1
|
Senra MVX, Fonseca AL. Toxicological impacts and likely protein targets of bisphenol a in Paramecium caudatum. Eur J Protistol 2023; 88:125958. [PMID: 36857848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2023.125958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely used plasticizer agent and a well-known ubiquitous endocrine disruptor, which is frequently associated with a series of reproductive, developmental, and transgenerational effects over wildlife, livestocks, and humans. Although extensive toxicological data is available for metazoans, the impact of BPA over unicellular eukaryotes, which represents a considerable proportion of eukaryotic diversity, remains largely overlooked. Here, we used acute end-point toxicological assay and an inverted virtual-screening (IVS) approach to evaluate cellular impairments infringed by BPA over the cosmopolitan ciliated protist, Paramecium caudatum. Our data indicate a clear time-dependent effect over P. caudatum survival, which seems to be a consequence of disruptions to multiple core cellular functions, such as DNA and cell replication, transcription, translation and signaling pathways. Finally, the use of this ciliate as a biosensor to monitor BPA within environments and the relevance of bioinformatic methods to leverage our current knowledge on the impacts of emerging contaminants to biological systems are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus V X Senra
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, 09210-580, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, 37500-903, Itajubá, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Ana Lúcia Fonseca
- Instituto de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, 37500-903, Itajubá, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu J, Yu J, Toth D, Yang J, Chen L. Determination of Free Bisphenol A in Commercially Packaged Ready-to-Consume Carbonated/Non-Carbonated and Non-Alcoholic Beverages with Immunoaffinity Column Purification and UPLC with Fluorescence Detector, First Action 2019.07. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:389-396. [PMID: 33259582 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical of concern in the food industry. There is a need for a sensitive analytical method for the determination of BPA in beverages. OBJECTIVE To develop a method for the determination of BPA in carbonated, non-carbonated, and non-alcoholic drinks. METHOD Replicates of a carbonated soft drink, orange juice with pulp, and a dairy-based coffee drink at spiking levels ranging from 0 to 32 ng/mL were analyzed. The carbonated soft drink was adjusted to pH 7.4 and diluted with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The orange juice with pulp and the dairy-based coffee drink were extracted with methanol and sodium chloride, then diluted with PBS. RESULTS LOD ranged from 0.06 to 0.08 ng/mL and LOQ ranged from 0.10 to 0.14 ng/mL. Recoveries of BPA from all sample types at 1 to 16 ng/mL spiked levels were between 93 and 100%; relative standard deviation (RSDr, %) ranged from 0.71 to 8.38% depending on matrix and spiking levels. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the method for determination of BPA in carbonated, non-carbonated, and non-alcoholic drinks is reproducible and meets AOAC Official MethodSM performance criteria. HIGHLIGHTS The test portions were filtered and the filtrates applied to an immunoaffinity column (IAC) containing antibodies specific for BPA. After the column was washed with water, BPA was eluted from the IAC with 80% methanol and the eluate was directly injected, or concentrated and injected, into ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with fluorescence detector (FLD) for separation, detection, and quantitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Liu
- VICAM, Waters Corporation, 34 Maple St, Milford, MA 01757, USA
| | - Justine Yu
- VICAM, Waters Corporation, 34 Maple St, Milford, MA 01757, USA
| | - Danrey Toth
- VICAM, Waters Corporation, 34 Maple St, Milford, MA 01757, USA
| | - Jinchuan Yang
- VICAM, Waters Corporation, 34 Maple St, Milford, MA 01757, USA
| | - Lingyun Chen
- VICAM, Waters Corporation, 34 Maple St, Milford, MA 01757, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ma W, Wan S, Lin C, Lin X, Xie Z. Towards online specific recognition and sensitive analysis of bisphenol A by using AuNPs@aptamer hybrid-silica affinity monolithic column with LC-MS. Talanta 2020; 219:121275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
4
|
Xu L, Liu X, Chen C, Dias ACP, Zhang X. Determination of Dehydroepiandrosterone in Dietary Supplements and Pharmaceutical Products by a Competitive Chemiluminescent Enzyme Immunoassay. ANAL LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1784913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Xu
- Chinese-German Joint Institute for Natural Product Research, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Xiang Liu
- Chinese-German Joint Institute for Natural Product Research, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Chinese-German Joint Institute for Natural Product Research, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Alberto C. P. Dias
