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Kumar G, Kumar S, Paul T, Pal P, Shukla SP, Kumar K, Jha AK, Pradeep S. Ecotoxicological risk assessment of triclosan, an emerging pollutant in a riverine and estuarine ecosystems: A comparative study. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 205:116667. [PMID: 38972216 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), an antibacterial biocide, pervades water and sediment matrices globally, posing a threat to aquatic life. In densely populated cities like Mumbai, rivers and coastal bodies demand baseline TCS data for ecotoxicological assessment due to the excessive use of personal care products comprising TCS. This pioneering study compares spatiotemporal TCS variations and risks in freshwater and marine ecosystems employing multivariate analysis of physicochemical parameters. Over five months (January to May 2022), Mithi River exhibited higher TCS concentrations (water: 1.68 μg/L, sediment: 3.19 μg/kg) than Versova Creek (water: 0.49 μg/L, sediment: 0.69 μg/kg). Principal component analysis revealed positive correlations between TCS and physicochemical parameters. High-risk quotients (>1) underscore TCS threats in both water bodies. This study furnishes crucial baseline data, emphasizing the need for effective treatment plans for TCS in effluent waters released into the adjacent aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400061, India
| | - Saurav Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400061, India.
| | - Tapas Paul
- College of Fisheries, Bihar Animal Sciences University, Kishanganj, Bihar 855107, India
| | - Prasenjit Pal
- College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (I), Lembucherra, Tripura 799210, India
| | - Satya Prakash Shukla
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400061, India
| | - Kundan Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400061, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Jha
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Veraval Research Centre, Gujarat 362265, India
| | - Shilpa Pradeep
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400061, India
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de Farias Araujo G, de Oliveira LVA, Hoff RB, Wosnick N, Vianna M, Verruck S, Hauser-Davis RA, Saggioro EM. "Cocaine Shark": First report on cocaine and benzoylecgonine detection in sharks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174798. [PMID: 39019288 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Cocaine (COC) and benzoylecgonine (BE), the main COC metabolite, have been detected in aquatic ecosystems. Studies focusing on wild fish are, however, very limited, and no reports concerning elasmobranchs are available. This study investigated COC and BE levels in Brazilian Sharpnose sharks (Rhizoprionodon lalandii) (n = 13) using LC-MS/MS. All samples (13/13) tested positive for COC, with 92 % (12/13) testing positive for BE. COC concentrations (23.0 μg kg-1) were over 3-fold higher than BE (7.0 μg kg-1). COC levels were about three-fold significantly higher in muscle (33.8 ± 33.4 g kg-1) compared to liver (12.2 ± 14.2 μg kg-1). Females presented higher COC concentrations in muscle (40.2 ± 35.8 μg kg-1) compared to males (12.4 ± 5.9 μg kg-1). Several positive statistical correlations were noted between COC and BE (rho = 0.84) in females, indicating systemic COC transport and metabolization, as well as between BE and weight (rho = 0.62), and between COC and the Condition Factor (rho = 0.73). A strong correlation was noted between BE and COC in the muscle of non-pregnant females (rho = 1.00). This study represents the first COC and BE report in free-ranging sharks, and the findings point to the potential impacts of the presence of illicit drugs in environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel de Farias Araujo
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública e Meio Ambiente, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luan Valdemiro Alves de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Barcellos Hoff
- Sepor Laboratorial Avançado em Santa Catarina (SLAV/SC), Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Vianna
- Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia Pesqueira, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; IMAM - AquaRio, Rio de Janeiro Aquarium Research Center, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Silvani Verruck
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Enrico Mendes Saggioro
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública e Meio Ambiente, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Carvalho AR, Morão AM, Gonçalves VMF, Tiritan ME, Gorito AM, Pereira MF, Silva AMT, Castro BB, Carrola JS, Amorim MM, Ribeiro ARL, Ribeiro C. Toxicity of butylone and its enantiomers to Daphnia magna and its degradation/toxicity potential using advanced oxidation technologies. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 271:106906. [PMID: 38588636 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Butylone (BTL) is a chiral synthetic cathinone available as a racemate and reported as contaminant in wastewater effluents. However, there are no studies on its impact on ecosystems and possible enantioselectivity in ecotoxicity. This work aimed to evaluate: (i) the possible ecotoxicity of BTL as racemate or its isolated (R)- and (S)- enantiomers using Daphnia magna; and (ii) the efficiency of advanced oxidation technologies (AOTs) in the removal of BTL and reduction of toxic effects caused by wastewaters. Enantiomers of BTL were obtained by liquid chromatography (LC) using a chiral semi-preparative column. Enantiomeric purity of each enantiomer was > 97 %. For toxicity assessment, a 9-day sub-chronic assay was performed with the racemate (at 0.10, 1.0 or 10 μg L-1) or each enantiomer (at 0.10 or 1.0 μg L-1). Changes in morphophysiological, behavioural, biochemical and reproductive endpoints were observed, which were dependent on the form of the substance and life stage of the organism (juvenile or adult). Removal rates of BTL in spiked wastewater (10 μg L-1) treated with different AOTs (ultraviolet, UV; ozonation, O3; and UV/O3) were similar and lower than 29 %. The 48 h D. magna acute toxicity assays demonstrated a reduction in the toxicity of the treated spiked effluents, but no differences were found amongst AOTs treatments. These results warn for the contamination and negative impact of BTL on ecosystems and highlight the need for efficient removal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Carvalho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University Institute of Health Sciences - CESPU 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Translational Toxicology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Health Sciences (1H-TOXRUN, IUCS-CESPU) 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal; School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M Morão
