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Marumure J, Simbanegavi TT, Makuvara Z, Karidzagundi R, Alufasi R, Goredema M, Gufe C, Chaukura N, Halabowski D, Gwenzi W. Emerging organic contaminants in drinking water systems: Human intake, emerging health risks, and future research directions. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141699. [PMID: 38554874 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Few earlier reviews on emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) in drinking water systems (DWS) focused on their detection, behaviour, removal and fate. Reviews on multiple exposure pathways, human intake estimates, and health risks including toxicokinetics, and toxicodynamics of EOCs in DWS are scarce. This review presents recent advances in human intake and health risks of EOCs in DWS. First, an overview of the evidence showing that DWS harbours a wide range of EOCs is presented. Multiple human exposure to EOCs occurs via ingestion of drinking water and beverages, inhalation and dermal pathways are discussed. A potential novel exposure may occur via the intravenous route in dialysis fluids. Analysis of global data on pharmaceutical pollution in rivers showed that the cumulative concentrations (μg L-1) of pharmaceuticals (mean ± standard error of the mean) were statistically more than two times significantly higher (p = 0.011) in South America (11.68 ± 5.29), Asia (9.97 ± 3.33), Africa (9.48 ± 2.81) and East Europe (8.09 ± 4.35) than in high-income regions (2.58 ± 0.48). Maximum cumulative concentrations of pharmaceuticals (μg L-1) decreased in the order; Asia (70.7) had the highest value followed by South America (68.8), Africa (51.3), East Europe (32.0) and high-income regions (17.1) had the least concentration. The corresponding human intake via ingestion of untreated river water was also significantly higher in low- and middle-income regions than in their high-income counterparts. For each region, the daily intake of pharmaceuticals was highest in infants, followed by children and then adults. A critique of the human health hazards, including toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of EOCs is presented. Emerging health hazards of EOCs in DWS include; (1) long-term latent and intergenerational effects, (2) the interactive health effects of EOC mixtures, (3) the challenges of multifinality and equifinality, and (4) the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis. Finally, research needs on human health hazards of EOCs in DWS are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerikias Marumure
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | - Tinoziva T Simbanegavi
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment, and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, P. O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Zakio Makuvara
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | - Rangarirayi Karidzagundi
- Materials Development Unit, Zimbabwe Open University, P.O. Box MP1119 Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Richwell Alufasi
- Biological Sciences Department, Bindura University of Science Education, 741 Chimurenga Road, Off Trojan Road, P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe
| | - Marvelous Goredema
- Biological Sciences Department, Bindura University of Science Education, 741 Chimurenga Road, Off Trojan Road, P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe
| | - Claudious Gufe
- Department of Veterinary Technical Services, Central Veterinary Laboratories, Box CY55, 18A Borrowdale Road, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, 8301, South Africa
| | - Dariusz Halabowski
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Willis Gwenzi
- Currently: Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, 380, New Adylin, Westgate, Harare, Zimbabwe; Formerly: Alexander von Humboldt Fellow & Guest/Visiting Professor, Grassland Science and Renewable Plant Resources, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Universität Kassel, Steinstraße 19, D-37213, Witzenhausen, Germany; Formerly: Alexander von Humboldt Fellow and Guest Professor, Leibniz-Institut für Agrartechnik und Bioökonomie e.V. (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany.
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Li Z, Yu Z, Yin D. Influence of dietary status on the obesogenic effects of erythromycin antibiotic on Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 185:108458. [PMID: 38368716 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
As emerging pollutants, antibiotics were widely detected in water bodies and dietary sources. Recently, their obesogenic effects raised serious concerns. So far, it remained unclear whether their obesogenic effects would be influenced by water- and diet-borne exposure routes. In present study, Caenorhabditis elegans, nematodes free-living in air-water interface and feeding on bacteria, were exposed to water- and diet-borne erythromycin antibiotic (ERY). The statuses of the bacterial food, inactivated or alive, were also considered to explore their influences on the effects. Results showed that both water- and diet-borne ERY significantly stimulated body width and triglyceride contents. Moreover, diet-borne ERY's stimulation on the triglyceride levels was greater with alive bacteria than with inactivated bacteria. Biochemical analysis showed that water-borne ERY inhibited the activities of enzymes like adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) in fatty acid β-oxidation. Meanwhile, diet-borne ERY inhibited the activities of acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) in lipolysis, while it stimulated the activities of fatty acid synthase (FAS) in lipogenesis. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that water-borne ERY with alive bacteria significantly upregulated the expressions of daf-2, daf-16 and nhr-49, without significant influences in other settings. Further investigation demonstrated that ERY interfered with bacterial colonization in the intestine and the permeability of the intestinal barrier. Moreover, ERY decreased total long-chained fatty acids (LCFAs) in bacteria and nematodes, while it decreased total short-chained fatty acids (SCFAs) in bacteria but increased them in nematodes. Collectively, the present study demonstrated the differences between water- and diet-borne ERY's obesogenic effects, and highlighted the involvement of insulin and nhr-49 signaling pathways, SCFAs metabolism and also the interaction between intestinal bacteria and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Zhenyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Daqiang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China. %
