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Ling N, Jiang Y, Zeng H, Ding Y, Forsythe S. Advances in our understanding and distribution of the Cronobacter genus in China. J Food Sci 2021; 86:276-283. [PMID: 33438222 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review considers how research in China has progressed our understanding and subsequent improved control of Cronobacter. This emergent bacterial pathogen is associated with neonatal infections through the ingestion of contaminated prepared feed. The review includes large-scale surveys of various sources of the organism, including infant formula production facilities. The analysis of over 20,000 samples is presented. Over 10,000 being from powdered infant formula and other infant foods as well as environmental sampling of production facilities, the remaining being from food, food ingredients, and human carriage. A major advance in China was adopting DNA-sequence-based methods (that is, multilocus sequence typing, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-cas array profiling, and single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis) for the identification and genotyping of the organism. These methods have considerably advanced our understanding of the taxonomy, ecology, and virulence of this organism. In turn, this has improved source tracking of the organism both in infant formula production facilities and epidemiological investigations. Furthermore, whole-genome sequencing has revealed a range of virulence and persistence mechanisms as well as plasmid-borne multidrug resistance traits. China now has reliable and robust methods for accurate microbial source tracking of Cronobacter for use both in the food production environment and epidemiological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ling
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.,Guangdong Institute of Microbiology & Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application & Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yujun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology & Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application & Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Oluwaseun Alegbeleye O, Sant’Ana AS. Understanding the public health burden of unconventional produce-associated enteropathogens. Curr Opin Food Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Identification and Characterization of Cronobacter Strains Isolated from Environmental Samples. Curr Microbiol 2019; 76:1467-1476. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01776-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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The occurrence and distribution characteristics of Cronobacter in diverse cereal kernels, flour, and flour-based products. Food Microbiol 2019; 84:103269. [PMID: 31421791 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cronobacter was positive in cereals at a relatively high rate. In the present study, we investigated the occurrence and characteristics of this pathogen systematically in diverse cereals. All sampled food (N = 467) contained Cronobacter with a high positive rate of 54.0%. The enumeration experiment showed the concentration ranged from 0.3 to more than 110 MPN/100 g, and 87.9% of 127 samples were less than 10 MPN/100 g. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in positive rates for Cronobacter among cereal kernels (40.2%), cereal flour (66.7%), cereal products made from raw cereal flour (87.6%), and cereal products made from flour (ready-to-eat) (17.4%). The dominant Cronobacter species was C. sakazakii and C. dublinensis, followed by C. malonaticus and C. turicensis. Two interesting clusters with more than 90% similarities were identified by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The C1 cluster (four isolates) indicated these strains were derived from a common source and persisted in the food production environment for an extended time. The C2 cluster (six isolates) indicated the pathogen could be transmitted via cereal processing. Our research provided baseline data for Cronobacter in diverse cereals and was helpful for understanding Cronobacter transmission. The results also indicate that additional control measures should be developed to reduce the risk of infection by these opportunistic pathogenic bacteria.
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Lou X, Yu H, Wang X, Qi J, Zhang W, Wang H, Si G, Song S, Huang C, Liu T, Zheng W, Fang Z. Potential reservoirs and routes of Cronobacter transmission during cereal growing, processing and consumption. Food Microbiol 2019; 79:90-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Ling N, Li C, Zhang J, Wu Q, Zeng H, He W, Ye Y, Wang J, Ding Y, Chen M, Xue L, Ye Q, Guo W. Prevalence and Molecular and Antimicrobial Characteristics of Cronobacter spp. Isolated From Raw Vegetables in China. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1149. [PMID: 29922254 PMCID: PMC5996200 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. is a foodborne pathogen that causes life-threatening and invasive diseases, such as necrotizing enterocolitis, meningitis, and sepsis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence, molecular characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of Cronobacter spp. in raw vegetables marketed in China. Based on dietary habits in China, 403 raw vegetables that could be eaten without additional cooking were collected. Of the 403 samples tested, 122 (30.27%) were positive for Cronobacter spp., and the contamination levels exceeded 110 most probable number (MPN)/g for 16.39% (20/122) of the samples. Coriander samples had the highest contamination rate of 52.81%, and the MPN values of 19.15% of positive coriander samples exceeded 100 MPN/g. Eleven serotypes were identified among 171 isolates, with Cronobacter sakazakii serogroup O1 (41 isolates) being the dominant serotype. Molecular characterization indicated that there was quite high genetic diversity in Cronobacter spp., and multilocus sequence typing analyses yielded 106 sequence types (STs), 55 of which were newly identified. Notably, the most prevalent ST (eight isolates) was C. malonaticus ST60, which appeared in a recent clinical infectious disease study in China. Five C. sakazakii ST4, seven C. malonaticus ST7, and three C. sakazakii ST8 confirmed as pathogenic STs in other countries were also detected in this study. Furthermore, all isolates were susceptible to amikacin, amoxicillin-clavulanic, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, and imipenem, but some isolates exhibited a high ratio of resistance to cephalothin (59.65%). In this study, the high contamination rate and the detection of pathogenic and new STs in raw vegetables indicated potential hazards to customers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to provide valuable information on the contamination status of Cronobacter spp. in vegetables that can be eaten raw in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ling
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengsi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing He
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingwang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weipeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
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Molecular methods for diversity assessment among xanthomonads of Bulgarian and Macedonian pepper. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49 Suppl 1:246-259. [PMID: 29784602 PMCID: PMC6328724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial spot is an important disease of pepper in Bulgaria and Macedonia. For characterization of Xanthomonas species associated with bacterial spot, 161 strains were collected from various field pepper-growing regions. Among them, 131 strains were identified as Xanthomonas euvesicatoria and 30 as Xanthomonas vesicatoria using species-specific primers and polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. To assess the genetic diversity of the strains, two methods (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA and Repetitive Element Palindromic-Polymerase Chain Reaction) were applied. Discriminatory index was calculated and analysis of molecular variance was carried out. Combined random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of the X. euvesicatoria strains with primers CUGEA-4 and CUGEA-6 had greater discriminative power (0.60) than repetitive element palindromic-polymerase chain reaction with ERIC and BOX A1R primers, which makes this method applicable for strain diversity evaluation. Discrimination among the X. vesicatoria strains was achieved by the use of ERIC primers and only for the Bulgarian strains. The results demonstrated that X. euvesicatoria was more diverse than X. vesicatoria and heterogeneity was observed mainly in the Bulgarian populations. According to the analysis of molecular variance, genetic variations in X. euvesicatoria were observed among and within populations from different regions, while the differences between the two countries were minor. Following the principal coordinates analysis, a relation between the climatic conditions of the regions and a genetic distance of the populations may be suggested.
