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Hahladakis JN. A meta-research analysis on the biological impact of plastic litter in the marine biota. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172504. [PMID: 38636865 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Marine litter and more specifically plastic marine litter is nowadays considered a global issue with unprecedented impact and consequences to the entire marine ecosystem and biota. The current situation that has been created worldwide due to the abundance of plastic litter in the Earth's Seas has been characterized as alarming, necessitating the immediate action for an overall reduction of plastic waste, better collection and recycling schemes and beach-shoreline clean-ups. In this article we attempt to delve into the details of the magnitude of the impact that plastic litter have caused to marine biota via a meta-research analysis, by compiling, combining, analysing and presenting data from various relative works, using primarily scientific and, secondarily, grey literature. Apart from the threats that plastic marine litter pose to the marine ecosystem, they present potential threats to humans, as well, via food chain. Aside from understating the risks and uncertainties contained in the hereby collected and presenting information, this study can provide an evidence base for decision and policy makers into implementing the appropriate action plans for reducing and, in time, mitigating this immense problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Hahladakis
- Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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2
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Dimassi SN, Hahladakis JN, Chamkha M, Ahmad MI, Al-Ghouti MA, Sayadi S. Investigation on the effect of several parameters involved in the biodegradation of polyethylene (PE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) under various seawater environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168870. [PMID: 38040377 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the biodegradation of polyethylene (PE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and the leaching of their harmful additives. Micro/macro-plastics of both types were subjected to different laboratory-controlled conditions for 3 months. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) results revealed that leachate concentrations ranged from 0.40 ± 0.07 μg/L to 96.36 ± 0.11 μg/L. It was concluded that the additives' leaching process was promoted by light. However, light was not the only factor examined; microorganisms, pH, salinity, aeration/mixing and temperature influenced the biodegradation process, too. GC-MS results showed a prodigious impact on the biodegradation process when Pseudomonas aeruginosa was added to the artificial seawater compared to plastics exposed to light/air only. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs demonstrated a significant alteration in the plastics' morphologies. Similarly, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra showed obvious changes in plastics characteristic peaks, especially microplastics. Furthermore, it was shown that PE was more susceptible to degradation/biodegradation than LDPE. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) findings showed that some toxic metals were present in water samples after experiments, with concentrations above the permissible limits. For instance, bio-augmentation/bio-stimulation experiments showed that the concentrations of Pb, Sr, and Zn were 0.59 mg/L, 70.09 mg/L, and 0.17 mg/L, respectively; values above the permissible limits. It is crucial to emphasise that plastics must be meticulously engineered to avoid environmental and human impacts, originated from their degradation by-products. Furthermore, a holistic approach engaging stakeholders, researchers, policymakers, industries and consumers, is essential to effectively tackle the global challenge of marine plastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra N Dimassi
- Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - John N Hahladakis
- Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Mohamed Chamkha
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, PO Box 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohammad I Ahmad
- Central Laboratories Unit, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad A Al-Ghouti
- Environmental Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sami Sayadi
- Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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Mallick K, Sahu A, Dubey NK, Das AP. Harvesting marine plastic pollutants-derived renewable energy: A comprehensive review on applied energy and sustainable approach. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 348:119371. [PMID: 37925980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The inevitable use of plastics in the existing standard of life makes its way to ecosystems, predominantly into the marine ecosystem. Recent research on energy recycling from marine discarded plastics through biological, chemical, and thermal processes is summarized, which degrade plastic debris and transform it into energy-efficient products. In a system-oriented approach, different boundaries like carbon efficiency, global warming potential, cumulative energy demand, and cost of the product have been evaluated. Even these technologies may successfully reduce the yearly volume of marine plastics by up to 89% while reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 30%. Conversely, recycling a ton of marine discarded plastics may save 915 cubic feet of landfill space, 6500 kWh of energy, and barrels of oil. Energy may be recovered up to 79% from waste plastics using various techniques. Up to 84% liquid fuel had