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Li Y, He Y, Lam CH, Nah T. Environmental photochemistry of organic UV filter butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane: Implications for photochemical fate in surface waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156145. [PMID: 35613640 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the widespread use of sunscreen and other personal care products, organic ultraviolet filters (OUVFs) have become widely detected in the aquatic environment. Direct and indirect photolysis are important transformation pathways of OUVFs in aquatic environments, so their transformation products (TPs) are also chemicals of concern. Butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDBM) is one of the most commonly used OUVFs worldwide due to its ability to absorb ultraviolet light across a wide range of wavelengths, and it is ubiquitously detected in aquatic environments. In this study, we investigated the photodegradation of BMDBM through direct photolysis and hydroxyl radical (•OH) photooxidation. TPs were identified using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, and reaction mechanisms were proposed. Our results showed that the photodegradation rates for both enol and keto tautomer forms of BMDBM during direct photolysis and •OH photooxidation were similar. The formation of TPs resulted from α-cleavage and decarbonylation reactions involving the keto form of BMDBM. Comparisons of the kinetic data and TPs revealed that the direct photolysis mechanism was a significant sink for BMDBM even during •OH photooxidation. Evaluations of environmental properties based on the predicted physicochemical properties of BMDBM and TPs suggests that some of the TPs will have higher mobility than BMDBM. The quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) approach was used to evaluate the ecotoxicity of BMDBM and the identified TPs. Most TPs were found to be less ecotoxic than BMDBM; however, TPs that had a diphenyl ring structure could be more ecotoxic than BMDBM. Overall, this study provides new insights into the photochemical behavior and ecotoxicity of BMDBM and its TPs, which are important for assessing the fate, persistence, accumulation, and adverse impacts of these compounds in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Li
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yuhe He
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chun Ho Lam
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Theodora Nah
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Linnik PN, Zhezherya VA. Features of the Hydrochemical Regime of Water Bodies of Urbanized Areas in Summer: II. Coexisting Forms of Metals. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221130119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Kurtz T, Zeng T, Rosario-Ortiz FL. Photodegradation of cyanotoxins in surface waters. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 192:116804. [PMID: 33494040 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyanotoxin-producing harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a global occurrence and pose ecotoxicological threats to humans and animals alike. The presence of cyanotoxins can seriously harm or kill nearby wildlife and restrict a body of water's use as a drinking water supply and recreational site, making it imperative to fully understand their fate and transport in natural waters. Photodegradation contributes to the overall degradation of cyanotoxins in environmental systems, especially for those present in the photic zone of surface waters. This makes photochemical transformation mechanisms important factors to account for when assessing the persistence of cyanotoxins in environmental systems. This paper reviews current knowledge on the photodegradation rates and pathways of cyanotoxins that can occur over the course of HABs. Sensitized, or indirect, photolysis contributes to the degradation of all cyanotoxins addressed in this paper (anatoxins, cylindrospermopsins, domoic acids, microcystins, and nodularins), with hydroxyl radicals (•OH), excited triplet states formed from the absorption of light by dissolved organic matter (3DOM*), and photosynthetic pigment sensitized pathways being of primary interest. Direct photolysis pathways play a less significant role, but are still relevant for most of the cyanotoxins discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Kurtz
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States; Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Teng Zeng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States
| | - Fernando L Rosario-Ortiz
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States; Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.
