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Djiman TA, Biguezoton AS, Saegerman C. Tick-Borne Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review of Pathogens, Research Focus, and Implications for Public Health. Pathogens 2024; 13:697. [PMID: 39204297 PMCID: PMC11356977 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13080697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa, with its hot and humid climate, is a conducive zone for tick proliferation. These vectors pose a major challenge to both animal and human health in the region. However, despite the relevance of emerging diseases and evidence of tick-borne disease emergence, very few studies have been dedicated to investigating zoonotic pathogens transmitted by ticks in this area. To raise awareness of the risks of tick-borne zoonotic diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, and to define a direction for future research, this systematic review considers the trends of research on tick-borne bacteria, parasites, and viruses from 2012 to 2023, aiming to highlight the circulation of these pathogens in ticks, cattle, sheep, goats, and humans. For this purpose, three international databases were screened to select 159 papers fitting designed inclusion criteria and used for qualitative analyses. Analysis of these studies revealed a high diversity of tick-borne pathogens in sub-Saharan Africa, with a total of 37 bacterial species, 27 parasite species, and 14 viruses identified. Among these, 27% were zoonotic pathogens, yet only 11 studies investigated their presence in humans. Furthermore, there is growing interest in the investigation of bacteria and parasites in both ticks and ruminants. However, research into viruses is limited and has only received notable interest from 2021 onwards. While studies on the detection of bacteria, including those of medical interest, have focused on ticks, little consideration has been given to these vectors in studies of parasites circulation. Regarding the limited focus on zoonotic pathogens transmitted by ticks, particularly in humans, despite documented cases of emerging zoonoses and the notable 27% proportion reported, further efforts should be made to fill these gaps. Future studies should prioritize the investigation of zoonotic pathogens, especially viruses, which represent the primary emerging threats, by adopting a One Health approach. This will enhance the understanding of their circulation and impact on both human and animal health. In addition, more attention should be given to the risk factors/drivers associated to their emergence as well as the perception of the population at risk of infection from these zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tidjani A. Djiman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
- Vector-Borne Diseases and Biodiversity Unit (UMaVeB), International Research and Development Centre on Livestock in Sub-humid Areas (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso 454, Burkina Faso;
| | - Abel S. Biguezoton
- Vector-Borne Diseases and Biodiversity Unit (UMaVeB), International Research and Development Centre on Livestock in Sub-humid Areas (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso 454, Burkina Faso;
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
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Ngetich W, Gitau GK, Okumu TA, Aboge GO, Muasya D. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Theileria parva infection among calves in Narok County, Kenya. Vet World 2024; 17:620-629. [PMID: 38680144 PMCID: PMC11045520 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.620-629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim East Coast fever (ECF), caused by Theileria parva, is a devastating disease that causes significant economic losses to cattle production in sub-Saharan Africa. Prevention and control of ECF are challenging in pastoral settings due to inadequate epidemiological information. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with T. parva infection among calves in different production systems to help design appropriate control interventions. Materials and Methods Blood samples were collected from 318 calves and tested using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay targeting antibodies against polymorphic immunodominant molecules found on the surface of T. parva. Information on calf characteristics and management practices was also collected during sampling. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to analyze potential risk factors, such as age and acaricide application, where p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results Of the 318 calves sampled, 41 (12.89%) were positive for T. parva, with a higher proportion in pastoral systems (36.58%) than in mixed farming systems (34.10%) and agropastoral systems (29.27%). From univariate analysis, calf age (p = 0.002), body weight (p = 0.001), suckling status (p = 0.026), rectal temperature (p = 0.06), calves on pasture (p = 0.022), other feeds (p = 0.004), feed grown within the farm (p = 0.004), acaricide application (p = 0.001), and acaricide application frequency (p = 0.001) were significantly associated with seropositivity. However, calf age (odds ratio [OR], 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91-0.99; p = 0.04), other feeds (OR, 8.82; 95% CI, 1.74-44.63; p = 0.009), and suckling status (OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.15-0.99; p = 0.05) were significantly associated with T. parva infection in the multivariable mixed logistic model. Conclusion T. parva is circulating in young calves in the study area (and possibly in cattle populations due to maternal transfer of antibodies to the calves). There is a need for molecular surveillance to determine the presence and burden of T. parva infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyckliff Ngetich