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University Institute of Health Sciences - CESPU 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Virgínia M F Gonçalves
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University Institute of Health Sciences - CESPU 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Translational Toxicology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Health Sciences (1H-TOXRUN, IUCS-CESPU) 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal; UNIPRO - Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University Institute of Health Sciences - CESPU 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Translational Toxicology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Health Sciences (1H-TOXRUN, IUCS-CESPU) 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M Gorito
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Fernando Pereira
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Adrián M T Silva
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno B Castro
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology / ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; IB-S - Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - João S Carrola
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, CITAB/Inov4Agro 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria M Amorim
- School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R L Ribeiro
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia Ribeiro
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University Institute of Health Sciences - CESPU 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Translational Toxicology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Health Sciences (1H-TOXRUN, IUCS-CESPU) 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal.
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Falfushynska H, Rychter P, Boshtova A, Faidiuk Y, Kasianchuk N, Rzymski P. Illicit Drugs in Surface Waters: How to Get Fish off the Addictive Hook. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:537. [PMID: 38675497 PMCID: PMC11054822 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The United Nations World Drug Report published in 2022 alarmed that the global market of illicit drugs is steadily expanding in space and scale. Substances of abuse are usually perceived in the light of threats to human health and public security, while the environmental aspects of their use and subsequent emissions usually remain less explored. However, as with other human activities, drug production, trade, and consumption of drugs may leave their environmental mark. Therefore, this paper aims to review the occurrence of illicit drugs in surface waters and their bioaccumulation and toxicity in fish. Illicit drugs of different groups, i.e., psychostimulants (methamphetamines/amphetamines, cocaine, and its metabolite benzoylecgonine) and depressants (opioids: morphine, heroin, methadone, fentanyl), can reach the aquatic environment through wastewater discharge as they are often not entirely removed during wastewater treatment processes, resulting in their subsequent circulation in nanomolar concentrations, potentially affecting aquatic biota, including fish. Exposure to such xenobiotics can induce oxidative stress and dysfunction to mitochondrial and lysosomal function, distort locomotion activity by regulating the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems, increase the predation risk, instigate neurological disorders, disbalance neurotransmission, and produce histopathological alterations in the brain and liver tissues, similar to those described in mammals. Hence, this drugs-related multidimensional harm to fish should be thoroughly investigated in line with environmental protection policies before it is too late. At the same time, selected fish species (e.g., Danio rerio, zebrafish) can be employed as models to study toxic and binge-like effects of psychoactive, illicit compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Falfushynska
- Faculty of Economics, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 06406 Bernburg, Germany
| | - Piotr Rychter
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42200 Czestochowa, Poland;
| | | | - Yuliia Faidiuk
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53114 Wrocław, Poland;
- Educational and Scientific Centre “Institute of Biology and Medicine”, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 2 Prospekt Hlushkov, 03022 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 154 Zabolotny Str., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Nadiia Kasianchuk
- Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61712 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60806 Poznań, Poland;
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5
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Bellot M, Soria F, López-Arnau R, Gómez-Canela C, Barata C. Daphnia magna an emerging environmental model of neuro and cardiotoxicity of illicit drugs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123355. [PMID: 38228265 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Cocaine, methamphetamine, ectasy (3,4-methylenedioxy amphetamine (MDMA)) and ketamine are among the most consumed drugs worldwide causing cognitive, oxidative stress and cardiovascular problems in humans. Residue levels of these drugs and their transformation products may still enter the aquatic environment, where concentrations up to hundreds of ng/L have been measured. In the present work we tested the hypothesis that psychotropic effects and the mode of action of these drugs in D. magna cognitive, oxidative stress and cardiovascular responses are equivalent to those reported in humans and other vertebrate models. Accordingly we expose D. magna juveniles to pharmacological and environmental relevant concentrations. The study was complemented with the measurement of the main neurotransmitters involved in the known mechanisms of action of these drugs in mammals and physiological relevant amino acids. Behavioural cognitive patters clearly differentiate the 3 psychostimulant drugs (methamphetamine, cocaine, MDMA) from the dissociative one ketamine. Psychostimulant