1
|
Bagheri E, Masih-Tehrani M, Azadi M, Moosavian A, Sayegh S, Hakimollahi M. Unveiling the impact of date-specific analytics on vehicle fuel consumption and emissions: A case study of Shiraz city. Heliyon 2024; 10:e36713. [PMID: 39281501 PMCID: PMC11400975 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the factors affecting internal combustion engine performance is crucial for improving emissions and fuel efficiency in real traffic. This paper investigates the influence of date-specific factors, such as working days and holidays on fuel consumption and emissions of a representative internal combustion engine in the context of Shiraz city. The data was collected by measuring the speed of vehicle on a specific route during peak traffic times on both working days and holidays. The determined route was calculated by a qualitative and quantitative method. K-means clustering and principal component analysis are employed to design representative driving cycles, then combining micro-trips and smoothing them to develop driving cycles. Characteristics of both driving cycles, emissions such as HC, NOx, CO, and fuel consumption were specified under a simulated vehicle model of Peugeot 206 and placed through both real driving cycles by using advanced vehicle simulation software. It has been observed that variations in fuel consumption and emissions between holidays and working days can be attributed to distinct driving patterns and characteristic parameters, such as acceleration, speed, and driving time. Contrary to common assumptions, the study found that fuel consumption was approximately 8 % higher on holidays compared to working days, primarily due to increased driving time and higher average speeds. Moreover, higher acceleration and speed on holidays led to a significant increase in CO emissions (about 36 %) and NOx emissions (about 4 %) compared to working days. However, HC emissions was found to be 27.03 % higher on working days according to lower speed. This study helps in reducing fuel consumption and emissions by uncovering internal combustion engine factors, optimizing driving patterns, and promoting sustainable transport on working days and holidays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elmira Bagheri
- School of Automotive Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Masoud Masih-Tehrani
- School of Automotive Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Mohammad Azadi
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Semnan University, 35131-19111, Iran
| | - Ashkan Moosavian
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), 1435661137, Iran
| | - Sarah Sayegh
- Faculty of Mechatronic Engineering, Ahlul-Bayt International University, 1955883133, Iran
| | - Mansour Hakimollahi
- Faculty of Mechatronic Engineering, Ahlul-Bayt International University, 1955883133, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen H, Xie M, Li W, Tan L, Cai X, Shen M, Li R. Detection of 6-PPD and 6-PPDQ in airborne particulates and assessment of their toxicity in lung cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:143205. [PMID: 39214402 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The extensive use of synthetic antioxidants, notably N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6-PPD), in rubber-related products, particularly in tire manufacturing, has induced concerns regarding their environmental impact and potential health hazards. Despite the identification of 6-PPD and its derivative, 6-PPD quinone (6-PPDQ), in various water samples and their lethal effects on certain aquatic species (e.g., coho salmon, rainbow trout and brook trout), the levels of airborne 6-PPD/6-PPDQ and their respiratory toxicity remain relatively unexplored. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the respiratory toxicity potential of 6-PPD and its derivatives, with a specific focus on detecting these compounds in airborne particulates and assessing their toxic effects on lung cells. Characterization of four airborne fine particulate (FP) samples revealed spherical morphologies with diameters ranging from 17.7 to 225.7 nm, displaying slight agglomeration and negative surface charge. methanol/acetonitrile extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis confirmed the presence of both 6-PPD and 6-PPDQ on the surfaces of FPs, with significant variations (0.26-1.05 μg g-1) in loading capacity observed among the samples. Subsequent exposure of lung cells (THP-1, BEAS-2B, and A549) to 6-PPD and 6-PPDQ revealed dose-dependent declines in mitochondrial metabolic activity induced by 6-PPD, along with severe membrane damage, ATP depletion, and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Conversely, 6-PPDQ exhibited negligible toxicity in all tested parameters. These findings underscore the potential health risks associated with airborne 6-PPD exposure and emphasize the importance of further research into the respiratory toxicity of 6-PPD derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Maomao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Lipin Tan
- Department of nursing administration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Xiaoming Cai
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical School, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Mingjing Shen
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China.
| | - Ruibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Y, Zhou C, Zhao Q, Jia R, Wu W. Ventilation control of road tunnels towards disturbance suppression. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2307. [PMID: 38280923 PMCID: PMC10821869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research on ventilating tunnels has become increasingly important. However, the impact of external disturbances on ventilating systems has been largely ignored. To address this issue of frequent airflow fluctuations caused by external perturbations, which cannot be fully compensated using conventional control methods, this study proposes a perturbation-compensated ventilation control approach. A disturbance compensator is developed by incorporating the tunnel's airflow velocity and the number of jet fan start-stop events as input parameters. By compensating for external disturbances, the disturbance to the system is reduced. The Simulink model of the tunnel controller was used for simulation experiments. The compensator demonstrated good tracking results in comparison experiments with different disturbances. The ventilation approach based on disturbance compensator is capable of regulating the fluctuation of CO concentration within a justifiable range compared to using PID control and ADRC. This not only improves the stability of the entire control system but also significantly prolongs the service life of the jet fan by reducing the frequency of start-stop cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Wang
- School of Automobile, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China
| | - Changxuan Zhou
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China.