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 29053-00625, Kangemi, Nairobi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Theriogenology and Medicine, Egerton University, P.O Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
| | - George Karuoya Gitau
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 29053-00625, Kangemi, Nairobi
| | - Tequiero Abuom Okumu
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 29053-00625, Kangemi, Nairobi
| | - Gabriel Oluga Aboge
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 29053-00625, Kangemi, Nairobi
| | - Daniel Muasya
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 29053-00625, Kangemi, Nairobi
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Riggio V, Madder M, Labuschagne M, Callaby R, Zhao R, Djikeng A, Fourie J, Prendergast JGD, Morrison LJ. Meta-analysis of heritability estimates and genome-wide association for tick-borne haemoparasites in African cattle. Front Genet 2023; 14:1197160. [PMID: 37576560 PMCID: PMC10417722 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1197160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The control of tick-borne haemoparasites in cattle largely relies on the use of acaricide drugs against the tick vectors, with some vaccination also being used against selected pathogens. These interventions can be difficult in Africa, where accessibility and cost of vaccines can be issues, and the increasing resistance of tick vectors to the widely used acaricides is a complication to disease control. A potential complementary control strategy could be the exploitation of any natural host genetic resistance to the pathogens. However, there are currently very few estimates of the extent of host resistance to tick-borne haemoparasites, and a significant contributing factor to this knowledge gap is likely to be the difficulty of collecting appropriate samples and data in the smallholder systems that predominate livestock production in low- and middle-income countries, particularly at scale. In this study, we have estimated the heritability for the presence/absence of several important haemoparasite species (including Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina, Babesia bovis, and Ehrlichia ruminantium), as well as for relevant traits such as body weight and body condition score (BCS), in 1,694 cattle from four African countries (Burkina Faso, Ghana, Nigeria, and Tanzania). Heritability estimates within countries were mostly not significant, ranging from 0.05 to 0.84 across traits and countries, with standard errors between 0.07 and 0.91. However, the weighted mean of heritability estimates was moderate and significant for body weight and BCS (0.40 and 0.49, respectively), with significant heritabilities also observed for the presence of A. marginale (0.16) and E. ruminantium (0.19). In a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for these traits, two peaks were identified as reaching the suggestive significance threshold (p < 1.91 × 10-7 and p < 1.89 × 10-7, respectively): one on chromosome 24 for BCS and one on chromosome 8 for the E. ruminantium infection status. These findings indicate that there is likely to be a genetic basis that contributes to pathogen presence/absence for tick-borne haemoparasite species, which could potentially be exploited to improve cattle resistance in Africa to the economically important diseases caused by these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Riggio
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Rebecca Callaby
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rongrong Zhao
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Appolinaire Djikeng
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - James G. D. Prendergast
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J. Morrison
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Molecular epidemiology and genetic characterization of Theileria orientalis in cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:178. [PMID: 35508744 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03176-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Theileria orientalis (T. orientalis) is a benign species of Theileria that is found all throughout the world, including Egypt. The purpose of this work was to determine the current status of T. orientalis infection in cattle, as well as to define T. orientalis genetic diversity using the major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) genes. In 2020, blood samples from 500 asymptomatic cattle were collected, which live in four different governorates at northern Egypt and examined using PCR assay based on MPSP gene. Overall, 44 blood samples (8.8%, 44/500) were positive for T. orientalis, and the highest prevalence rate was observed in Kafer ElSheikh while it was relatively low in Gharbia governorate. Moreover, based on multivariable analysis, the risk of infection with T. orientalis infection was higher in mixed breed cattle and in animals of age group more than 3 years compared to other. Additionally, absence of acaricide application, infestation with ticks, and communal grazing system were identified as potential risk factors for T. orientalis infection. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates studied belonged to two MPSP genotypes, types 1 and 2. These findings reveal that the MPSP genotypes discovered in the present work displayed genetic variation that was linked to geographic area. Therefore, further research should be focused on developing an effective T. orientalis monitoring and preventive program.