drugs at pharmacological doses (10-200 μM), increased basal locomotion activities and responses to light, and decreased habituation to it. Ketamine only increased habituation to light. The four drugs enhanced the production of reactive oxygen species in a concentration related manner, and at moderate concentrations (10-60 μM) increased heartbeats, diminishing them at high doses (200 μM). In chronic exposures to environmental low concentrations (10-1000 ng/L) the four drugs did not affect any of the behavioural responses measured but methamphetamine and cocaine inhibited reproduction at 10 ng/L. Observed effects on neurotransmitters and related metabolites were in concern with reported responses in mammalian and other vertebrate models: cocaine and MDMA enhanced dopamine and serotonin levels, respectively, methamphetamine and MDMA decreased dopamine and octopamine, and all but MDMA decreased 3 MT levels. Drug effects on the concentration of up to 10 amino acids evidence disruptive effects on neurotransmitter synthesis, the urea cycle, lipid metabolism and cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bellot
- Department of Analytical and Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Institut Químic de Sarrià-Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Soria
- Department of Analytical and Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Institut Químic de Sarrià-Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raul López-Arnau
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Institut de Biomedicina IBUB, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristian Gómez-Canela
- Department of Analytical and Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Institut Químic de Sarrià-Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Barata
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Wright T, Adhikari A. Reply to Mehrotra et al. Wastewater-Based Surveillance Does Not Belong in a Regulatory Framework Designed to Protect Waters That Receive Treated Wastewater. Comment on "Wright, T.; Adhikari, A. Utilizing a National Wastewater Monitoring Program to Address the U.S. Opioid Epidemic: A Focus on Metro Atlanta, Georgia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 5282". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6637. [PMID: 37681778 PMCID: PMC10487908 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20176637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
We are honored that authors are reading our manuscript [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Wright
- University College, University of Denver, 2211 South Josephine Street, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Atin Adhikari
- Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, 501 Forest Drive, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA;
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Romero-Murillo P, Gallego JL, Leignel V. Marine Pollution and Advances in Biomonitoring in Cartagena Bay in the Colombian Caribbean. TOXICS 2023; 11:631. [PMID: 37505596 PMCID: PMC10385514 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Coastal zones sustain extensive biodiversity, support key processes for ocean dynamics, and influence the balance of the global environment. They also provide resources and services to communities, determine their culture, and are the basis for their economic growth. Cartagena Bay in the Colombian Caribbean is the place of the establishment of one of the country's main cities, which has a great historical and tourist attraction, and it is also the location of the main commercial port and a great variety of industries. Historically, it has been affected by several environmental impacts and intense pollution. This situation has gained the attention of different researchers, so herein is presented a literature review with a systematic approach using RStudio's bibliometrix on the presence of pollutants and the impact on biodiversity in recent decades, providing a critical analysis of the state of Cartagena Bay and its future needs to ensure its recovery and conservation. In addition, the socioeconomic dynamics related to the environmental state of Cartagena Bay are presented from the framework drivers, pressures, status, impacts, and responses (DPSIR). The update and critical understanding of the sources, fate, and effects of pollution are important not only for the knowledge of the status of this singular ecosystem but also to encourage future research and entrench evidence to support decision makers' actions. This review highlights that several pollutants that have been detected exceeding sediment quality guidelines, like As, Cd, Hg, and PAH, are also reported to bioaccumulate and cause damage throughout the trophic levels of the coastal environment. In addition, the potential use of sentinel species and biomarkers for their monitoring is discussed. Finally, the factors that cause pollution and threaten the state of the bay continue to exert pressure and impact; thus, there is a call for the further monitoring of this ecosystem and the strengthening of policies and regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Romero-Murillo
- Escuela de Biología Marina, Grupo de Investigación GIBEAM, Universidad del Sinú Seccional Cartagena, Av. El Bosque Trans, 54 N° 30-453 Santillana, Cartagena de Indias 130014, Colombia
| | - Jorge L Gallego
- Grupo de Investigaciones y Mediciones Ambientales GEMA, Facultad de Ingenierías, Universidad de Medellín, Carrera 87 N° 30-65, Medellín 050026, Colombia
| | - Vincent Leignel
- Laboratoire BIOSSE, Le Mans Université, Avenue O Messiaen, 72000 Le Mans, France
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8
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De Felice B, Parolini M. Exposure to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) induced biochemical but not behavioral effects in Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 100:104163. [PMID: 37257268 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Among amphetamine like stimulants (ATS), the 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is often detected in sewage and surface waters, representing a potential threat for organisms because of its peculiar mechanism of action (i.e., stimulatory and hallucinogenic). The present study aimed at investigating biochemical (i.e., oxidative stress and energetic biomarkers) and behavioral (i.e., swimming activity) effects induced by a 21-days exposure to two concentrations (50 ng/L and 500 ng/L) of MDMA towards Daphnia magna. The amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the activity of antioxidant (SOD, CAT, GPx) and detoxifying (GST) enzymes and lipid peroxidation were measured as oxidative stress-related endpoints. Total energy content was estimated from the measurement of protein, carbohydrate and lipid content to assess energy reserves. The modulation of swimming activity was assessed as behavioral endpoint. Slight effects of MDMA exposure on oxidative stress responses and energy reserves were observed, while no alterations of the swimming behavior was noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice De Felice