been generated, with a maximum calorific power of 45 MJ/kg. It has been shown that in Asian countries, the power generation capacity of throw-away facemask wastes regularly varies from 2256 kWh/day to 18.52 million kWh/day. Hence, the conversion of marine plastics into biofuel, syngas, biochar, hydrocarbons, electricity, and value-added functional materials by various biotechnological and chemical processes like biodegradation, pyrolysis, gasification, methanolysis, and hydrolysis should be improvised as a source of alternative energy in the immediate future. Our review signifies the potential benefits of energy harvesting technologies from marine plastics pollutants to overcome the growing challenge of energy demands and provide a long-term solution to underdeveloped and developing countries as a sustainable source of energy. Endorsing current strategies to harvest energy from marine plastic wastes that enhance power generation technologies will help in building a more sustainable and greener environment that imparts a healthy and circular economy while shielding natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamayee Mallick
- Department of Life Sciences, Rama Devi Women's University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Aishwarya Sahu
- Department of Life Sciences, Rama Devi Women's University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Alok Prasad Das
- Department of Life Sciences, Rama Devi Women's University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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Thodhal Yoganandham S, Hamid N, Junaid M, Duan JJ, Pei DS. Micro(nano)plastics in commercial foods: A review of their characterization and potential hazards to human health. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116858. [PMID: 37562740 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Micro (nano)plastics (MNPs) are pollutants of worldwide concern for their ubiquitous environmental presence and associated impacts. The higher consumption of MNPs contaminated commercial food can cause potential adverse human health effects. This review highlights the evidence of MNPs in commercial food items and summarizes different sampling, extraction, and digestion techniques for the isolation of MNPs, such as oxidizing digestion, enzymatic digestion, alkaline digestion and acidic digestion. Various methods for the characterization and quantification of microplastics (MPs) are also compared, including μ-Raman spectroscopy, μ-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal analysis and Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Finally, we share our concerns about the risks of MNPs to human health through the consumption of commercial seafood. The knowledge of the potential human health impacts at a subcellular or molecular level of consuming mariculture products contaminated with MNPs is still limited. Moreover, MNPs are somewhat limited, hard to measure, and still contentious. Due to the nutritional significance of fish consumption, the risk of exposure to MNPs and the associated health effects are of the utmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naima Hamid
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Jin-Jing Duan
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Assis LFDS, Pereira LCC, Jimenez JA, Silva BRPD, Pereira RMDC, Costa RMD. Understanding allochthonous marine litter in a Protected Area in the Amazon Coast. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 195:115548. [PMID: 37742514 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Studies on international waste on the Amazon coast are lacking, leaving a substantial knowledge gap concerning the socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental repercussion of this issue. In this context, the objective of this study is to comprehensively characterize and trace the origins of allochthonous litter discovered on a beach situated within a Protected Area. Given this, the hypothesis of this study is that the international litters comes from vessels operating in the region. A total of 384 containers were collected, originating from 36 countries, with those located in Asia and Africa showing the highest prevalence. Among the bottles with identified expiration dates, 76 % are newly arrived, confirming our hypothesis. The presence of older waste may result from a combination of the absence of beach cleaning public services and local dynamic processes. While international engagement is necessary, local communities, along with the scientific community, have taken proactive measures to address the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane Ferreira da Silva Assis
- Laboratory of Coastal and Estuarine Oceanography, Institute of Coastal Studies Universidade Federal do Pará, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro sn, Aldeia, 68600-000 Braganca, Pará, Brazil
| | - Luci Cajueiro Carneiro Pereira
- Laboratory of Coastal and Estuarine Oceanography, Institute of Coastal Studies Universidade Federal do Pará, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro sn, Aldeia, 68600-000 Braganca, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Jose A Jimenez
- Laboratori d'Enginyeria Marítima, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya·BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Brenda Ribeiro Padilha da Silva
- Laboratory of Coastal and Estuarine Oceanography, Institute of Coastal Studies Universidade Federal do Pará, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro sn, Aldeia, 68600-000 Braganca, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Rauquírio Marinho da Costa
- Laboratory of Plankton and Microalge Cultivation, Institute of Coastal Studies Universidade Federal do Pará, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro sn, Aldeia, 68600-000 Braganca, Pará, Brazil.