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Chen Y, Chen YY, Liu G, Lyu C, Hu Y, An Q, Qiu HY, Zhao Q, Wang CR. Prevalence of Theileria in cattle in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105369. [PMID: 34952152 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Theileria, one of the causative agents of blood protozoan, has brought a huge economic loss to the cattle industry worldwide. However, the epidemiology of Theileria in Chinese cattle has not been systematically investigated. This comprehensive review aimed at investigating the prevalence of Theileria infection in cattle in China. A total of 48 published papers on Theileria infection in cattle in China (including data from 21,366 animals) from inception to October 8, 2021 met the inclusion standard after searching in five databases (Technology Periodical Database, Wan Fang Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, PubMed, and ScienceDirect). The pooled prevalence of Theileria in cattle in China was 32.4% identified by using a random effects model. The prevalence in Northeastern China (45.3%) was higher than that in other regions. In the sex subgroup, the prevalence of Theileria was higher in females (48.9%) than that in males (45.8%). The prevalence of Theileria was higher in cattle of free range (34.4%) compared with that of intensive farming (22.3%). The prevalence prior to 2013 (36.1%) was higher than that after 2013 (33.6%). Among three cattle species, dairy cows had the lowest prevalence (21.5%). The prevalence of Theileria (T.) annulata (22.2%) and T. sergenti (26.2%) was higher than other species of Theileria (T. buffeli: 17.5%, T. luwenshuni: 0.9%, T. orientalis: 15.5%, T. ovis: 0.21%, T. sinensis: 20.2%, T. uilenbergi: 6.2%, Others: 0.9%). We also analyzed the impact of different geographic factor subgroups (longitude, latitude, precipitation, temperature, humidity, and altitude) on the prevalence of Theileria in cattle. Among them, climatic factors of longitude, latitude, precipitation, humidity, temperature were associated with the prevalence of Theileria. These analyses suggested that Theileria was common in cattle in China. Targeted prevention programs based on geographic and climatic conditions in different areas may play an important role in reducing Theileria infection among cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, Jilin Province, 130600, PR China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, PR China
| | - Ying-Yu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, PR China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, PR China
| | - Chuang Lyu
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266100, PR China
| | - Yang Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, PR China
| | - Qi An
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, PR China
| | - Hong-Yu Qiu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, PR China
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, Jilin Province, 130600, PR China.
| | - Chun-Ren Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, PR China.
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6
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Allan FK, Sindoya E, Adam KE, Byamungu M, Lea RS, Lord JS, Mbata G, Paxton E, Mramba F, Torr SJ, Morrison WI, Handel I, Morrison LJ, Auty HK. A cross-sectional survey to establish Theileria parva prevalence and vector control at the wildlife-livestock interface, Northern Tanzania. Prev Vet Med 2021; 196:105491. [PMID: 34562810 PMCID: PMC8573586 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
East Coast fever (ECF) in cattle is caused by the protozoan parasite Theileria parva, transmitted by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. In cattle ECF is often fatal, causing annual losses >$500 million across its range. The African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is the natural host for T. parva but the transmission dynamics between wild hosts and livestock are poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of T. parva in cattle, in a 30 km zone adjacent to the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania where livestock and buffalo co-exist, and to ascertain how livestock keepers controlled ECF and other vector-borne diseases of cattle. A randomised cross-sectional cattle survey and questionnaire of vector control practices were conducted. Blood samples were collected from 770 cattle from 48 herds and analysed by PCR to establish T. parva prevalence. Half body tick counts were recorded on every animal. Farmers were interviewed (n = 120; including the blood sampled herds) using a standardised questionnaire to obtain data on vector control practices. Local workshops were held to discuss findings and validate results. Overall prevalence of T. parva in cattle was 5.07% (CI: 3.70-7.00%), with significantly higher prevalence in older animals. Although all farmers reported seeing ticks on their cattle, tick counts were very low with 78% cattle having none. Questionnaire analysis indicated significant acaricide use with 79% and 41% of farmers reporting spraying or dipping with cypermethrin-based insecticides, respectively. Some farmers reported very frequent spraying, as often as every four days. However, doses per animal were often insufficient. These data indicate high levels of acaricide use, which may be responsible for the low observed tick burdens and low ECF prevalence. This vector control is farmer-led and aimed at both tick- and tsetse-borne diseases of livestock. The levels of acaricide use raise concerns regarding sustainability; resistance development is a risk, particularly in ticks. Integrating vaccination as part of this community-based disease control may alleviate acaricide dependence, but increased understanding of the Theileria strains circulating in wildlife-livestock interface areas is required to establish the potential benefits of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona K Allan