| | - Qitao Zhao
- CCCC Second Highway Engineering Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Ruihan Jia
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Autonomous Driving Center, SAIC Motor R&D Innovation Headquarter, Shanghai, 201804, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Torkashvand J, Jafari AJ, Hopke PK, Shahsavani A, Hadei M, Kermani M. Airborne particulate matter in Tehran's ambient air. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:1179-1191. [PMID: 34150304 PMCID: PMC8172739 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, particulate matter (PM) concentrations in Tehran have exceeded the World Health Organization's (WHO) guideline on most days. In this study, a search protocol was defined by identifying the keywords, to carry out a systematic review of the concentrations and composition of PM in Tehran's ambient air. For this purpose, searches were done in Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science in 2019. Among the founded articles (197 in Scopus, 61 in PubMed, and 153 in Web of Science). The results show that in Tehran, the annual average PM10 exceeded the WHO guidelines and for more than 50.0% of the days, the PM2.5 concentration was more than WHO 24-h guidance value. The PM concentration in Tehran has two seasonal peaks due to poorer dispersion and suspension from dry land, respectively. Tehran has two daily PM peaks due to traffic and changes in boundary-layer heights; one just after midnight and the other during morning rush hour. Indoor concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in Tehran were 10.6 and 21.8 times higher than the corresponding values in ambient air. Tehran represents a unique case of problems of controlling PM because of its geographical setting, emission sources, and land use. This review provided a comprehensive assessment for decision makers to assist them in making appropriate policy decisions to improve the air quality. Considering factors such as diversity of resources, temporal and spatial variations, and urban location is essential in developing control plans. Also future studies should focus more on PM reduction plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javad Torkashvand
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Ahamd Jonidi Jafari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Philip K. Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Hadei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li L, Qiu Q, Zhang X, Xu P, Liu J, Li Y, Fan C. Assessment of different ventilation strategies on ventilation performance in immersed tunnels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:31838-31849. [PMID: 33616822 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Investigations of ventilation in an immersed tunnel have recently drawn greater research attentions; however, analyses on the influence of vent design and tunnel width on ventilation performance have rarely been addressed. For the sake of the security of evacuees in an immersed tunnel fire, the influence of three vent designs and two immersed tunnel widths on mechanical ventilation performance during tunnel fires were numerically investigated using large eddy simulation. The pollutant gas flow characteristics in the tunnel after a fire were analyzed, and the pollutant gas exhaust efficiency based on the mass conservation of carbon monoxide in the smoke was proposed in this study. By comparing the smoke propagation, smoke distribution, and exhaust efficiency between three different vent designs, it was determined that the Top Vent Design has the best smoke exhaust effect, and the Sidewall Vent Design (with an activated vertical smoke screen) has a better smoke exhaust effect than the Sidewall Vent Design. The influences of the tunnel width and heat release rate of the fire on the ventilation effect were also investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mountain Bridge and Tunnel Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, People's Republic of China
- School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaozhi Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Mountain Bridge and Tunnel Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, People's Republic of China
- School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mountain Bridge and Tunnel Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, People's Republic of China
- School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, People's Republic of China
| | - Pai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Mountain Bridge and Tunnel Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, People's Republic of China
- School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mountain Bridge and Tunnel Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, People's Republic of China
- School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mountain Bridge and Tunnel Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, People's Republic of China
- School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuangang Fan
- School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410075, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wei D, Nielsen F, Ekberg L, Löfvendahl A, Bernander M, Dalenbäck JO. PM 2.5 and ultrafine particles in passenger car cabins in Sweden and northern China-the influence of filter age and pre-ionization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:30815-30830. [PMID: 32474777 PMCID: PMC7378114 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of filter status (new and aged), pre-ionization, on the particle filtration in modern passenger cars. Measurements of in-cabin and outside PM2.5 (dp < 2.5 μm) concentration and UFP (ultrafine particle, dp < 100 nm) counts, to calculate I/O (indoor to outdoor) ratios, were performed. They were done at two locations, to study the influence of different outside conditions on the HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning) system. The measurements were performed in two new cars, with similar HVAC systems and settings, using a new filter and an aged synthetic filter. Furthermore, an ionization unit was installed upstream of the filter in both cars. This enabled the study of filter status, with and without ionization, under common driving conditions. The results show that the HVAC system performances were very similar at the two locations, with average I/O ratios of 0.35-0.40 without ionization and 0.15-0.20 with ionization applied, although the outside conditions were considerably different. Furthermore, the aged filter clearly worsened the filtration ability. Considering the corresponding average PM2.5 I/O ratios in one location as an example, the average for the new filter was 0.20 and 0.60 for the aged filter. The corresponding UFP I/O ratios were 0.24 and 0.57. Other findings are that the aged filter with ionization reached a performance close to the new filter (without ionization), and that increased ventilation airflow and decreased recirculation degree, as expected, led to an increase in the I/O ratio for both particle sizes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dixin Wei
