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Siderakou D, Zilelidou E, Tempelaars M, Abee T, Skandamis P, den Besten HMW. Impact of preculture temperature on peracetic acid-induced inactivation and sublethal injury of L. monocytogenes and subsequent growth potential of single cells. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 406:110335. [PMID: 37625263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The disinfectant peracetic acid (PAA) that is used in the food industry can cause sublethal injury in L. monocytogenes. The effect of preculture temperature on the inactivation and sublethal injury of L. monocytogenes cells due to PAA was evaluated by plating on non-selective and selective agar medium supplemented with 5 % (w/v) NaCl. L. monocytogenes cells were precultured at 30 °C, 20 °C or 4 °C, and the former was used as reference temperature. Preculture of cells at 20 °C or 4 °C and subsequent exposure to PAA at the respective growth temperatures caused higher injury compared to cells grown at 30 °C and exposed to PAA 20 °C and PAA 4 °C, respectively. Survival was also affected by the preculture temperature; 20 °C-grown cultures resulted in lower survival at PAA 20 °C. Nevertheless, preculture at 4 °C resulted in a similar number of surviving cells when exposed to PAA 4 °C compared to cells precultured at 30 °C and exposed to PAA at 4 °C. Flow cytometry was subsequently used to quantify outgrowth capacity of stressed and sublethal damaged populations following sorting of single cells in nutrient rich medium (Tryptone soy broth supplemented with yeast extract [TSBY]). PAA treatment affected the outgrowth of L. monocytogenes at single-cell level resulting in increased outgrowth-times reflecting higher single cell heterogeneity. To conclude, the response of L. monocytogenes when exposed to PAA depended on the preculture conditions, and the highly heterogeneous outgrowth potential of PAA-injured cells may affect their detection accuracy and pose a food safety risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Siderakou
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Evangelia Zilelidou
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Marcel Tempelaars
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tjakko Abee
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Panagiotis Skandamis
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Heidy M W den Besten
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Cai W, Willmon E, Burgos FA, Ray CL, Hanson T, Arias CR. Biofilm and Sediment are Major Reservoirs of Virulent Aeromonas hydrophila (vAh) in Catfish Production Ponds. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2019; 31:112-120. [PMID: 30549304 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The genus Aeromonas comprises more than 60 recognized species that include many important fish pathogens such as the causative agents of furunculosis and motile Aeromonas septicemia (MAS). Although MAS is typically considered a secondary infection, a new virulent A. hydrophila (vAh) strain has been causing devastating losses to the catfish industry in Alabama since 2009. The objective of this study was to characterize the spatiotemporal distribution of Aeromonas sp. and, specifically, vAh in a commercial catfish farm in western Alabama. We sampled biofilm, sediment, and water from three ponds during four consecutive months during the growing season. Total aerobic counts were between 8.8 × 105 and 1.5 × 106 CFU/mL but were significantly higher in biofilm and sediment than in water throughout the sampling period. Total Aeromonas counts in water samples significantly increased in all three ponds after the month of August and ranged from 7.8 × 103 to 4.9 × 104 CFU/mL. A similar trend was observed in biofilm and sediment samples for which total Aeromonas counts increased in samples taken in late summer to early fall. Over time, the concentration of Aeromonas in water samples decreased by one order of magnitude, while there was a significant increase in sediments as temperature dropped. The virulent vAh was detected in 35.4% of biofilm samples and 22.9% of sediment samples, suggesting that both environments serve as the major reservoir for this pathogen. Future monitoring efforts should focus on targeting sediment and biofilms since samples of these appear to naturally enrich for the presence of vAh and other Aeromonas species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Cai
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, Alabama, 36849, USA
| | - Evelyn Willmon
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, Alabama, 36849, USA
- Department of Poultry Sciences, Auburn University, 260 Lem Morrison Drive, Auburn, Alabama, 36849, USA
| | - Francisca A Burgos
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, Alabama, 36849, USA
| | - Candis L Ray
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, Alabama, 36849, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, Arkansas, 72160, USA
| | - Terry Hanson
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, Alabama, 36849, USA
| | - C R Arias
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, Alabama, 36849, USA
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The fight for invincibility: Environmental stress response mechanisms and Aeromonas hydrophila. Microb Pathog 2018; 116:135-145. [PMID: 29355702 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is a freshwater-dwelling zoonotic bacterium that has economic importance in aquaculture. In the past decade, Aeromonas hydrophila has become increasingly important because of its emergence as a food-borne zoonotic pathogen that is resistant to different treatment regimes. Being an aquatic bacterium, Aeromonas hydrophila is frequently subjected to several stressful environmental conditions, including changes in temperature, acidic pH and starvation that challenge its survival. To cope with these stressful conditions, like every cell, A. hydrophila possesses stress response mechanisms, such as alternative sigma factors, two-component systems, heat shock proteins, cold shock proteins, and acid tolerance response systems that eventually lead the fittest to survive. Moreover, the establishment of genetic variations among the strains related to environmental stress is also of great concern. This review presents the understandings based on inter-strain variations and stress response behavior of A. hydrophila that are important to control the increasing outbreaks of this bacterium in both human populations and aquaculture.
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