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
| | - Emmanuel Sindoya
- Minstry of Livestock and Fisheries, Serengeti District Livestock Office, Mugumu, Tanzania
| | - Katherine E Adam
- Innogen Institute, Science Technology and Innovation Studies; School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Old Surgeons' Hall, High School Yards, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rachel S Lea
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer S Lord
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Geofrey Mbata
- Vector and Vector-borne Diseases Research Institute, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Edith Paxton
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Furaha Mramba
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Stephen J Torr
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - W Ivan Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Handel
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet K Auty
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Previously Epidemiology Research Unit, SRUC, Inverness, United Kingdom)
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Campbell Z, Coleman P, Guest A, Kushwaha P, Ramuthivheli T, Osebe T, Perry B, Salt J. Prioritizing smallholder animal health needs in East Africa, West Africa, and South Asia using three approaches: Literature review, expert workshops, and practitioner surveys. Prev Vet Med 2021; 189:105279. [PMID: 33581421 PMCID: PMC8024747 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Managing the health needs of livestock contributes to reducing poverty and improving the livelihoods of smallholder and pastoralist livestock keepers globally. Animal health practitioners, producers, policymakers, and researchers all must prioritize how to mobilize limited resources. This study employed three approaches to prioritize animal health needs in East and West Africa and South Asia to identify diseases and syndromes that impact livestock keepers. The approaches were a) systematic literature review, b) a series of expert workshops, and c) a practitioner survey of veterinarians and para-veterinary professionals. The top constraints that emerged from all three approaches include endo/ ectoparasites, foot and mouth disease, brucellosis, peste des petits ruminants, Newcastle disease, and avian influenza. Expert workshops additionally identified contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, mastitis, and reproductive disorders as constraints not emphasized in the literature review. Practitioner survey results additionally identified nutrition as a constraint for smallholder dairy and pastoralist small ruminant production. Experts attending the workshops agreed most constraints can be managed using existing veterinary technologies and best husbandry practices, which supports a shift away from focusing on individual diseases and new technologies towards addressing systemic challenges that limit access to veterinary services and inputs. Few research studies focused on incidence/ prevalence of disease and impact, suggesting better incorporation of socio-economic impact measures in future research would better represent the interests of livestock keepers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Campbell
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - Paul Coleman
- H20 Venture Partners, 33-35 George Street, Oxford, OX1 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Guest
- H20 Venture Partners, 33-35 George Street, Oxford, OX1 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Peetambar Kushwaha
- GALVmed Asia Office, Unit 118 & 120 B, Splendor Forum, Plot No 3, Jasola District Centre, Jasola, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Thembinkosi Ramuthivheli
- GALVmed Africa Office, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tom Osebe
- GALVmed Africa Office, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Brian Perry
- Nuffield College of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Arthurstone House, Meigle, Blairgowrie, PH12 8QW, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Salt
- GALVmed UK Office, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Silatsa BA, Simo G, Githaka N, Kamga R, Oumarou F, Keambou Tiambo C, Machuka E, Domelevo JB, Odongo D, Bishop R, Kuiate JR, Njiokou F, Djikeng A, Pelle R. First detection of Theileria parva in cattle from Cameroon in the absence of the main tick vector Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67 Suppl 1:68-78. [PMID: 32174039 PMCID: PMC7216920 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A major risk factor for the spread of livestock diseases and their vectors is the uncontrolled transboundary movement of live animals for trade and grazing. Such movements constrain effective control of tick-transmitted pathogens, including Theileria parva. Only limited studies have been undertaken to identify ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBDs) affecting cattle in central African countries, including Cameroon. We