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Chinese-German Joint Institute for Natural Product Research, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu J, Lee ES, Gye MC, Kim YP. Rapid and sensitive determination of bisphenol A using aptamer and split DNAzyme. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 228:110-116. [PMID: 31026631 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing concern regarding bisphenol A (BPA) as an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) upon environmental or human exposure, development of simple method for BPA detection has been hampered, due to the lack of a stable bioreceptor and signal generator. Here, we report a nucleic acid-based rapid and sensitive method for BPA detection, which constitutes a ssDNA aptamer and ssDNAzyme. When the peroxidase-like DNAzyme sequence was split into two parts (one incorporated into the anti-BPA aptamer as a target recognition element and the other into the complementary sequence as a bait), the presence of BPA hindered the association of the split DNA sequence, leading to a reduced signal in the DNAzyme-triggered chemiluminescence (CL). Thus, this NA-based CL measurement permitted the detection of BPA at as low as 5 nM with a broad dynamic range of five orders and with high selectivity towards BPA over other EDCs with structural similarity. With the development of aptamers, our detection method is expected to facilitate studies to monitor EDCs with high simplicity and sensitivity in the field of environmental science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Song Lee
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Chan Gye
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Pil Kim
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea; Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kanemitsu Y, Tsukamoto H, Matsumoto Y, Nozawa-Kumada K, Kondo Y, Abe T, Tomioka Y. Generation and Characterization of Anti-phenyl Sulfate Monoclonal Antibodies and a Potential Use for Phenyl Sulfate Analysis in Human Blood. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:1170-1177. [PMID: 30068866 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have increased blood levels of phenyl sulfate (PS), a circulating uremic toxin. In this study, we produced anti-PS monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and characterized their cross-reactivity to structural PS analogs. To induce PS-specific mAbs, we synthesized 4-mercaptophenyl sulfate with a sulfhydryl group at the para-position of PS and conjugated it to carrier proteins via bifunctional linkers. Using these PS conjugates as immunogens and as antigens for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening, we produced by a hybridoma method two novel mAbs (YK33.1 and YKS19.2) that react with PS conjugates independent of carrier and linker structures. Although all of the PS analogs tested, with the exception of indoxyl sulfate, were cross-reactive to both mAbs in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), PS specificity for YKS19.2 was enhanced in human plasma and serum. YKS19.2 mAb was cross-reactive only with o-cresyl sulfate, which is absent in human blood. PS sensitivity for YKS19.2 mAb increased to an IC50 of 10.4 µg/mL when 0.1% Tween 20 was added in a primary competitive reaction. To explore potential clinical applications, we determined concentrations of PS in serum samples from 19 CKD patients by inhibition ELISA using YKS19.2 mAb and compared them to those found using an LC-MS/MS method. A good correlation was observed between each value (R2=0.825). Therefore, the unique antigen specificity of YKS19.2 mAb could be useful for prescreening of patients with accumulated PS or for comprehensive analysis of uremic toxins that have a PS-like structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitomi Kanemitsu
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Hiroki Tsukamoto
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Yotaro Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Kanako Nozawa-Kumada
- Laboratory of Molecular Transformation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Yoshinori Kondo
- Laboratory of Molecular Transformation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Takaaki Abe
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University.,Department of Clinical Biology and Hormonal Regulation, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University
| | - Yoshihisa Tomioka
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rebocho S, Cordas CM, Viveiros R, Casimiro T. Development of a ferrocenyl-based MIP in supercritical carbon dioxide: Towards an electrochemical sensor for bisphenol A. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
8
|
Molecularly imprinted electrochemical aptasensor for the attomolar detection of bisphenol A. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:265. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-2810-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
9
|
Yao K, Wen K, Shan W, Xie S, Peng T, Wang J, Jiang H, Shao B. Development of an immunoaffinity column for the highly sensitive analysis of bisphenol A in 14 kinds of foodstuffs using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1080:50-58. [PMID: 29477067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An immunoaffinity clean-up material based on a monoclonal antibody (mAb) has been prepared for concentrating and purifying bisphenol A (BPA) in 14 kinds of foodstuffs at trace level. Haptens and immunogen of bisphenol A have been synthesized and comprehensively characterized. An mAb towards BPA was prepared and cross-reactivities with 14 BPA analogues were below 5%. The prepared antibody was coupled to N-hydroxysuccinimide-activated Sepharose 4B to manufacture an immunoaffinity column (IAC), which was applied to purify BPA in 14 kinds of foodstuffs. The analyte was then detected by means of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Under the optimized conditions, compared with two traditional SPE clean-up methods, the IAC showed better selectivity (matrix effect <16.8%) and higher sensitivity. The limits of detection for BPA in 14 kinds of foodstuffs ranged from 0.001 μg L-1 to 0.01 μg kg-1, and the limits of quantification were in the range from 0.003 μg L-1 to 0.04 μg kg-1. The recoveries of BPA from spiked samples ranged from 82.0% to 104.9%, with RSDs below 13.8%. Besides, the IAC exhibited good reusability, with 40% column capacity remaining and no significant loss of recovery after 25 application cycles in real sample detection. These results demonstrated that the developed IAC-UPLC-MS/MS approach has wide applicability for purifying and detecting BPA in various foodstuffs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 100013, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchong Shan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 100013, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanlei Xie