- University of Milan, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Parolini
- University of Milan, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
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9
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Krishnan RY, Manikandan S, Subbaiya R, Biruntha M, Balachandar R, Karmegam N. Origin, transport and ecological risk assessment of illicit drugs in the environment - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137091. [PMID: 36356815 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Illicit drugs are a novel group of emerging pollutants. A growing global environmental load and ecological risk is created by the ongoing release of these toxins into the environment. Conventional water processing plants fail to completely remove drugs of abuse from both surface water and wastewater. The origin, environmental fate and ecological repercussions of illicit drugs, despite their detection in surface waterways around the world, are not well understood. In this review, illicit drug detections in potable water, surface water and wastewater globally have been studied during the past 15 years in order to establish a baseline for future years. The most common drugs with abuse potential detected in different sources of potable and surface water were methadone (0.12-22.7 ng/L), cocaine (0.05-506.6 ng/L), benzoylecgonine (0.07-1019 ng/L), amphetamine (1.4-342.6 ng/L), and codeine (0.002-42 ng/L). The bulk of research only looked at a small number of drugs of abuse, indicating that despite widespread use, a large spectrum of these intoxicants has yet to be detected. This review focuses on the origin of illicit drug contaminants in water bodies, air, and soil, their persistence in the environment, and the typical concentrations at which they occur in the environment. The impact of these drugs on aquatic organisms like Elliptio complanata mussels, crayfish and zebrafish has also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yedhu Krishnan
- Department of Food Technology, Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Kanjirappally, Kottayam, 686 518, Kerala, India
| | - S Manikandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai - 602 105. Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - R Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - M Biruntha
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Balachandar
- Department of Biotechnology, Prathyusha Engineering College, Chennai, 602 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Karmegam
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
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10
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De Felice B, De Pascalis F, Manenti R, Pavlovic R, di Cesare F, Nasti R, Beretta G, Parolini M. Differential biochemical and behavioral responses induced by cocaine and benzoylecgonine exposure to the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 844:157025. [PMID: 35777565 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine (COC) and its main metabolite, the benzoylecgonine (BE), are the main illicit drugs measured in aquatic system worldwide, with concentrations up to hundreds of ng/L. Although their current environmental concentrations are low these molecules can induce adverse effects at sub-individual level in non-target organisms. In contrast, the information at individual and behavioral level are still scant. The present study aimed at investigating biochemical and behavioral effects induced by 14-days exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations (50 ng/L and 500 ng/L) of COC and BE towards Procambarus clarkii. At sub-individual level, the activity of antioxidant and detoxifying (superoxide dismutase - SOD, catalase - CAT, glutathione peroxidase - GPx and glutathione S-transferases - GST) enzymes, as well as the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), were measured as oxidative stress-related endpoints. We also measured the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity to check for neurotoxic effect of COC and BE. At individual level, the modulation of some behavioral tasks (i.e., response to external stimuli, changes in feeding activity and exploration of a new environment) were assessed. Although both COC and BE exposure did not induce an oxidative stress situation, a significant inhibition of AChE activity was noted, resulting in behavioral changes in crayfish exposed to COC only. Crayfish exposed to the higher COC concentration showed an increase in the boldness and a decrease in the feeding activity, suggesting that COC may act according to its psychotropic mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice De Felice
- University of Milan, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Federico De Pascalis
- University of Milan, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Raoul Manenti
- University of Milan, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Radmila Pavlovic
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Via dell'Università 6, I-26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Federica di Cesare
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Via dell'Università 6, I-26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Rita Nasti
- University of Milan, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giangiacomo Beretta
- University of Milan, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Parolini
- University of Milan, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