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Muszyński P, Brodowska MS, Paszko T. Occurrence and transformation of phenoxy acids in aquatic environment and photochemical methods of their removal: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:1276-1293. [PMID: 31788729 PMCID: PMC6994553 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06510-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The article presents the behavior of phenoxy acids in water, the levels in aquatic ecosystems, and their transformations in the water environment. Phenoxy acids are highly soluble in water and weakly absorbed in soil. These highly mobile compounds are readily transported to surface and groundwater. Monitoring studies conducted in Europe and in other parts of the world indicate that the predominant phenoxy acids in the aquatic environment are mecoprop, 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), dichlorprop, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and their metabolites which are chlorophenol derivatives. In water, the concentrations of phenoxy acids are effectively lowered by hydrolysis, biodegradation, and photodegradation, and a key role is played by microbial decomposition. This process is determined by the qualitative and quantitative composition of microorganisms, oxygen levels in water, and the properties and concentrations of phenoxy acids. In shallow and highly insolated waters, phenoxy acids can be decomposed mainly by photodegradation whose efficiency is determined by the form of the degraded compound. Numerous studies are underway on the use of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to remove phenoxy acids. The efficiency of phenoxy acid degradation using AOPs varies depending on the choice of oxidizing system and the conditions optimizing the oxidation process. Most often, methods combining UV radiation with other reagents are used to oxidize phenoxy acids. It has been found that this solution is more effective compared with the oxidation process carried out using only UV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Muszyński
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka Street 15, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marzena S Brodowska
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka Street 15, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Tadeusz Paszko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka Street 15, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
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Buitrago JL, Sanabria J, Gútierrez-Zapata HM, Urbano-Ceron FJ, García-Barco A, Osorio-Vargas P, Rengifo-Herrera JA. Photo-Fenton process at natural conditions of pH, iron, ions, and humic acids for degradation of diuron and amoxicillin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:1608-1624. [PMID: 31749011 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Effect of ferric ions at concentrations typically found in natural waters (0.05 to 1.06 mg L-1) and low H2O2 concentrations (between 0.5 and 17.9 mg L-1) on simulated sunlight-induced (300 W m-2) photo-Fenton degradation at initial neutral pH (7.0) of amoxicillin and diuron in Milli-Q water was studied using an rotatable central composite experimental design 22 with a central and two axial points. H2O2 concentration was the parameter playing the key role on the degradation of both pollutants. Despite that initial pH was 7.0 in Milli-Q water, this latter decreased rapidly in the first minutes, reaching values of 3.5 and 5.0 for diuron and amoxicillin respectively after 15 min of simulated sunlight irradiation. In contrast, in presence of bicarbonate/carbonate (HCO3-/CO3=), fluoride (F-), and humic acids (HAs) at concentrations found often in surface and well waters with ferric ion and H2O2 concentrations of 0.3 and 9.7 and 15.2 mg L-1 respectively, both pollutants exhibited a strong degradation keeping the circumneutral pH. Amoxicillin and diuron degradation byproducts found by HPLC/MS were compatible with HO• and/or CO3-• radical attack. Several photo-induced processes such as photo-Fenton (by dissolved ferric-HA complexes), heterogeneous photocatalysis (by colloidal iron), UV-B H2O2 photolysis, irradiated-dissolved organic matter, and their reactions with pollutants would be the main oxidative route responsible of degradations. These findings demonstrated that it could be possible using iron concentrations often found in natural waters to oxidize via photo-Fenton processes among other events, organic pollutants at natural pH conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Buitrago
- Grupo Investigación en Fotocatálisis y Estado Sólido, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Escuela de Química, Pereira, Risaralda, 660003, Colombia
| | - Janeth Sanabria
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Engineering School of Environmental & Natural Resources, Engineering Faculty, Universidad del Valle - Sede Meléndez, A.A. 25360, Santiago de Cali, Colombia
| | - Héctor M Gútierrez-Zapata
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Engineering School of Environmental & Natural Resources, Engineering Faculty, Universidad del Valle - Sede Meléndez, A.A. 25360, Santiago de Cali, Colombia
| | - Frankly J Urbano-Ceron
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses, Cali, Colombia
| | - Alejandra García-Barco
- Grupo Investigación en Fotocatálisis y Estado Sólido, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Escuela de Química, Pereira, Risaralda, 660003, Colombia
| | - Paula Osorio-Vargas
- Grupo Investigación en Fotocatálisis y Estado Sólido, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Escuela de Química, Pereira, Risaralda, 660003, Colombia.