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Hahladakis JN, Iacovidou E, Gerassimidou S. An overview of the occurrence, fate, and human risks of the bisphenol-A present in plastic materials, components, and products. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2023; 19:45-62. [PMID: 35362236 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With over 95% of bisphenol-A (BPA) used in the production of polycarbonate (PC) and epoxy resins, termed here as BPA-based plastic materials, components, and products (MCPs), an investigation of human exposure to BPA over the whole lifecycle of BPA-based plastic MCPs is necessary. This mini-review unpacks the implications arising from the long-term human exposure to BPA and its potential accumulation across the lifecycle of BPA-based plastics (production, use, and management). This investigation is timely and necessary in promoting a sustainable circular economy model. Restrictions of BPA in the form of bans and safety standards are often specific to products, while safety limits rely on traditional toxicological and biomonitoring methods that may underestimate human health implications and therefore the "safety" of BPA exposure. Controversies in regards to the: (a) dose-response curves; (b) the complexity of sources, release mechanisms, and pathways of exposure; and/or (c) the quality and reliability of toxicological studies, appear to currently stifle progress toward the regulation of BPA-based plastic MCPs. Due to the abundance of BPA in our MCPs production, consumption, and management systems, there is partial and inadequate evidence on the contribution of BPA-based plastic MCPs to human exposure to BPA. Yet, the production, use, and end-of-life management of plastic MCPs constitute the most critical BPA source and potential exposure pathways that require further investigation. Active collaboration among risk assessors, government, policy-makers, and researchers is needed to explore the impacts of BPA in the long term and introduce restrictions to BPA-based MCPs. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:45-62. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Hahladakis
- Waste Management (FEWS) Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Eleni Iacovidou
- Sustainable Plastics Research Group (SPlasH), Brunel University London, London, UK
- Division of Environmental Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
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Panda A, Dyadyura K, Valíček J, Harničárová M, Kušnerová M, Ivakhniuk T, Hrebenyk L, Sapronov O, Sotsenko V, Vorobiov P, Levytskyi V, Buketov A, Pandová I. Ecotoxicity Study of New Composite Materials Based on Epoxy Matrix DER-331 Filled with Biocides Used for Industrial Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163275. [PMID: 36015529 PMCID: PMC9416289 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of fillers in the epoxy oligomer on the test culture of the marine ecosystem was investigated. The content of additive—biocides—was selected based on the complex research using STAT-GRAPHICS® Centurion XVI. The ecotoxicity of composite surfaces was determined in model systems using methods which are standard in eco-microbiology. The microorganism was identified by studying morphological, cultural, biochemical, and antigenic properties. Studies of the structure and the microrelief of the surfaces of composite materials were conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy. Based on comprehensive research, it was established that the composition of oxytetracycline with content of q = 1.5 wt% and nanosilver with a content of q = 0.075 wt% per 100 wt% of the DER-331 oligomer and 10 parts by the mass of the TETA hardener ensures the formation of a porous nano-heterogeneous structure of the coating, which leads to the acceleration of the release of silver ions from the surface of the polymer. The rational content of the complex additives of biocides ensures adhesion to the cell wall of bacteria with subsequent penetration into it and subsequent change to the cell membrane, its death, and, therefore, the suppression of the fouling process of metal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Panda
- Department of Automobile and Manufacturing Technologies, Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies of the Technical University of Košice with the seat in Prešov, Bayerova 1, 080 01 Prešov, Slovakia
| | - Kostiantyn Dyadyura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Medical Engineering, Odessa Polytechnic National University, Shevchenka Ave, 1, 65044 Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Jan Valíček
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Okružní 10, 370 01 České Budějovice, Czech Republic or
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Automation, Informatics and Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Marta Harničárová
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Okružní 10, 370 01 České Budějovice, Czech Republic or
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Automation, Informatics and Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +421-37-641-5782
| | - Milena Kušnerová
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Okružní 10, 370 01 České Budějovice, Czech Republic or
| | - Tatyana Ivakhniuk
- Department of Public Health, Medical Institute, Sumy State University, 2, Rymskogo-Korsakova St., 40007 Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Liudmyla Hrebenyk
- Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Biomolecular Engineering, Medical Institute, Sumy State University, 2, Rymskogo-Korsakova St., 40007 Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Sapronov
- Department of Transport Technologies, Marine Engineering Faculty, Kherson State Maritime Academy, Ushakova Ave, 20, 73000 Kherson, Ukraine
| | - Vitalii Sotsenko
- Department of Transport Technologies, Marine Engineering Faculty, Kherson State Maritime Academy, Ushakova Ave, 20, 73000 Kherson, Ukraine
| | - Pavlo Vorobiov
- Department of Transport Technologies, Marine Engineering Faculty, Kherson State Maritime Academy, Ushakova Ave, 20, 73000 Kherson, Ukraine
| | - Vitalii Levytskyi
- Computer-Integrated Technologies Department, Faculty of Applied Information Technologies and Electrical Engineering, Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University, Ruska Str., 56, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Andriy Buketov
- Department of Transport Technologies, Marine Engineering Faculty, Kherson State Maritime Academy, Ushakova Ave, 20, 73000 Kherson, Ukraine
| | - Iveta Pandová
- Department of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies of the Technical University of Košice with the seat in Prešov, Bayerova 1, 080 01 Prešov, Slovakia
