with a total of 3 passages. Virus isolation was confirmed by the presence of embryo injuries, detection of viral RNA by RT-PCR, and visualization of viral particles using electron microscopy. Therefore, the 7-day-old inoculated embryos showed dwarfism, gelatinous consistency, hemorrhage, and edema in the embryos, whereas the 14-day-old did not show any alteration. Viral RNA was detected in the embryos of both ages of inoculation, and the same viral particles were visualized. The embryos from the mock group showed no alteration and were negative for all the tests. The viral cDNA was sequenced, and the molecular and phylogenetic analyses showed that the Brazilian isolates are more related with the ANV-1 serotype group; the sequences of these isolates showed a high percentage of nucleotide (86.4 to 94.9%) and amino acid (92.3 to 98.7%) similarity with other sequences from China, Japan, Australia, and the United States that belong to this serotype previously classified group. In this study, we isolated 8 samples of ANV in SPF-CEE from enteric content samples from chickens with RSS. In doing so, we showed the pathological injuries to the embryo caused by the virus and the molecular characterization of a part of the ORF 1b gene of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fabian N Nuñez
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Central University of Ecuador, Quito EC170521, Ecuador
| | - Silvana H Santander Parra
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - David De la Torre
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Central University of Ecuador, Quito EC170521, Ecuador
| | - Marcia H Catroxo
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Center for Research and Development of Animal Health, Instituto Biológico, Av. Cons. Rodrigues Alves, 1252, 04014-002, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos R Buim
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Instituto Biológico, Av. Gaspar Ricardo, 1700, CEP 17690-000, Bastos, SP, Brazil, and
| | - Ruy V Chacon
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudete S Astolfi Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio J Piantino Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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McCowan C, Crameri S, Kocak A, Shan S, Fegan M, Forshaw D, Rubbenstroth D, Chen H, Holmes C, Harper J, Dearnley M, Batovska J, Bergfeld J, Walker C, Wang J. A novel group A rotavirus associated with acute illness and hepatic necrosis in pigeons (Columba livia), in Australia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203853. [PMID: 30204797 PMCID: PMC6133385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases of vomiting and diarrhoea were reported in racing pigeons in Western Australia in May, 2016. Morbidity and mortality rates were high. Similar clinical disease was seen in Victoria in December and by early 2017 had been reported in all states except the Northern Territory, in different classes of domestic pigeon–racing, fancy and meat bird–and in a flock of feral pigeons. Autopsy findings were frequently unremarkable; histological examination demonstrated significant hepatic necrosis as the major and consistent lesion, often with minimal inflammatory infiltration. Negative contrast tissue suspension and thin section transmission electron microscopy of liver demonstrated virus particles consistent with a member of the Reoviridae. Inoculation of trypsin-treated Vero, MDBK and MA-104 cell lines resulted in cytopathic changes at two days after infection. Next generation sequencing was undertaken using fresh liver samples and a previously undescribed group A rotavirus (genotype G18P[17]) of avian origin was identified and the virus was isolated in several cell lines. A q-RT-PCR assay was developed and used to screen a wider range of samples, including recovered birds. Episodes of disease have continued to occur and to reoccur in previously recovered lofts, with variable virulence reported. This is the first report of a rotavirus associated with hepatic necrosis in any avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Crameri
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ayfer Kocak
- Agriculture Victoria, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Songhua Shan
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Fegan
- Agriculture Victoria, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Forshaw
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Albany, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Honglei Chen
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clare Holmes
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jenni Harper
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Megan Dearnley
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jana Batovska
- Agriculture Victoria, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jemma Bergfeld
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin Walker
- Melbourne Bird Veterinary Clinic, Scoresby, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jianning Wang