hereby report the collection of baseline data on the prevalence of T. parva in Cameroon through a countrywide cross-sectional survey, conducted in 2016, involving collection of blood samples from cattle from 63 sites across the five agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of the country. ELISA-based surveillance of infected cattle was performed on 479 randomly selected samples and revealed specific antibodies to T. parva in 22.7% and T. mutans in 41.1% of cattle. Screening of 1,340 representative DNA samples for the presence of T. parva identified 25 (1.86%) positives using a p104 antigen gene-based nested PCR assay. The positives were distributed across agro-ecological zones I, II, III and V. None of the p104 positive cattle exhibited clinical symptoms of East Coast fever (ECF). Using reverse line blot (RLB), 58 (4.3%) and 1,139 (85%) of the samples reacted with the T. parva and T. mutans oligonucleotide probes, respectively. This represents the first report of T. parva from Cameroon. Surprisingly, no Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks, the main vector of T. parva, were identified in a parallel study involving comprehensive morphological and molecular survey of tick species present in the country. Only two of the 25 p104 positive cattle were PCR-positive for the CD8+ T-cell target schizont-expressed antigen gene Tp1. Cloning and sequencing of Tp1 amplicons revealed sequence identity with the reference T. parva Muguga. This new finding raises serious concerns of a potential spread of ECF into the central African region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barberine A Silatsa
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gustave Simo
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Naftaly Githaka
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rolin Kamga
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Farikou Oumarou
- Special Mission for Eradication of Tsetse Flies, Regional tsetse Division of Adamawa, MINEPIA, Adamawa, Cameroon
| | - Christian Keambou Tiambo
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eunice Machuka
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jean-Baka Domelevo
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David Odongo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Richard Bishop
- Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology (VMP), Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jules-Roger Kuiate
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Laboratory of General Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Appolinaire Djikeng
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Roger Pelle
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
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Miyama T, Byaruhanga J, Okamura I, Uchida L, Muramatsu Y, Mwebembezi W, Vudriko P, Makita K. Effect of chemical tick control practices on tick infestation and Theileria parva infection in an intensive dairy production region of Uganda. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101438. [PMID: 32299787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemical tick control is a major means of preventing East Coast fever (ECF), especially in sub-Saharan Africa. However, in southwestern Uganda, improper tick control practices have led to severe acaricide resistance. The objectives of this study were to determine the risk factors associated with tick infestation in dairy cattle and Theileria parva infection, and to generate evidence for the prioritization of effective countermeasures for tick control. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 30 farms in Mbarara District, and information on tick control practices and tick infestation were collected. Tick samples were collected from 13 farms to test tick acaricide efficacy. A total of 420 blood samples from calves to adults of exotic- and cross-breed dairy cattle were collected, and T. parva diagnosis via polymerase chain reaction was performed. All the 13 tick populations tested were resistant to deltamethrin (synthetic pyrethroid). Resistance to single-formulation organophosphate-chlorfenvinphos was 39 % (5/13); co-formulations (chlorpyrifos + cypermethrin), 69 % (9/13); and amitraz (amidine), 85 % (11/13). The overall prevalence of T. parva infection at the individual-level was 45.2 % (190/420, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 40.4-50.1), and that at the farm-level was 83 % (25/30, 95 %CI: 65-94). A good quality cattle crush was a preventive factor for tick infestation (odds ratio (OR): 0.32, 95 %CI: 0.15-0.63, p = 0.001). Well-managed acaricide storage (OR: 0.36, 95 %CI: 0.17-0.76, p = 0.008), and a good quality measuring cylinder for acaricide were preventive factors (OR: 0.32, 95 %CI: 0.11-0.93, p = 0.036) for T. parva infection. The risk factors for T. parva infection were a longer period of acaricide use of the same brand (OR: 1.06, 95 %CI: 1.01-1.10, p = 0.012), and a higher frequency (twice a week) of acaricide use rather than once a week (OR: 11.70, 95 %CI: 1.95-70.13, p = 0.007). These risk factors should be given high intervention priority in order to effectively control ticks and prevent T. parva infections in dairy farms. Teaching proper practices to dairy farmers and to technical staff should be used to overcome the severe challenge of acaricide resistance in Mbarara District.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Miyama
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan.