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Peng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyi Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bing Shao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 100013, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ribes À, Aznar E, Bernardos A, Marcos MD, Amorós P, Martínez-Máñez R, Sancenón F. Fluorogenic Sensing of Carcinogenic Bisphenol A using Aptamer-Capped Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. Chemistry 2017; 23:8581-8584. [PMID: 28498545 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with rhodamine B and capped with a bisphenol A aptamer were used for the selective and sensitive detection of this lethal chemical. The pores of the nanoparticles are selectively opened in the presence of bisphenol A (through its selective coordination with the aptamer) with subsequent rhodamine B delivery. With this capped material a limit of detection as low as 3.5 μm of bisphenol A was measured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Àngela Ribes
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento MolecularyDesarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)., Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camí de Vera s/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, BiomaterialesyNanomedicina (CIBER-BBN)
| | - Elena Aznar
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento MolecularyDesarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)., Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camí de Vera s/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, BiomaterialesyNanomedicina (CIBER-BBN)
| | - Andrea Bernardos
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento MolecularyDesarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)., Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camí de Vera s/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, BiomaterialesyNanomedicina (CIBER-BBN)
| | - M Dolores Marcos
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento MolecularyDesarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)., Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camí de Vera s/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, BiomaterialesyNanomedicina (CIBER-BBN).,Departamento de química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro Amorós
- Institut de Ciència dels Materials (ICMUV), Universitat de València, P.O. Box 22085, 46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento MolecularyDesarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)., Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camí de Vera s/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, BiomaterialesyNanomedicina (CIBER-BBN).,Departamento de química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Félix Sancenón
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento MolecularyDesarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)., Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camí de Vera s/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, BiomaterialesyNanomedicina (CIBER-BBN).,Departamento de química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang F, Wang H, Yang J, Yue Y, Ke M, Li H, Wan D, He F. An Indirect Competitive Immunoassay for Analysis of Carminic Acid in Meat Products. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0947-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
12
|
Lin X, Cheng C, Terry P, Chen J, Cui H, Wu J. Rapid and sensitive detection of bisphenol a from serum matrix. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 91:104-109. [PMID: 28006678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupting compound that may have adverse developmental, reproductive, neurological, and immune system effects. Low-level exposure to BPA is ubiquitous in human populations due to its widespread use in consumer products. Therefore, highly sensitive methods are needed to quantify BPA in various matrices including water, serum, and food products. In this study, we developed a simple, rapid, highly sensitive and specific sensor based on an aptamer probe and AC electrokinetics capacitive sensing method that successfully detected BPA at femto molar (fM) levels, which is an improvement over prior work by a factor of 10. We were able to detect BPA spiked in human serum as well as in maternal and cord blood within 30s. The sensor is responsive to BPA down to femto molar levels, but not to structurally similar compounds including bisphenol F (BPF) or bisphenol S (BPS) even at much higher concentration. Further development of this platform may prove useful in monitoring exposure to BPA and other small molecules in various matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and System of the Education Ministry of China, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Paul Terry
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tennessee Medical Center, USA
| | - Jiangang Chen
- Department of Public Health, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Haochen Cui
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Jayne Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| |
Collapse
|