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Liu W, Zhang H, Liu Y, Li X, Lu H, Guo C, Xu J. Occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk of psychoactive substances in typical lakes and rivers in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 242:113928. [PMID: 35926407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence, distribution, and ecological risks of psychoactive substances (PSs) in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) was investigated in this study. The surface water samples were collected in July in 2020 from five major water bodies, and 9 PSs were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The mean concentrations of the total PSs were 2.19-96.86 ng/L in lakes and 4.56-34.47 ng/L in rivers. Amphetamine (AMP) was the predominant contaminant both in lakes and rivers with a mean concentration of 12.21 ± 22.76 ng/L and 9.83 ± 6.14 ng/L, respectively. The compositions of PSs in lakes and rivers were significantly different. AMP, methadone (MTD), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and ketamine (KET) were the most detected contaminants in lakes, while in rivers AMP, MDA, heroin (HER), and methamphetamine (METH) were the most detected ones. Concentrations of AMP and MTD, the two predominant drugs, varied spatially, with the decreasing concentration of AMP in the order of Huangshui River > Yamzhog Yumco Lake > Qinghai Lake > Lhasa River > Namco Lake, and of MTD in the order of Qinghai Lake > Namco Lake > Huangshui River > Yamzhog Yumco Lake. The risk quotients (RQs) of PSs ranged from 4.44 × 10-6 to 4.32 × 10-2, indicating a low risk of PSs in the aquatic ecosystem in QTP. Compared with other research in the world, the contamination of psychoactive substances in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was at relatively low levels with low ecological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Center for Environmental Health Risk Assessment and Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Center for Environmental Health Risk Assessment and Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Center for Environmental Health Risk Assessment and Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Center for Environmental Health Risk Assessment and Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Haijian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Center for Environmental Health Risk Assessment and Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Center for Environmental Health Risk Assessment and Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Center for Environmental Health Risk Assessment and Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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12
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Aquatic Pollution and Risks to Biodiversity: The Example of Cocaine Effects on the Ovaries of Anguilla anguilla. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141766. [PMID: 35883315 PMCID: PMC9312106 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollution is one of the main causes of the loss of biodiversity, currently one of the most important environmental problems. Important sources of aquatic pollution are illicit drugs, whose presence in waters is closely related to human consumption; their psychoactive properties and biological activity suggest potential adverse effects on non-target organisms, such as aquatic biota. In this study, we evaluated the effect of an environmentally relevant concentration of cocaine (20 ng L−1), an illicit drug widely found in surface waters, on the ovaries of Anguilla anguilla, a species critically endangered and able to accumulate cocaine in its tissues following chronic exposure. The following parameters were evaluated: (1) the morphology of the ovaries; (2) the presence and distribution of enzymes involved in oogenesis; (3) serum cortisol, FSH, and LH levels. The eels exposed to cocaine showed a smaller follicular area and a higher percentage of connective tissue than controls (p < 0.05), as well as many previtellogenic oocytes compared with controls having numerous fully vitellogenic and early vitellogenic oocytes. In addition, the presence and location of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and P450 aromatase differed in the two groups. Finally, cocaine exposure decreased FSH and LH levels, while it increased cortisol levels. These findings show that even a low environmental concentration of cocaine affects the ovarian morphology and activity of A. anguilla, suggesting a potential impact on reproduction in this species.
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Contribution of Illicit Drug Use to Pharmaceutical Load in the Environment: A Focus on Sub-Saharan Africa. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2022:9056476. [PMID: 35719855 PMCID: PMC9200571 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9056476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Illicit drug abuse and addiction are universal issues requiring international cooperation and interdisciplinary and multisectoral solutions. These addictive substances are utilized for recreational purposes worldwide, including in sub-Saharan Africa. On the other hand, conventional wastewater treatment facilities such as waste stabilization ponds lack the design to remove the most recent classes of pollutants such as illicit drug abuse. As a result, effluents from these treatment schemes contaminate the entire ecosystem. Public health officials are concerned about detecting these pollutants at alarming levels in some countries, with potential undesirable effects on aquatic species and increased health hazards through exposure to contaminated waters or recycling treated or untreated effluents in agriculture. Contaminants including illicit substances enter the environment by human excreta following illegal intake, spills, or through direct dumping, such as from clandestine laboratories, when their manufacturer does not follow accepted production processes. These substances, like other pharmaceuticals, have biological activity and range from pseudopersistent to highly persistent compounds; hence, they persist in the environment while causing harm to the ecosystem. The presence of powerful pharmacological agents such as cocaine, morphine, and amphetamine in water as complex combinations can impair aquatic organisms and human health. These compounds can harm human beings and ecosystem health apart from their low environmental levels. Therefore, this article examines the presence and levels of illicit substances in ecological compartments such as wastewater, surface and ground waters in sub-Saharan Africa, and their latent impact on the ecosystem. The information on the occurrences of illicit drugs and their metabolic products in the sub-Saharan Africa environment and their contribution to pharmaceutical load is missing. In this case, it is important to research further the presence, levels, distribution, and environmental risks of exposure to human beings and the entire ecosystem.