- Laboratory of Thermal and Catalytic Processes (LPTC) Chemical Engineering School, University of Bío-Bío, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Julián A Rengifo-Herrera
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas "Dr. J.J. Ronco" (CINDECA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP-CCT La Plata, CONICET, |47 No. 257, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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McConville MB, Mezyk SP, Remucal CK. Indirect photodegradation of the lampricides TFM and niclosamide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:1028-1039. [PMID: 28675238 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00208d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
3-Trifluromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide (niclosamide) are lampricides used in tributaries of the Great Lakes to kill the invasive parasitic sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Although the lampricides have been applied since the late 1950s, their photochemical behavior in natural environments is still not well understood. This study examines the indirect photodegradation of these two compounds and the resulting yields of organic and inorganic photoproducts in water samples collected from five tributaries of Lake Michigan. The tributaries were selected to span the length of Lake Michigan and its natural carbonate geologic gradient. In the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM), the niclosamide photodegradation rate triples, while the rate of TFM photodegradation is unchanged. Additionally, the yield of lampricide organic products is influenced by DOM because many of the organic photoproducts themselves are prone to DOM-mediated indirect photodegradation. The indirect photodegradation of niclosamide is primarily mediated by reaction with singlet oxygen, which accounts for more than 50% of the increased photodegradation rate. Additionally, hydroxyl radicals and carbonate radicals (CO3-˙) influence niclosamide indirect photolysis, and their contribution is dependent on the specific river water chemistry. For example, CO3-˙ contribution to niclosamide photodegradation, while small, is greater in southern tributaries where there is higher carbonate alkalinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan B McConville
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Gutiérrez-Zapata HM, Alvear-Daza JJ, Rengifo-Herrera JA, Sanabria J. Addition of Hydrogen Peroxide to Groundwater with Natural Iron Induces Water Disinfection by Photo-Fenton at Circumneutral pH and other Photochemical Events. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1224-1231. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Mario Gutiérrez-Zapata
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory; Engineering School of Environmental & Natural Resources; Engineering Faculty; Universidad del Valle - Sede Meléndez; Cali Colombia
| | - John Jairo Alvear-Daza
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory; Engineering School of Environmental & Natural Resources; Engineering Faculty; Universidad del Valle - Sede Meléndez; Cali Colombia
| | - Julián Andrés Rengifo-Herrera
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas “Dr. J.J. Ronco” (CINDECA); Departamento de Química; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; UNLP-CCT La Plata; La Plata Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Janeth Sanabria
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory; Engineering School of Environmental & Natural Resources; Engineering Faculty; Universidad del Valle - Sede Meléndez; Cali Colombia
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Studziński W, Gackowska A, Przybyłek M, Gaca J. Studies on the formation of formaldehyde during 2-ethylhexyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate demethylation in the presence of reactive oxygen and chlorine species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:8049-8061. [PMID: 28133704 PMCID: PMC5384958 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to protect the skin from UV radiation, personal care products (PCPS) often contain chemical UV-filters. These compounds can enter the environment causing serious consequences on the water ecosystems. The aim of this study was to examine, the effect of different factors, such as UV light, the presence of NaOCl and H2O2 on the formaldehyde formation during popular UV filter, 2-ethylhexyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (ODPABA) demethylation. The concentration of formaldehyde was determined by VIS spectrophotometry after derivatization. The reaction mixtures were qualitatively analyzed using GC/MS chromatography. The highest concentration of formaldehyde was observed in the case of ODPABA/H2O2/UV reaction mixture. In order to describe two types of demethylation mechanisms, namely, radical and ionic, the experimental results were enriched with Fukui function analysis and thermodynamic calculations. In the case of non-irradiated system containing ODPABA and NaOCl, demethylation reaction probably proceeds via ionic mechanism. As it was established, amino nitrogen atom in the ODPABA molecule is the most susceptible site for the HOCl electrophilic attack, which is the first step of ionic demethylation mechanism. In the case of irradiated mixtures, the reaction is probably radical in nature. The results of thermodynamic calculations showed that abstraction of the hydrogen from N(CH3)2 group is more probable than from 2-ethylhexyl moiety, which indicates higher susceptibility of N(CH3)2 to the oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Studziński
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, University of Technology and Life Sciences, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Alicja Gackowska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, University of Technology and Life Sciences, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maciej Przybyłek
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Kurpińskiego 5, 85-950, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Gaca