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Comparative proteomic analysis of Cronobacter sakazakii by iTRAQ provides insights into response to desiccation. Food Res Int 2017; 100:631-639. [PMID: 28873731 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is a foodborne pathogen throughout the world and survives extremely desiccation stress. However, the molecular basis involved in desiccation resistance of C. sakazakii is still unknown. In this study, the potential desiccation resistance factors of C. sakazakii ATCC 29544 were determined using iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis. A total of 2775 proteins were identified by iTRAQ, of which 233 showed a different protein expression between control group and desiccation stress group. Among these 233 proteins identified as desiccation resistance proteins, there were 146 proteins downregulated and 87 proteins upregulated. According to the comprehensive proteome coverage analysis, C. sakazakii increased its resistance to desiccation by reducing the gene involved with unnecessary survival functions such as those used for virulence, adhesion, invasion and flagella assembly, while increasing gene expression of genes used in withstanding osmotic stress such as those genes involved in trehalose and betaine uptake. However, the mechanism involved in amino acid metabolism in an osmotic stress response, including the producing of γ-aminobutyric acid in C. sakazakii is still uncertain. This is the first report to determine the potential desiccation resistant factors of C. sakazakii at the proteomic levels.
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Hu S, Yu Y, Wu X, Xia X, Xiao X, Wu H. Simultaneous detection and identification of pathogenic Cronobacter
species by high-resolution melting analysis in powdered infant formulas. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangfang Hu
- School of Food Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Yigang Yu
- School of Food Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Xinwei Wu
- Department of Microbiology; Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Qide Road No. 2 Guangzhou Guangdong 510440 China
| | - Xingzhou Xia
- College of Food Science and Technology; Guangdong Ocean University; Zhanjiang Guangdong 524088 China
| | - Xinglong Xiao
- School of Food Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Hui Wu
- School of Food Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
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Tall BD, Gangiredla J, Grim CJ, Patel IR, Jackson SA, Mammel MK, Kothary MH, Sathyamoorthy V, Carter L, Fanning S, Iversen C, Pagotto F, Stephan R, Lehner A, Farber J, Yan QQ, Gopinath GR. Use of a Pan-Genomic DNA Microarray in Determination of the Phylogenetic Relatedness among Cronobacter spp. and Its Use as a Data Mining Tool to Understand Cronobacter Biology. MICROARRAYS 2017; 6:microarrays6010006. [PMID: 28273858 PMCID: PMC5374366 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter (previously known as Enterobacter sakazakii) is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. These organisms cause a variety of illnesses such as meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and septicemia in neonates and infants, and urinary tract, wound, abscesses or surgical site infections, septicemia, and pneumonia in adults. The total gene content of 379 strains of Cronobacter spp. and taxonomically-related isolates was determined using a recently reported DNA microarray. The Cronobacter microarray as a genotyping tool gives the global food safety community a rapid method to identify and capture the total genomic content of outbreak isolates for food safety, environmental, and clinical surveillance purposes. It was able to differentiate the seven Cronobacter species from one another and from non-Cronobacter species. The microarray was also able to cluster strains within each species into well-defined subgroups. These results also support previous studies on the phylogenic separation of species members of the genus and clearly highlight the evolutionary sequence divergence among each species of the genus compared to phylogenetically-related species. This review extends these studies and illustrates how the microarray can also be used as an investigational tool to mine genomic data sets from strains. Three case studies describing the use of the microarray are shown and include: (1) the determination of allelic differences among Cronobacter sakazakii strains possessing the virulence plasmid pESA3; (2) mining of malonate and myo-inositol alleles among subspecies of Cronobacter dublinensis strains to determine subspecies identity; and (3) lastly using the microarray to demonstrate sequence divergence and phylogenetic relatedness trends for 13 outer-membrane protein alleles among 240 Cronobacter and phylogenetically-related strains. The goal of this review is to describe microarrays as a robust tool for genomics research of this assorted and important genus, a criterion toward the development of future preventative measures to eliminate this foodborne pathogen from the global food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben D Tall
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
| | - Christopher J Grim
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
| | - Isha R Patel
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
| | - Scott A Jackson
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
- Complex Microbial Systems Group Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Mark K Mammel
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
| | - Mahendra H Kothary
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
| | - Venugopal Sathyamoorthy
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
| | - Laurenda Carter
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College, Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland.
| | - Carol Iversen
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH Scotland, UK.
| | - Franco Pagotto
- Food Directorate, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 272, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Angelika Lehner
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 272, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jeffery Farber
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Qiong Q Yan
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College, Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland.
| | - Gopal R Gopinath
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
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