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Adeola AO, Ore OT, Fapohunda O, Adewole AH, Akerele DD, Akingboye AS, Oloye FF. Psychotropic Drugs of Emerging Concerns in Aquatic Systems: Ecotoxicology and Remediation Approaches. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-022-00334-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Detection of Eight Cannabinoids and One Tracer in Wastewater and River Water by SPE-UPLC–ESI-MS/MS. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14040588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of illicit drugs represents a global social and economic problem. Using suitable analytical methods, monitoring, and detection of different illegal drugs residues and their metabolites in wastewater samples can help combat this problem. Our article defines a method to develop, validate, and practically applicate a rapid and robust analytical process for the evaluation of six naturally occurring cannabinoids (CBG, CBD, CBDV, CBN, THC, THCV), two cannabinoids in acidic form (CBDA, THCA-A), and the major cannabis-related human metabolite (THC-COOH). After SPE offline enrichment, we used a UPLC–ESI-MS/MS system, which permitted the determination of several by-products. Studied matrices were samples of different origins: (i) effluent water from a wastewater treatment plant in the Porto urban area; (ii) environmental water from Febros River, the last left-bank tributary of the Douro River. The multi-residue approach was substantiated and successfully employed to analyze the water samples collected in the above locations. The rapid and precise quantification of nine different cannabinoids in different water samples occurred within nine minutes at the ng L−1 level. The appearance of dozens of ng L−1 of some cannabis secondary metabolites, such as CBD, CBDA, CBN, THCA-A, indicates this plant species’ widespread usage among the general population in the considered area.
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Selwe KP, Thorn JPR, Desrousseaux AOS, Dessent CEH, Sallach JB. Emerging contaminant exposure to aquatic systems in the Southern African Development Community. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:382-395. [PMID: 35020964 PMCID: PMC9304188 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The growing production and use of chemicals and the resultant increase in environmental exposure is of particular concern in developing countries where there is rapid industrialization and population growth but limited information on the occurrence of emerging contaminants. Advances in analytical techniques now allow for the monitoring of emerging contaminants at very low concentrations with the potential to cause harmful ecotoxicological effects. Therefore, we provide the first critical assessment of the current state of knowledge about chemical exposure in waters of the Southern African Developmental Community (SADC). We achieved this through a comprehensive literature review and the creation of a database of chemical monitoring data. Of the 59 articles reviewed, most (n = 36; 61.0%) were from South Africa, and the rest were from Botswana (n = 6; 10.2%), Zimbabwe (n = 6; 10.2%), Malawi (n = 3; 5.1%), Mozambique (n = 3; 5.1%), Zambia (n = 2; 3.4%), Angola (n = 1; 1.7%), Madagascar (n = 1; 1.7%), and Tanzania (n = 1; 1.7%). No publications were found from the remaining seven SADC countries. Emerging contaminants have only been studied in South Africa and Botswana. The antiretroviral drug ritonavir (64.52 µg/L) was detected at the highest average concentration, and ibuprofen (17 times) was detected most frequently. Despite being the primary water source in the region, groundwater was understudied (only 13 studies). High emerging contaminant concentrations in surface waters indicate the presence of secondary sources of pollution such as sewage leakage. We identify research gaps and propose actions to assess and reduce chemical pollution to enable the SADC to address the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly Goal 3.9, to reduce the deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and contamination. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:382-395. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kgato P. Selwe
- Department of Chemistry, University of YorkHeslingtonYorkUK
| | - Jessica P. R. Thorn
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of YorkHeslingtonYorkUK
- African Climate and Development InitiativeUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | | | | | - J. Brett Sallach
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of YorkHeslingtonYorkUK
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Caliskan Salihi E, Tulay EC. Adsorptive removal of antipsychotic drug by carbon nanofibers in a batch and fixed bed column system. PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2021.2025178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Caliskan Salihi
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emine Ceren Tulay
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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18