| | - Joseph Byaruhanga
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases and Vector Control, Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Clinical and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
| | - Ikuo Okamura
- Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
| | - Leo Uchida
- Zoonotic Diseases Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, 069-8501, Japan.
| | - Yasukazu Muramatsu
- Zoonotic Diseases Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, 069-8501, Japan.
| | - William Mwebembezi
- Mbarara District Veterinary Office, Mbarara District Local Government, Galt Road plot 5 Boma Hill, P.O. Box 1, Mbarara, Uganda.
| | - Patrick Vudriko
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases and Vector Control, Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Clinical and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Kohei Makita
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan.
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Boucher F, Moutroifi Y, Peba B, Ali M, Moindjie Y, Ruget AS, Abdouroihamane S, Madi Kassim A, Soulé M, Charafouddine O, Cêtre-Sossah C, Cardinale E. Tick-borne diseases in the Union of the Comoros are a hindrance to livestock development: Circulation and associated risk factors. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 11:101283. [PMID: 31519420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.101283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases (TBD) occur in many temperate countries and are economically important in most tropical and subtropical areas, affecting dairy and beef cattle, as well as small ruminants. Four major tick-borne diseases have been detected in eastern and southern Africa: East Coast fever (ECF) caused by Theileria parva, Theiler 1904, anaplasmosis caused by either Anaplasma marginale, Theiler 1910, Anaplasma centrale, Theiler 1911, or Anaplasma ovis, Bevan 1912, babesiosis caused by Babesia bovis, Babes 1988 and Babesia bigemina, Smith & Kilborne 1893, and heartwater caused by Ehrlichia ruminantium Cowdry 1925. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken to determine the antibody prevalence of these TBDs and to identify the risk factors for TBD infections in the Union of the Comoros. In 2016 and 2017, 903 individual animal serum samples were collected from 429 separate farms, where the farmers answered individual questionnaires. The antibody prevalence of anaplasmosis, babesiosis (B. bigemina) and heartwater was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and the antibody prevalence of ECF was assessed using an immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). The relationship between TBD seropositivity and livestock-related variables was assessed by multivariate analyses with standard logistic regression models. The results showed that these four TBDs were present in the Union of the Comoros with a global antibody prevalence of 15% (95% CI [12.7%; 17.3%]) for anaplasmosis, 9.2% (95% CI [6.5%, 11.9%]) for B. bigemina babesiosis, 5.3% (95% CI [3.2%, 7.4%]) for ECF and 4.6% (95% CI [3.2%, 6%]) for heartwater. We compared these findings with the abundance and distribution of several tick species known to be TBD vectors and we found a significant correlation between Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and ECF, and between Amblyomma variegatum and heartwater. We also found that two major variables were significantly correlated with B. bigemina antibody prevalence ("island" and "breeding area"), four variables were significantly correlated with anaplasmosis antibody seroprevalence ("island", "number of cattle per farmer", "number of farmers per village" and "breeding area"), two were significantly correlated with ECF antibody prevalence ("number of farmers in village" and "presence of ticks"), and three were significantly correlated with heartwater ("island", "number of cattle per farmer" and "number of farmers in the village"). Our findings confirmed livestock exposure to the four targeted TBDs of major concern for livestock development. Consequently, raising farmers' awareness and setting up a period of quarantine should be considered a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Boucher
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; ASTRE, Univ Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France; Direction nationale de l'élevage, Direction nationale des stratégies agricoles et de l'élevage, Vice-présidence en charge du ministère de l'agriculture, de la pêche, de l'environnement de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'urbanisme, Mdé, Bambao, Comoros
| | - Y Moutroifi
- Direction nationale de l'élevage, Direction nationale des stratégies agricoles et de l'élevage, Vice-présidence en charge du ministère de l'agriculture, de la pêche, de l'environnement de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'urbanisme, Mdé, Bambao, Comoros
| | - B Peba
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 Old Soutpan Road, Private Bag X5, 0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - M Ali