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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D'Andreano S, Sànchez Bonastre A, Francino O, Cuscó Martí A, Lecchi C, Grilli G, Giovanardi D, Ceciliani F. Gastrointestinal microbial population of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) affected by hemorrhagic enteritis virus. Poult Sci 2018; 96:3550-3558. [PMID: 28938792 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic enteritis (HE) is an acute viral disease that affects avian species, particularly turkeys, compromising their commercial production and having a negative effect on animal welfare. Turkey adenovirus 3 (TAdV-3), is the main causal agent of the disease. In this study, we considered 3 groups of turkeys to achieve 2 purposes: 1) A preliminary investigation on the microbiota content in the 4 parts of healthy turkey's intestine (group A), namely duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and ceca was done; 2) an investigation on the relationship between natural infections with TAdV-3 and the intestinal microbiota in the jejunum, where HE mostly develops, comparing group A with animals with molecular positivity for the virus and with clinical signs of HE (group B) and animals with molecular positivity for the virus but without clinical signs (group C). Massive sequencing of the hypervariable V1-V2 regions of 16S rRNA gene and QIIME 1.9.1 software analysis was performed, and operation taxonomic units (OTUs) were classified into 4 abundant phyla: Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. The microbial population of small intestine was distributed almost homogeneously in the healthy turkeys, and Firmicutes was the prevalent phylum (79.85% in duodenum, 89.57% in jejunum and 99.28% in ileum). As compared with small intestine, ceca microbial community was much more heterogeneous: Firmicutes (48.03%), Bacteroidetes (33.60%) and Proteobacteria (12.32%). In the natural infections of HEV, the main bacterial families were Bacteroidaceae (Bacteroidetes) and Peptostreptococcaceae (Firmicutes), uniquely detected in group B and C. Also Clostridiaceae (Firmicutes) was detected, uniquely in group B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara D'Andreano
- Vetgenomics, Ed Eureka, Parc de Recerca UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,Molecular Genetics Veterinary Service, Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Armand Sànchez Bonastre
- Molecular Genetics Veterinary Service, Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Olga Francino
- Molecular Genetics Veterinary Service, Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Cuscó Martí
- Vetgenomics, Ed Eureka, Parc de Recerca UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,Molecular Genetics Veterinary Service, Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Cristina Lecchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano
| | - Guido Grilli
- Department of Veterinary Science, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano
| | - Davide Giovanardi
- Laboratorio Tre Valli, Viale A.Veronesi 5, 37132 San Michele Extra, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Department of Veterinary Science, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano
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9
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Dhama K, Gowthaman V, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Sachan S, Kumar MA, Palanivelu M, Malik YS, Singh RK, Munir M. Haemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys - current knowledge. Vet Q 2017; 37:31-42. [PMID: 28024457 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2016.1277281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV), an adenovirus associated with acute haemorrhagic gastro-intestinal disease of 6-11-week old turkeys predominantly hampers both humoral and cellular immunity. Affected birds are more prone to secondary complications (e.g. colibacillosis and clostridiosis) and failure to mount an effective vaccine-induced immune response. HEV belongs to the new genus Siadenovirus. Feco-oral transmission is the main route of entry of the virus and it mainly colonizes bursa, intestine and spleen. Both naturally occurring virulent and avirulent strains of HEVs are serologically indistinguishable. Recent findings revealed that ORF1, E3 and fib genes are the key factors affecting virulence. The adoption of suitable diagnostic tools, proper vaccination and biosecurity measures have restrained the occurrence of disease epidemics. For diagnostic purposes, the best source of HEV is either intestinal contents or samples from spleen. For rapid detection highly sensitive and specific tests such as quantitative real-time PCR based on Taq man probe has been designed. Avirulent strains of HEV or MSDV can be effectively used as live vaccines. Novel vaccines include recombinant hexon protein-based subunit vaccines or recombinant virus-vectored vaccines using fowl poxvirus (FPV) expressing the native hexon of HEV. Notably, subunit vaccines and recombinant virus vectored vaccines altogether offer high protection against challenge or field viruses. Herein, we converse a comprehensive analysis of the HEV genetics, disease pathobiology, advancements in diagnosis and vaccination along with appropriate prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- a Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - Vasudevan Gowthaman
- b Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory , Veterinary College and Research Institute , Namakkal , Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- c Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- d Department of Microbiology , DUVASU , Mathura , India
| | - Swati Sachan
- a Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - M Asok Kumar
- a Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - M Palanivelu
- a Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- e Division of Biological Standardization , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- f Director, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - Muhammad Munir
- g Avian Viral Diseases Programme Compton Laboratory , Berkshire , UK
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10