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Fontes MK, Dourado PLR, Campos BGD, Maranho LA, Almeida EAD, Abessa DMDS, Pereira CDS. Environmentally realistic concentrations of cocaine in seawater disturbed neuroendrocrine parameters and energy status in the marine mussel Perna perna. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 251:109198. [PMID: 34601085 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine (COC) is a powerful illicit drug frequently detected in the aquatic environment. COC acts by inhibiting the reuptake of dopamine (DOPA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT - serotonin) and causes endocrine disturbances in mammals. This study investigated similar effects from cocaine exposure in the marine mussel Perna perna, as well as neurotoxicity and energy imbalances. Mussels were exposed to COC (0.2 μg.L-1 and 2 μg.L-1) for periods of 48, 96, and 168 h. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was measured in adductor muscle tissue to determine neurotoxicity, and neurotransmitter levels (DOPA and 5-HT), monoamine oxidase (MAO) and cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, and energy status (mitrochondrial electron transport, MET, and total lipids, TLP) were evaluated in the mussels' gonads. COC decreased AChE activity in the mussels exposed to 0.2 μg.L-1 and 2 μg.L -1 after 168 h, and all concentrations of COC increased neurotransmitter levels. Increases in MET (0.2 μg.L -1, for all exposure periods) and TLP (0.2 μg.L 1 after 48 h, and 2 μg.L -1 after 96 h and 168 h) were also observed. No significant change was detected in MAO activity. COC also decreased COX activity in the mussels exposed to 0.2 μg.L -1 (48 h and 96 h) and 2 μg.L -1 (96 h). These results suggest that COC may compromise neurotransmitter levels and COX activity. Furthermore, the changes in MET and LPT suggest that COC affects the energy balance of the mussels, and could negatively affect physiological processes such as metabolism, hormone production, and embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayana Karoline Fontes
- Instituto de Biociências, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Infante Dom Henrique s/n, PC 11330-900 São Vicente, Brazil
| | - Priscila Leocadio Rosa Dourado
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de São José do Rio Preto R. Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, PC 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Galvão de Campos
- Instituto de Biociências, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Infante Dom Henrique s/n, PC 11330-900 São Vicente, Brazil
| | - Luciane Alves Maranho
- Instituto de Biociências, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Infante Dom Henrique s/n, PC 11330-900 São Vicente, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Alves de Almeida
- Departmento de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Av. Antônio da Veiga 140, PC 89030-903 Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Denis Moledo de Souza Abessa
- Instituto de Biociências, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Infante Dom Henrique s/n, PC 11330-900 São Vicente, Brazil
| | - Camilo Dias Seabra Pereira
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Maria Máximo, 168, PC 11030-100 Santos, Brazil; Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, PC 11045-907 Santos, Brazil.
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19
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da Silva Souza L, Bonnail E, Maranho LA, Pusceddu FH, Cortez FS, Cesar A, Ribeiro DA, Riba I, de Souza Abessa DM, DelValls Á, Pereira CDS. Sub-lethal combined effects of illicit drug and decreased pH on marine mussels: A short-time exposure to crack cocaine in CO 2 enrichment scenarios. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 171:112735. [PMID: 34303056 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The increasing CO2-concentrations in the atmosphere promote ocean acidification. Seawater chemistry changes interact with contaminants, such as illicit drugs in the coastal zones. This work evaluates impacts of pH decrease and crack-cocaine exposure on the commercial mussel Perna perna through biomarker responses (lysosomal membrane stability, lipid peroxidation, and DNA strand breaks). The organisms were exposed to different crack-cocaine concentrations (0.5, 5.0, and 50 μg L-1) combined with different pH values (8.3, 8.0, 7.5, 7.0, 6.5, and 6.0) for 96 h. Crack-cocaine in the different acidification scenarios triggered cyto-genotoxicity, which affected the overall health of mussels exposed to cocaine environmentally relevant concentration. This study produced the first data on biomarker responses associated with CO2-induced acidification and illicit drugs (crack-cocaine) in marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena da Silva Souza
- Department of Physico-Chemistry, Aquatic Systems Research Group, UNESCO/UNITWIN WiCop, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Estefanía Bonnail
- Centro de Investigaciones Costeras-Universidad de Atacama (CIC-UDA), University of Atacama, Copiapó, Chile.