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, University of Technology and Life Sciences, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Gutiérrez-Zapata HM, Rojas KL, Sanabria J, Rengifo-Herrera JA. 2,4-D abatement from groundwater samples by photo-Fenton processes at circumneutral pH using naturally iron present. Effect of inorganic ions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:6213-6221. [PMID: 27324499 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated, at laboratory scale, if the using iron naturally present (0.3 mg L-1) and adding 10 mg L-1 of hydrogen peroxide was effective to remove 24.3 mgL-1 of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from groundwater samples by simulated solar irradiation (global intensity = 300 W m-2). Under these conditions, the degradation of 2,4-D reached 75.2 % and the apparition of its main oxidation byproduct 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) was observed. On the other hand, pH exhibited an increasing from 7.0 to 8.3 during the experiment. Experiments using Milli-Q water at pH 7.0, iron, and H2O2 concentrations of 0.3 and 10 mg L-1, respectively, were carried out in order to study the effect of ions such as carbonate species, phosphate, and fluoride in typical concentrations often found in groundwater. Ion concentrations were combined by using a factorial experimental design 23. Results showed that carbonates and fluoride did not produce a detrimental effect on the 2,4-D degradation, while phosphate inhibited the process. In this case, the pH increased also from 7.0 to 7.95 and 8.99. Effect of parameters such as pH, iron concentration, and hydrogen peroxide concentration on the 2,4-D degradation by the photo-Fenton process in groundwater was evaluated by using a factorial experimental design 23. Results showed that the pH was the main parameter affecting the process. This study shows for the first time that using the photo-Fenton process at circumneutral pH and iron naturally present seems to be a promising process to remove pesticides from groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor M Gutiérrez-Zapata
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Engineering School of Environmental and Natural Resources, Engineering Faculty, Universidad del Valle - Sede Meléndez, A.A. 25360, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Santiago de Cali, Valle, Colombia
| | - Karen L Rojas
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Engineering School of Environmental and Natural Resources, Engineering Faculty, Universidad del Valle - Sede Meléndez, A.A. 25360, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Santiago de Cali, Valle, Colombia
| | - Janeth Sanabria
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Engineering School of Environmental and Natural Resources, Engineering Faculty, Universidad del Valle - Sede Meléndez, A.A. 25360, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Santiago de Cali, Valle, Colombia.
| | - Julián Andrés Rengifo-Herrera
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas "Dr. J.J. Ronco" (CINDECA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP-CCT La Plata, CONICET, 47 No. 257, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Minella M, Leoni B, Salmaso N, Savoye L, Sommaruga R, Vione D. Long-term trends of chemical and modelled photochemical parameters in four Alpine lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:247-256. [PMID: 26410700 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Based on long-term trends of water chemistry parameters of photochemical significance from four lakes located in the Alps (Iseo, Garda, Piburgersee, Geneva), we calculated the corresponding steady-state concentrations of photoinduced transient species with an ad-hoc photochemical model. Such transients were the hydroxyl ((•)OH) and carbonate (CO3(-•)) radicals, singlet oxygen ((1)O2), and the triplet states of chromophoric dissolved organic matter ((3)CDOM*). Among the investigated lakes, Lake Iseo, for example, showed a long-term near-stability in chemical parameters that resulted in a photochemical stability. By contrast, Piburgersee underwent important chemical modifications, but the interplay of compensation (parallel increase of both inorganic and organic carbon) and near-saturation effects (organic matter as main (•)OH source and sink) prevented the modelled photochemistry to undergo significant shifts over time. This result suggests the occurrence of a sort of "photochemical buffering" in some lake ecosystems, which would dampen modifications of the steady-state concentration of the photochemically-formed reactive transients, even in the case of significant changes in water chemistry. Finally, in lakes Garda and Geneva, long-term changes in water chemistry had an effect on photochemistry. While in Lake Garda the small increase in DOM was associated to a small increase in (1)O2 and (3)CDOM*, in Lake Geneva, the increases in pH and bicarbonate and the decrease in nitrite resulted in an (•)OH decrease. Overall, our results predict very different lake photochemistry patterns in relation to alterations in water chemistry parameters caused by climate change, such as changes in water alkalinity and dissolved organic carbon concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Minella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Leoni
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Nico Salmaso
- IASMA Research and Innovation Centre, Istituto Agrario di S. Michele all'Adige - Fondazione E. Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige (Trento), Italy
| | - Liliane Savoye
- Lake Hydrobiology Unit, UMR0042 CARRTEL (Centre Alpin de Recherche sur les Réseaux Trophiques des Ecosystèmes Limniques), I.N.R.A (Institut National Recherche Agronomique), 75 avenue de Corzent, 74203 Thonon-Les-Bains, France
| | - Ruben Sommaruga
- Lake and Glacier Ecology Research Group, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Davide Vione
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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