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Espinoza LL, Beserra LAR, Soares RM, Gregori F. Turkey Astrovirus Type 1 (TAstV-1) and Chicken Astrovirus (CAstV) Detection in Brazilian Chicken Flocks. Avian Dis 2017; 60:681-7. [PMID: 27610731 DOI: 10.1637/11403-030816-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Astrovirus is a common cause of enteritis in humans and domestic animals. Here we report the detection of turkey astrovirus type 1 (TAstV-1) and chicken astrovirus (CAstV) in avian farms. Sixty fecal sample pools (five or six birds of the same flock), from chickens without apparent clinical symptoms of enteric disease from farms located in six Brazilian states, were screened by an ORF1b PCR, followed by nucleotide sequencing of amplified products and phylogenetic analysis. Six samples tested positive for TAstV-1 and two for CAstV. One positive sample of each detected virus (TAstV-1 and CAstV) had the complete ORF2 sequenced. Data for the ORF2 sequence indicate that Brazilian TAstV-1 was divergent from TAstV-1 (United States), previously described infecting turkeys, and Brazilian CAstV clustered together with the U.K. group, subgroup B-II, associated with enteritis and growth retardation in chicks. This study provides updated information about CAstV and the first report of detection of TAstV-1 in Brazilian chickens, supporting the diagnostic of enteritis and epidemiologic surveillance in poultry health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Luna Espinoza
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, CEP: 05508-270, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Laila A R Beserra
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, CEP: 05508-270, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M Soares
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, CEP: 05508-270, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Gregori
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, CEP: 05508-270, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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11
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Ohta T, Kimura K, Katsuda K, Kobayashi H, Mikami O, Haritani M, Onodera T. Proliferative Enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis in Chickens. J Comp Pathol 2016; 156:158-161. [PMID: 28034455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.11.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative enteropathy (PE) is an infectious disease caused by Lawsonia intracellularis (Li), an obligate intracellular bacterium. PE is endemic in swine herds and has been reported in a variety of mammals including horses, hamsters, rabbits, rats, guinea pigs, ferrets, foxes, dogs, sheep, deer and non-human primates. Avian cases are reported only in ratite birds, including emus and ostriches. Some studies show an absence of Lawsonia spp. infection in chickens. In this study, we performed morphological and bacteriological examinations on the intestines of two broiler chickens that had been condemned at a poultry slaughter plant in Japan due to intestinal haemorrhage, which was a result of focal coccidial enteritis. Histopathology revealed proliferation of the villous epithelium in the small and/or large intestines, especially the caeca, regardless of coccidial lesions. Warthin-Starry silver staining and immunohistochemistry using anti-Li monoclonal antibody revealed numerous bacteria and/or antigens in the villous epithelium. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of curved rods, morphologically compatible with Li, in the apical cytoplasm of the epithelium. Polymerase chain reaction products specific for Li were amplified from DNA samples extracted from formalin-fixed and paraffin wax-embedded tissue. These results suggest that Li can cause PE, characterized by proliferation of the villous epithelium, in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ohta
- Hyogo Prefectural Meat Inspection Centre, Kakogawa, Hyogo, Japan
| | - K Kimura
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - K Katsuda
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - H Kobayashi
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - O Mikami
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - M Haritani
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - T Onodera
- Research Centre for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Fraga APD, Ikuta N, Fonseca ASK, Spilki FR, Balestrin E, Rodrigues CD, Canal CW, Lunge VR. A Real-Time Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction for Differentiation of Massachusetts Vaccine and Brazilian Field Genotypes of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Avian Dis 2016; 60:16-21. [PMID: 26953939 DOI: 10.1637/11262-081815-regr.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The avian infectious bronchitis virus is classified into serotypes or genotypes (or both) in different poultry-producing countries of the world. In Brazil, Massachusetts type (Mass), used as a live vaccine, and local field Brazilian variants (genotypes; BR) predominate in the commercial poultry flocks. This study describes the development and validation of two real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT-qPCR) for the specific detection of Mass and BR genotypes in allantoic fluids and clinical samples. Genotype-specific primers, combined with a generic probe targeted to the S1 gene, originated Mass RT-qPCR and BR RT-qPCR-specific assays. Analytical sensitivity and linearity of these assays were determined in comparison with an IBV generic real-time RT-PCR based on the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR RT-qPCR). Mass RT-qPCR detected five Mass field isolates, three vaccine samples, and one coinfected sample (BR and Mass) while BR RT-qPCR detected 16 BR field isolates. Both assays were linear (R(2) > 0.98), reproducible, and as sensitive as the classical 5'UTR RT-qPCR used to detect IBV. In the analysis of 141 IBV clinical samples, 8 were positive for Mass RT-qPCR, 76 for BR RT-qPCR, and 2 for both assays. In the remaining 55 samples, 25 were positive only for 5'UTR RT-qPCR and 30 were negative for the three assays. In conclusion, both assays were able to detect Mass and BR genotypes, allowing rapid and easy IBV molecular typing from allantoic fluids and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Padilha de Fraga
- A Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil - ULBRA, Canoas, 92425-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,B Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha, 94940-030, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Nilo Ikuta
