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Iftikhar L, Ahmad I, Saleem M, Rasheed A, Waseem A. Exploring the chemistry of waste eggshells and its diverse applications. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 189:348-363. [PMID: 39236470 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
The large-scale production of chicken eggs results in a substantial amount of eggshell (ES) residue, often considered as waste. These discarded shells naturally decompose in soil approximately within a year. Eggshells (ES), comparatively contribute lesser towards environmental pollution, contain a remarkable amount of calcium, which can be converted into various valuable products that finds applications in industries, pharmaceuticals, and medicine. Among the diverse applications of ES, most effective and promising applications are removal of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, and Cu) ∼93-99 % metal adsorption capacity and capturing of flue gases (CO2 and SO2) from the environment. With ES having a maximum CO2 sorption capacity of 92 % as compared to other sources, and SO2 adsorption capacity of Calcined ES∼11.68 mg/g. The abundance, low cost and easy availability of CaO from ES makes them sustainable and eco-friendly. Additionally, its versatility extends beyond environmental prospects, as it is widely used in various industries as a catalyst, sorbent, fertilizer, and calcium supplement in food for individuals, plants and animals, among other diverse fields of study. Owing to its versatile applications, current review focuses on structure, chemical composition, treatment methods, and valorization pathways for diverse applications, aiming to reduce the eggshells waste and mitigate environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiba Iftikhar
- Department of Chemistry Allama, Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry Allama, Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Department of Chemistry Allama, Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Aamir Rasheed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Kotli, Kotli 11100, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Amir Waseem
- Analytical Lab, Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Bora AP, Konda LDNVV, Paluri P, Durbha KS. Valorization of hazardous waste cooking oil for the production of eco-friendly biodiesel using a low-cost bifunctional catalyst. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:55596-55614. [PMID: 36897444 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is considered the prospective substitute for non-renewable fossil fuel-derived sources of energy. However, the high costs of feedstocks and catalysts inhibit its large-scale industrial implementation. From this perspective, the utilization of waste as the source for both catalyst synthesis and feedstock for biodiesel is a rare attempt. Waste rice husk was explored as a precursor to prepare rice husk char (RHC). Sulfonated RHC was employed as a bifunctional catalyst for the simultaneous esterification and transesterification of highly acidic waste cooking oil (WCO) to produce biodiesel. The sulfonation process coupled with ultrasonic irradiation proved to be an efficient technique to induce high acid density in the sulfonated catalyst. The prepared catalyst possessed a sulfonic density and total acid density of 4.18 and 7.58 mmol/g, respectively, and a surface area of 144 m2/g. A parametric optimization was conducted for the conversion of WCO into biodiesel using the response surface methodology. An optimal biodiesel yield of 96% was obtained under the conditions of methanol to oil ratio (13:1), reaction time (50 min), catalyst loading (3.5 wt%), and ultrasonic amplitude (56%). The prepared catalyst showed higher stability up to five cycles with biodiesel yield greater than 80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Pratim Bora
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - Lutukurthi D N V V Konda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - Paidinaidu Paluri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - Krishna Sandilya Durbha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, 826004, Jharkhand, India.
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Tang Y, Tao S, Meng M, Zhang J, Zhang Z. Conversion of Rapeseed Oil to Biodiesel on KF/γ-Al2O3 CATALYST. THEOR EXP CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11237-021-09708-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Qi X, Guo Y, Chen Q, Zhao X, Ao X. Preparation and performance of a kitchen waste oil‐modified polyvinyl alcohol‐grafted urea slow‐release fertilizer. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guizhou University Huaxi District Guiyang China
| | - Yu Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guizhou University Huaxi District Guiyang China
| | - Qianlin Chen
- Institute of Advanced Technology Guizhou University Huaxi District Guiyang China
| | - Xiaohan Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guizhou University Huaxi District Guiyang China
| | - Xianquan Ao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guizhou University Huaxi District Guiyang China
- Institute of Advanced Technology Guizhou University Huaxi District Guiyang China
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Maroa S, Inambao F. A review of sustainable biodiesel production using biomass derived heterogeneous catalysts. Eng Life Sci 2021; 21:790-824. [PMID: 34899118 PMCID: PMC8638282 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of biodiesel through chemical production processes of transesterification reaction depends on suitable catalysts to hasten the chemical reactions. Therefore, the initial selection of catalysts is critical although it is also dependent on the quantity of free fatty acids in a given sample of oil. Earlier forms of biodiesel production processes relied on homogeneous catalysts, which have undesirable effects such as toxicity, high flammability, corrosion, by-products such as soap and glycerol, and high wastewater. Heterogeneous catalysts overcome most of these problems. Recent developments involve novel approaches using biomass and bio-waste resource derived heterogeneous catalysts. These catalysts are renewable, non-toxic, reusable, offer high catalytic activity and stability in both acidic and base conditions, and show high tolerance properties to water. This review work critically reviews biomass-based heterogeneous catalysts, especially those utilized in sustainable production of biofuel and biodiesel. This review examines the sustainability of these catalysts in literature in terms of small-scale laboratory and industrial applications in large-scale biodiesel and biofuel production. Furthermore, this work will critically review natural heterogeneous biomass waste and bio-waste catalysts in relation to upcoming nanotechnologies. Finally, this work will review the gaps identified in the literature for heterogeneous catalysts derived from biomass and other biocatalysts with a view to identifying future prospects for heterogeneous catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semakula Maroa