- Volvo Car Corporation, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Division of Building Services Engineering, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | | - Lars Ekberg
- Division of Building Services Engineering, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jan-Olof Dalenbäck
- Division of Building Services Engineering, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hassani N. CO oxidation by linear oxocarbon chains O -C -O (n = 5–10, x = 1, 2): A theoretical study. Chem Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.110652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
8
|
Qin D, Guo B, Zhou J, Cheng H, Chen X. Indoor air formaldehyde (HCHO) pollution of urban coach cabins. Sci Rep 2020; 10:332. [PMID: 31941990 PMCID: PMC6962397 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban coach cabin is an important indoor environment for long journey, formaldehyde (HCHO) is a carcinogenic gas and damages indoor air quality of cabins. In order to control the HCHO pollution, the air samples inside cabins were analysed with a thermally desorbed gas chromatograph, and the HCHO diffusion was simulated with a methodology of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Results show that through the experimental monitoring, the HCHO pollution level range from 33.6 to 142.3 μg/m3, decrease quickly with time, and the attenuation trendline is univariate cubic equation. Through the CFD simulation, the indoor temperature and HCHO level of cabin front and rear ends are higher than ones of other areas for the insufficient air supply and the unreasonable arrangement of air exhaust outlet. Moreover, through the CFD simulation, the HCHO level decreases with height growth of breathing zone and increasing air supply speed, and fresh air lead to diffusion of HCHO pollution from cabin seat area to the surrounding area. Through the CFD simulation, the HCHO pollution under the wind speeds of 3~5 m/s is higher than the HCHO limit level from indoor air standard of China vehicles, which shows that the HCHO emission of cabin seat has an important impact on airborne HCHO pollution inside vehicle cabins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daocong Qin
- College of Civil Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Bing Guo
- College of Civil Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Civil Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Heming Cheng
- College of Civil Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Waste Resource Recovery, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Xiaokai Chen
- College of Civil Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yazdi MN, Sample DJ, Scott D, Owen JS, Ketabchy M, Alamdari N. Water quality characterization of storm and irrigation runoff from a container nursery. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 667:166-178. [PMID: 30831361 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Commercial nurseries grow specialty crops for resale using a variety of methods, including containerized production, utilizing soilless substrates, on a semipervious production surface. These "container" nurseries require daily water application and continuous availability of mineral nutrients. These factors can generate significant nutrients [total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP)] and sediment [total suspended solids (TSS)] in runoff, potentially contributing to eutrophication of downstream water bodies. Runoff is collected in large ponds known as tailwater recovery basins for treatment and reuse or discharge to receiving streams. We characterized TSS, TN, and TP, electrical conductivity (EC), and pH in runoff from a 5.2 ha production portion of a 200-ha commercial container nursery during storm and irrigation events. Results showed a direct correlation between TN and TP, runoff and TSS, TN and EC, and between flow and pH. The Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was used to characterize runoff quantity and quality of the site. We found during irrigation events that simulated event mean concentrations (EMCs) of TSS, TN, and TP were 30, 3.1 and 0.35 mg·L-1, respectively. During storm events, TSS, TN and TP EMCs were 880, 3.7, and 0.46 mg·L-1, respectively. EMCs of TN and TP were similar to that of urban runoff; however, the TSS EMC from nursery runoff was 2-4 times greater. The average loading of TSS, TN and TP during storm events was approximately 900, 35 and 50 times higher than those of irrigation events, respectively. Based on a 10-year SWMM simulation (2008-2018) of runoff from the same nursery, annual TSS, TN and TP load per ha during storm events ranged from 9230 to 13,300, 65.8 to 94.0 and 9.00 to 12.9 kg·ha-1·yr-1, respectively. SWMM was able to characterize runoff quality and quantity reasonably well. Thus, it is suitable for characterizing runoff loadings from container nurseries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nayeb Yazdi
- Department of Biological System Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, United States.
| | - David J Sample
- Department of Biological System Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, United States.
| | - Durelle Scott
- Department of Biological System Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, United States.
| | - James S Owen
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Hampton Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, United States.
| | - Mehdi Ketabchy
- Department of Biological System Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, United States; Transportation Business Line, Gannett Fleming, 4097 Monument Corner Drive, Suite 500, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States.
| | - Nasrin Alamdari
- Department of Biological System Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, United States.
| |
Collapse
|