- Direction nationale de l'élevage, Direction nationale des stratégies agricoles et de l'élevage, Vice-présidence en charge du ministère de l'agriculture, de la pêche, de l'environnement de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'urbanisme, Mdé, Bambao, Comoros
| | - Y Moindjie
- Direction nationale de l'élevage, Direction nationale des stratégies agricoles et de l'élevage, Vice-présidence en charge du ministère de l'agriculture, de la pêche, de l'environnement de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'urbanisme, Mdé, Bambao, Comoros
| | - A-S Ruget
- Direction nationale de l'élevage, Direction nationale des stratégies agricoles et de l'élevage, Vice-présidence en charge du ministère de l'agriculture, de la pêche, de l'environnement de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'urbanisme, Mdé, Bambao, Comoros
| | - S Abdouroihamane
- Direction nationale de l'élevage, Direction nationale des stratégies agricoles et de l'élevage, Vice-présidence en charge du ministère de l'agriculture, de la pêche, de l'environnement de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'urbanisme, Mdé, Bambao, Comoros
| | - A Madi Kassim
- Direction nationale de l'élevage, Direction nationale des stratégies agricoles et de l'élevage, Vice-présidence en charge du ministère de l'agriculture, de la pêche, de l'environnement de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'urbanisme, Mdé, Bambao, Comoros
| | - M Soulé
- Direction nationale de l'élevage, Direction nationale des stratégies agricoles et de l'élevage, Vice-présidence en charge du ministère de l'agriculture, de la pêche, de l'environnement de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'urbanisme, Mdé, Bambao, Comoros
| | - O Charafouddine
- Direction nationale de l'élevage, Direction nationale des stratégies agricoles et de l'élevage, Vice-présidence en charge du ministère de l'agriculture, de la pêche, de l'environnement de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'urbanisme, Mdé, Bambao, Comoros
| | - C Cêtre-Sossah
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; ASTRE, Univ Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - E Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; ASTRE, Univ Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France.
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Kerario II, Chenyambuga SW, Mwega ED, Rukambile E, Simulundu E, Simuunza MC. Diversity of two Theileria parva CD8+ antigens in cattle and buffalo-derived parasites in Tanzania. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 10:1003-1017. [PMID: 31151920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Theileria parva is a tick-transmitted protozoan parasite that causes a disease called East Coast fever (ECF) in cattle. This important tick borne-disease (TBD) causes significant economic losses in cattle in many sub-Saharan countries, including Tanzania. Cattle immunization using Muguga cocktail has been recommended as an effective method for controlling ECF in pastoral farming systems in Tanzania. However, immunity provided through immunization is partially strain-specific. Therefore, the control of ECF in Tanzania is still a challenge due to inadequate epidemiological information. This study was conducted to assess genetic diversity of Tp1 and Tp2 genes from T. parva isolates that are recognized by CD8 + T-cells in cattle and buffalo. The Tp1 and Tp2 genes are currently under evaluation as candidates for inclusion in a subunit vaccine. A total of 130 blood samples collected from cattle which do not interact with buffalo (98), cattle co-grazing with buffalo (19) and buffalo (13) in Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Tanga, and Coast regions in Tanzania were used in this study. Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood samples, Tp1 and Tp2 genes were amplified using nested PCR and the PCR products were purified and sequenced. The partial sequencing of the Tp1 and Tp2 genes from T. parva isolates exhibited polymorphisms in both loci, including the epitope-containing regions. Results for sequence analysis showed that the overall nucleotide polymorphism (π) was 0.7% and 13.5% for Tp1 and Tp2, respectively. The Tajima's D and Fu's Fs test showed a negative value for both Tp1 and Tp2 genes, indicating deviations from neutrality due to a recent population expansion. The study further revealed a low to high level of genetic differentiations between populations and high genetic variability within populations. The study also revealed that most samples from the seven populations possessed several epitopes in antigens that were identical to those in the T. parva Muguga reference stock, which is the main component of the widely used live vaccine cocktail. Therefore, different strategic planning and cost-effective control measures should be implemented in order to reduce losses caused by ECF in the study areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isack I Kerario
- Department of Animal, Aquaculture and Range Sciences, College of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia.