| | - Luciane Alves Maranho
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University (UNISANTA), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Hermes Pusceddu
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University (UNISANTA), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Sanzi Cortez
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University (UNISANTA), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Augusto Cesar
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University (UNISANTA), Santos, SP, Brazil; Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Inmaculada Riba
- Department of Physico-Chemistry, Aquatic Systems Research Group, UNESCO/UNITWIN WiCop, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Denis M de Souza Abessa
- Study Center on Pollution and Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Paulista State University (UNESP), São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Ángel DelValls
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University (UNISANTA), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Camilo Dias Seabra Pereira
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University (UNISANTA), Santos, SP, Brazil; Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
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20
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Chen L, Guo C, Sun Z, Xu J. Occurrence, bioaccumulation and toxicological effect of drugs of abuse in aquatic ecosystem: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111362. [PMID: 34048744 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Drugs of abuse are a group of emerging contaminants. As the prevalence of manufacture and consumption, there is a growing global environmental burden and ecological risk from the continuous release of these contaminants into environment. The widespread occurrence of drugs of abuse in waste wasters and surface waters is due to the incomplete removal through traditional wastewater treatment plants in different regions around the world. Although their environmental concentrations are not very high, they can potentially influence the aquatic organisms and ecosystem function. This paper reviews the occurrence of drugs of abuse and their metabolites in waste waters and surface waters, their bioaccumulation in aquatic plants, fishes and benthic organisms and even top predators, and the toxicological effects such as genotoxic effect, cytotoxic effect and even behavioral effect on aquatic organisms. In summary, drugs of abuse occur widely in aquatic environment, and may exert adverse impact on aquatic organisms at molecular, cellular or individual level, and even on aquatic ecosystem. It necessitates the monitoring and risk assessment of these compounds on diverse aquatic organisms in the further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Like Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhenyu Sun
- Jiangsu Rainfine Environmental Science and Technology Co.,Ltd, Henan Branch Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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Adedara IA, Ajayi BO, Afolabi BA, Awogbindin IO, Rocha JBT, Farombi EO. Toxicological outcome of exposure to psychoactive drugs carbamazepine and diazepam on non-target insect Nauphoeta cinerea. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128449. [PMID: 33032224 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The continuous detection of human pharmaceuticals during environmental biomonitoring is a global concern because of the menaces they may exert on non-target organisms. Carbamazepine (CBZ) and diazepam (DZP) are commonly prescribed psychotropic drugs which have been reported to coexist in the environment globally. Nauphoeta cinerea is a common insect with high ecological impact. This study elucidated the influence of co-exposure to DZP (0.5 and 1.0 μg kg-1 diet) and CBZ (1.5 and 3.0 μg kg-1 diet) for 42 days on the behavior and biochemical responses in Nauphoeta cinerea. Results showed that DZP alone did not induce adverse effect on the behavior and antioxidant status in the exposed insects. However, exposure to CBZ alone and binary mixtures of DZP and CBZ significantly decreased locomotor and exploratory accomplishments evidenced by decreased mobile episodes, total mobile time, maximum speed, total distance traveled, absolute turn angle, body rotation and path efficiency in comparison with control. The decline observed in the exploratory activities of insects fed with CBZ alone and the mixtures was confirmed by track plots and heat maps. Further, acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant enzyme activities decreased significantly whereas reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation levels increased significantly in the hemolymph, head and midgut of insects exposed to CBZ alone and the mixtures. Collectively, CBZ alone and binary mixtures of CBZ and DZP caused neurotoxicity via induction of inflammatory and oxidative stress in insects. Nauphoeta cinerea may be a potential non-target insect model for monitoring ecotoxicological hazard of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A Adedara
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Babajide O Ajayi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Blessing A Afolabi
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ifeoluwa O Awogbindin
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Joao B T Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ebenezer O Farombi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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De Felice B, Parolini M. Effects of single and combined exposure to cocaine and benzoylecgonine on the oxidative status of Mytilus galloprovincialis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 80:103475. [PMID: 32827719 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The information concerning the effects of single and combined exposure to cocaine (COC) and its main metabolite, the benzoylecgonine (BE), towards marine organisms is still scant. Thus, the aim of this work was to compare the effects induced by 96 -hs exposure to a concentration of COC (500 ng/L) or BE (20 ng/L) and their mixture (500 ng/L of COC and 20 ng/L of BE) on Mytilus galloprovincialis. Oxidative stress biomarkers were applied on mussel gills and digestive gland, investigating changes in the amount of reactive oxygen species, activity of antioxidant (SOD, CAT and GPx) and detoxifying (GST) enzymes and lipid peroxidation. Independent exposure to COC and BE slightly altered mussel oxidative status in both the organs, while the mixture induced more marked responses compared to single molecules. Our results suggest the necessity to explore the toxicity of illicit drug mixtures to shed light on the risk of these molecules to marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice De Felice
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Parolini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
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Libralato G, Freitas R, Buttino I, Arukwe A, Della Torre C. Special issue on challenges in emerging environmental contaminants CEEC19. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:30903-30906. [PMID: 32557030 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09539-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabella Buttino
- Section of ecological risk assessment in marine coastal areas, Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Livorno, Italy
| | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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