- College of Agriculture Science and EngineeringDiscipline of Mechanical EngineeringGreen Energy GroupUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Freddie Inambao
- College of Agriculture Science and EngineeringDiscipline of Mechanical EngineeringGreen Energy GroupUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
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Waheed M, Yousaf M, Shehzad A, Inam-Ur-Raheem M, Khan MKI, Khan MR, Ahmad N, Abdullah, Aadil RM. Channelling eggshell waste to valuable and utilizable products: A comprehensive review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Optimization of Waste Vegetable Oil–Diesel Blends for Engine Performance: A Response Surface Approach. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-020-04843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tang Y, Yang Y, Liu H, Yan T, Zhang Z. Preparation of nano-CaO and catalyzing tri-component coupling transesterification to produce biodiesel. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2020.1720726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianlan Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhifang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University, Yulin, China
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Chang FC, Tsai MJ, Ko CH. Agricultural waste derived fuel from oil meal and waste cooking oil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:5223-5230. [PMID: 28551739 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oil meal is a by-product of the oil industry (peanut meal, sesame meal, and camellia meal). Oil is extracted from seeds, and the leftover meal is then pelletized, and this process generates a large amount of waste oil meal in Taiwan. In this study, peanut meal, sesame meal, and camellia meal derived fuels were prepared from the waste oil meal with waste cooking oil. The combustion behaviors of the oil meal derived fuels were also investigated. The characteristics of the derived fuel made from oil meal with waste cooking oil showed that the ash content is less than 10% and its calorific value reached 5000 kcal/kg. Additionally, the activation energy of the oil meal and waste cooking oil was analyzed by the Kissinger method. The results show that the fuel prepared in this work from the oil meal mixed with waste cooking oil is suitable for use as an alternative fuel and also avoids food safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Chih Chang
- The Experimental Forest, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No.12, Section 1, Chien-Shan Road, Chu-Shan, Nan-Tou, 55750, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Jer Tsai
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Han Ko
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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Rahman MM, Rasul MG, Hassan NMS, Azad AK, Uddin MN. Effect of small proportion of butanol additive on the performance, emission, and combustion of Australian native first- and second-generation biodiesel in a diesel engine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:22402-22413. [PMID: 28803348 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9920-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to investigate the effect of the addition of 5% alcohol (butanol) with biodiesel-diesel blends on the performance, emissions, and combustion of a naturally aspirated four stroke multi-cylinder diesel engine at different engine speeds (1200 to 2400 rpm) under full load conditions. Three types of local Australian biodiesel, namely macadamia biodiesel (MB), rice bran biodiesel (RB), and waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCB), were used for this study, and the data was compared with results for conventional diesel fuel (B0). Performance results showed that the addition of butanol with diesel-biodiesel blends slightly lowers the engine efficiency. The emission study revealed that the addition of butanol additive with diesel-biodiesel blends lowers the exhaust gas temperature (EGT), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and particulate matter (PM) emissions whereas it increases hydrocarbon (HC) emissions compared to B0. The combustion results indicated that in-cylinder pressure (CP) for additive added fuel is higher (0.45-1.49%), while heat release rate (HRR) was lower (2.60-9.10%) than for B0. Also, additive added fuel lowers the ignition delay (ID) by 23-30% than for B0. Finally, it can be recommended that the addition of 5% butanol with Australian biodiesel-diesel blends can significantly lower the NOx and PM emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mofijur Rahman
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, 4702, Australia.
| | - Mohammad Golam Rasul
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, 4702, Australia
| | - Nur Md Sayeed Hassan
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, 4702, Australia
| | - Abul Kalam Azad
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, 4702, Australia
| | - Md Nasir Uddin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkhla University, Chang Wat Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
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Laca A, Laca A, Díaz M. Eggshell waste as catalyst: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 197:351-359. [PMID: 28407598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural wastes are some of the most emerging problems in food industries because of their disposal cost. However, it is also an opportunity for the bioeconomy society if new uses for these residual materials can be found. Eggshells, considered a hazardous waste by UE regulations, are discarded, amounting hundreds of thousands of tonnes worldwide. This egg processing waste is a valuable source material, which can be used in different fields such as fodder or fertilizer production. Additionally, this residue offers interesting characteristics to be used in other applications, like its employment as an environment-friendly catalyst. In the present review we provide a global view of eggshell waste uses as catalyst in different processes. According to reviewed researching works, a huge variety of added value products can be obtained by using this catalyst which emphasised the interest of further investigations in order to widen the possible uses of this cheap green catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Laca
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería s/n., 33071, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Adriana Laca
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería s/n., 33071, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Mario Díaz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería s/n., 33071, Oviedo, Spain.
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