| | - Sebastian W Chenyambuga
- Department of Animal, Aquaculture and Range Sciences, College of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Elisa D Mwega
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Elpidius Rukambile
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, P.O. Box 9254, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Martin C Simuunza
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
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12
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Li J, Chen ZH, Jiang L, Wu CY, Liao SQ, Lin XH, Xiang R, Lv MN, Qi NS, Zhang JF, Chen QL, Sun MF. Characterization of cattle-origin ticks from Southern China. Acta Trop 2018; 187:92-98. [PMID: 30055177 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
To characterize ticks in cattle from Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Nationality Autonomous Region, Southern China, 783 cattle in four localities were examined. Among them, 232 (29.63%) cattle were positive for tick infection. A total of 503 ticks collected in these cattle were further investigated. Two Rhipicephalus species, namely R. microplus and R. sanguineus, were firstly identified by morphological features. Thereinto, R. microplus is the prevalent species in cattle in southern China, with high prevalent in summer and autumn annually. Mixed infection of R. microplus and R. sanguineus was just found in yellow cattle. To further confirm the morphological identification of these cattle-origin ticks, a phylogeographic analysis inferred from the sequences of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer-2 (ITS-2) was performed, and R. microplus and R. sanguineus were identified. However, the morphological taxonomy of R. microplus has been challenged in recent years. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) marker was then used to provide higher resolution of R. mircoplus complex. The re-constructed cox1 phylogenetic tree further identified these R. mircoplus tick samples as R. microplus Clade A. These findings illustrated the prevalence and characterization of cattle-origin ticks in Southern China for the first time, and provided base-line information for further control of tick and tick-borne disease in these areas.
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Kerario II, Simuunza M, Laisser ELK, Chenyambuga S. Exploring knowledge and management practices on ticks and tick-borne diseases among agro-pastoral communities in Southern Highlands, Tanzania. Vet World 2018; 11:48-57. [PMID: 29479157 PMCID: PMC5813511 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.48-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The current study was conducted to assess the farmers' knowledge and management practices on ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) through individual interview using a structured questionnaire in Mbarali and Momba districts of Mbeya region. Materials and Methods A total of 240 households, 120 from each district were asked to mention TBDs of cattle which they thought were the most important in their localities and period of the year when the diseases occurred more frequently. In addition, farmers were asked to describe clinical signs and management practices associated with the common TBDs that they knew. Results The majority of respondents (46.2%) reported that East Coast fever (ECF) was the most important disease of cattle in the region, followed by anaplasmosis (33.8%), heartwater (15.4%), and babesiosis (4.6%). According to the farmers, ECF and anaplasmosis occurred more frequently during the dry season, while babesiosis and heartwater occurred more frequently during the rainy season. The majority of farmers were able to describe properly the signs of the common TBDs. Most farmers (80.4%) reported that they used acaricide to control ticks at a frequency of after every 2 weeks and a small proportion (15.8%) vaccinated their animals against ECF. Conclusion It can be concluded that farmers in Mbeya have considerable knowledge on tick species and clinical signs of TBDs affecting their cattle. Based on the findings of the current study, it is recommended that integrated approach to the control of ticks and TBDs be adopted in the study area and many other areas that utilize agro-pastoral and pastoral cattle production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isack Ibrahim Kerario
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia.,Department of Animal, Aquaculture and Range Sciences, College of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Martin Simuunza
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Emmanuel L K Laisser
- School Quality Assurance Department, Eastern Zone, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, P.O. Box 325, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Sebastian Chenyambuga
- Department of Animal, Aquaculture and Range Sciences, College of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania
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