- A Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil - ULBRA, Canoas, 92425-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,B Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha, 94940-030, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eder Balestrin
- A Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil - ULBRA, Canoas, 92425-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carolina Dias Rodrigues
- A Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil - ULBRA, Canoas, 92425-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Wageck Canal
- D Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, 91540-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vagner Ricardo Lunge
- A Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil - ULBRA, Canoas, 92425-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,B Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha, 94940-030, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Falcone E, Busi C, Lavazza A, Monini M, Bertoletti M, Canelli E, Vignolo E, Ruggeri FM, Boniotti MB. Molecular characterization of avian rotaviruses circulating in Italian poultry flocks. Avian Pathol 2016; 44:509-15. [PMID: 26399154 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1096011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Avian rotaviruses are still largely undefined despite being widespread in several avian species and despite the economic impact of rotavirus (RV) enteritis in poultry flocks. In this study, the presence of different avian RV groups was investigated in commercial poultry flocks reared in Northern and Central Italy and with a history of enteric diseases. Faeces or intestinal contents from different avian species previously found to contain RV particles by electron microscopy (EM) were analysed by both RNA-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction specific for groups A, D, F and G RVs. Group D avian RV was detected in 107 of 117 samples tested (91.5%), whereas groups A, F and G avian RVs were present in 70 (59%), 61 (52.1%) and 31 (26.5%) samples, respectively. Multiple presence of different RV groups was detected in 83% of samples. This study provides novel data on the prevalence of genetically different avian RVs in Italian poultry flocks. This information is useful to elucidate the epidemiology of avian RVs circulating in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliana Falcone
- a Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma , Italy
| | - Chiara Busi
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna , Via Antonio Bianchi, 7/9, 25124 Brescia , Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna , Via Antonio Bianchi, 7/9, 25124 Brescia , Italy
| | - Marina Monini
- a Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma , Italy
| | - Marco Bertoletti
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna , Via Antonio Bianchi, 7/9, 25124 Brescia , Italy
| | - Elena Canelli
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna , Via Antonio Bianchi, 7/9, 25124 Brescia , Italy
| | - Edoardo Vignolo
- a Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma , Italy
| | - Franco Maria Ruggeri
- a Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma , Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Boniotti
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna , Via Antonio Bianchi, 7/9, 25124 Brescia , Italy
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Nuñez LFN, Parra SHS, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Carranza C, Torre DIDL, Pedroso AC, Ferreira AJP. Detection of enteric viruses in pancreas and spleen of broilers with runting-stunting syndrome (RSS). PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2016000700006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: Enteric disease is a multifactorial problem in chickens, which causes gastrointestinal alterations, elevated feed conversions and impairment. In the last years, several enteric viruses were implicated in enteric disease; case reports have shown their presence alone or in concomitant infections during outbreaks and have suggested that they might be determining factors in the aetiology of enteric disease. This study shows high detection rates of enteric viruses in the pancreas and spleen in samples from an outbreak of enteritis and malabsorption in 16 chicken flocks (n=80 broilers). Avian nephritis virus (ANV) was the most ubiquitous virus, present in 75% of the flocks followed by avian rotavirus group A (ART-A) with 68.75%, and by chicken astrovirus (CAstV) and chicken parvovirus (ChPV) in 43.75% of samples. Viruses were present in the pancreas of positive flocks at extremely high rates: 100% for ART-A, 91.7% for ANV, 100% for CAstV and 57.14% for ChPV. By contrast, only 16.7% and 57.14% of intestine samples were positive for ANV and CAstV, respectively. Avian reovirus (AReo) and avian adenovirus group 1 (FAdV-1) were not detected. These results suggest that high viral detection rates in pancreas samples may be a result of viremia during enteric disease, with subsequent damage of the exocrine pancreas, leading to runting-stunting syndrome (RSS).
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Detection of Astrovirus, Coronavirus and Haemorrhagic Enteritis Virus in Turkeys with Poult Enteritis Mortality Syndrome in Turkey. J Poult Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0150021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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16
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Alavarez JM, Ferreira CSA, Ferreira AJP. Enteric viruses in turkey flocks: a historic review. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-635x1603225-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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