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Pinos J, Hahladakis JN, Chen H. Why is the generation of packaging waste from express deliveries a major problem? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154759. [PMID: 35339538 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth of the express delivery industry resulted in the explosion of packaging waste with a wide range of direct and indirect environmental consequences. Until recently, little attention was given to this topic, but e-commerce and the associated growth of packaging waste exploded with the COVID-19 pandemic. Even though the phenomenon is only little to moderately documented, the waste problems in express delivery are recognized and caused by excessive packaging, lack of recyclability of the packaging material, and the low motivation of consumers to recycle. Key research, policy, and educational actions to reduce the environmental impacts of the fast-growing express delivery industry are discussed in this short discussion article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pinos
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - John N Hahladakis
- Waste Management (FEWS) Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Business, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, China; Institute for National Security and Green Development, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, China
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Alagha DI, Hahladakis JN, Sayadi S, Al-Ghouti MA. Material flow analysis of plastic waste in the gulf co-operation countries (GCC) and the Arabian gulf: Focusing on Qatar. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154745. [PMID: 35339553 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Global plastic waste production has increased dramatically in recent years, both globally and regionally, having a multitude of adverse effects on the environment and human health. However, little attention has been directed to this problem in the Arabian Gulf region. This study aims to delineate and map the status of the plastic waste problem in the Gulf Co-operation Countries (GCC), with a focus on Qatar. The study focuses on the plastic waste in the marine environment, depicting the different types, sizes and shapes of plastic particles found in the Arabian Gulf. To depict the flow of plastic waste, a generic material flow diagram was built using a material flow analysis software named STAN, in which transfer coefficients were assigned based on existing scientific literature and estimations built on data from local industries and recycling facilities. The recovery and recycling efforts that have been made by the different GCC countries, in efforts to reduce plastic waste and minimize the risk of plastic on the environment are analyzed, too. Our analyses indicate that approximately 11.9 Mt ± 595.395 Kt of plastic waste is produced annually in the GCC region, of which only 23 ± 15% is recycled, indicating that improvements are yet to be made in the recovery, recycling and treatment of plastics in the region. However, in Qatar, a higher percentage of plastics (40 ± 10%) is recovered-recycled with efforts to treat plastics and reuse it to generate energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danah I Alagha
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - John N Hahladakis
- Waste Management (FEWS) Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Sami Sayadi
- Biotechnology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad A Al-Ghouti
- Environmental Sciences Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
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Enzymatic Degradation of the Most Common Aliphatic Bio-Polyesters and Evaluation of the Mechanisms Involved: An Extended Study. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091850. [PMID: 35567020 PMCID: PMC9101158 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial hydrolytic enzymes belonging to different subclasses (several lipases, proteinase k, cutinase) were investigated for their ability to degrade different aliphatic polyesters, i.e., poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA), two poly(caprolactone), having two different molecular weights, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC). The enzyme screening was first carried out by investigating the capacity of fully degrading the target polymers in 24 h, then weight loss measurements of selected polyesters and target enzymes were performed. Solid residues after enzyme degradation were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TGA). Liquid fractions were studied via GPC, 1H NMR and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). PCL and PBSA were found to be the most biodegradable polyesters, under the conditions used in this study. PBS was fully degraded only by cutinase, whereas none of the tested enzymes were able to completely degrade PLA and PPC, in the conditions assessed here. Cutinase exhibited the highest hydrolytic activity on PBSA, while lipase from Candida sp. (CALB) on low molecular weight PCL. Chemical analyses on residual solids showed that the enzymatic degradation occurred homogeneously from the surface through an erosion mechanism and did not significantly affect the macromolecular structure and thermal stability. Cleaving action mode for each enzyme (endo- and/or exo-type) on the different polyesters were also proposed based on the evaluation of the degradation products in the liquid fraction.
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Wang X, Jiang X, Yu L. Preparation and evaluation of polyphenol derivatives as potent antifouling agents: addition of a side chain affects the biological activity of polyphenols. BIOFOULING 2022; 38:29-41. [PMID: 34875955 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.2010720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, eight polyphenol derivatives were prepared to serve as green antifoulants. Polyphenol derivatives, which can hinder the growth of bacteria and algae and decrease the adhesion of some marine organisms, showed good AF activity; in particular, the activities of these derivatives were much higher than those of the corresponding polyphenols. The antibacterial rates of the products (20 μg ml-1) exceeded 88%. Moreover, the anti-algal rates of compounds a3, b1, b2, b3 and b4 (15 μg ml-1) were over 57% at 240 h, but these compounds showed low toxicity, and the 120 h EC50 values were > 6.60 μg ml-1. In addition, there were fewer marine microorganisms on the test panel than on the control. The above results show that some polyphenol derivatives possess relatively high antibacterial, anti-algal, and AF activity; more notably, the addition of chlorine atoms and amide groups can further increase the activity of these derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaohui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Open Studio for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Liangmin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Open Studio for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
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