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Chen Y, Zhang B, Zhang P, Shi G, Liang H, Cai W, Gao J, Zhuang S, Luo K, Zhu J, Chen C, Ma K, Chen J, Hu C, Xing X. Synergistic effects of trace sulfadiazine and corrosion scales on disinfection by-product formation in bulk water of cast iron pipe. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122866. [PMID: 37926409 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of trace sulfadiazine (SDZ) and cast-iron corrosion scales on the disinfection by-product (DBP) formation in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) were investigated. The results show that under the synergistic effect of trace SDZ (10 μg/L) and magnetite (Fe3O4), higher DBP concentration occurred in the bulk water with the transmission and distribution of the drinking water. Microbial metabolism-related substances, one of the important DBP precursors, increased under the SDZ/Fe3O4 condition. It was found that Fe3O4 induced a faster microbial extracellular electron transport (EET) pathway, resulting in a higher microbial regrowth activity. On the other hand, the rate of chlorine consumption was quite high, and the enhanced microbial EET based on Fe3O4 eliminated the need for microorganisms to secrete excessive extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). More importantly, EPS could be continuously secreted due to the higher microbial activity. Finally, high reactivity between EPS and chlorine disinfectant resulted in the continuous formation of DBPs, higher chlorine consumption, and lower EPS content. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the trace antibiotics polluted water sources and cast-iron corrosion scale composition in the future. This study reveals the synergistic effects of trace antibiotics and corrosion scales on the DBP formation in DWDSs, which has important theoretical significance for the DBP control of tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyi Chen
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Boxuan Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Pojun Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guogui Shi
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wu Cai
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jingyu Gao
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Sumin Zhuang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Kaiyin Luo
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chaoxiang Chen
- Nanzhou Waterworks of Guangzhou Water Supply Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Kunyu Ma
- Nanzhou Waterworks of Guangzhou Water Supply Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Jinrong Chen
- Nanzhou Waterworks of Guangzhou Water Supply Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Chun Hu
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xueci Xing
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Yabalak E, Aminzai MT, Gizir AM, Yang Y. A Review: Subcritical Water Extraction of Organic Pollutants from Environmental Matrices. Molecules 2024; 29:258. [PMID: 38202840 PMCID: PMC10780272 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Most organic pollutants are serious environmental concerns globally due to their resistance to biological, chemical, and photolytic degradation. The vast array of uses of organic compounds in daily life causes a massive annual release of these substances into the air, water, and soil. Typical examples of these substances include pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Since they are persistent and hazardous in the environment, as well as bio-accumulative, sensitive and efficient extraction and detection techniques are required to estimate the level of pollution and assess the ecological consequences. A wide variety of extraction methods, including pressurized liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and subcritical water extraction, have been recently used for the extraction of organic pollutants from the environment. However, subcritical water has proven to be the most effective approach for the extraction of a wide range of organic pollutants from the environment. In this review article, we provide a brief overview of the subcritical water extraction technique and its application to the extraction of PAHs, PCBs, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and others form environmental matrices. Furthermore, we briefly discuss the influence of key extraction parameters, such as extraction time, pressure, and temperature, on extraction efficiency and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Yabalak
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Mersin University, TR-33343 Mersin, Türkiye
| | - Mohammad Tahir Aminzai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan;
| | - Ahmet Murat Gizir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mersin University, TR-33343 Mersin, Türkiye;
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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Zeng H, Wang Q, Hu Z, Guo D, Yan Z, Fu H, Zhu Y. TT-10 may attenuate ibuprofen-induced ovarian injury in mice by activating COX2-PGE2 and inhibiting Hippo pathway. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 123:108499. [PMID: 37984603 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Ibuprofen (IBU) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has been found in recent years to cause ovarian damage. The aim of this study is to explore the molecular mechanisms of IBU damage to the ovary and drugs to combat it. We established in vivo (IBU doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg-day) and in vitro (IBU concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 μM in culture medium) models of ovarian damage in mice simulating clinical doses and found that IBU not only caused ovarian damage in mice in a dose-response relationship, but also decreased estradiol (E2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in serum/media with increasing IBU doses. In damaged ovaries, the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2)-PGE2 pathway is inhibited, the Hippo pathway is activated, circPVT1 is decreased, and miR-149 is elevated. TT-10 is an activator of YES-associated protein (YAP)-transcriptional enhancer factor domain activity. Then, 100 μM IBU-induced ovarian damage model was selected for YAP activation (Hippo pathway inhibition) experiment, and TT-10 was found to interfere with IBU-induced ovarian damage and increase E2 level in the medium, and 10 μM of TT-10 had the best protective effect. TT-10 also inhibited the Hippo pathway, activated the COX2-PGE2 pathway, elevated circPVT1 expression, and decreased miR-149 expression in the ovary. It has been hypothesized that clinical doses of IBU damage mouse ovaries by inhibiting COX2-PGE2 and activating the Hippo pathway, whereas TT-10 protects the ovaries through the inverse regulation of these two pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Zeng
- Department of Lymphoma and Hematology (Children's Oncology Center), Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical School, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenmin Hu
- School of Medicine, Yueyang Vocational Technical College, Yueyang 414006, Hunan, China
| | - Daying Guo
- School of Nursing, Yiyang Medical College, Yiyang 413002, Hunan, China
| | - Zhengli Yan
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical School, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Hu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical School, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Yongfei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical School, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.
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Shen M, Hu Y, Zhao K, Li C, Liu B, Li M, Lyu C, Sun L, Zhong S. Occurrence, Bioaccumulation, Metabolism and Ecotoxicity of Fluoroquinolones in the Aquatic Environment: A Review. TOXICS 2023; 11:966. [PMID: 38133367 PMCID: PMC10747319 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been growing concern about antibiotic contamination in water bodies, particularly the widespread presence of fluoroquinolones (FQs), which pose a serious threat to ecosystems due to their extensive use and the phenomenon of "pseudo-persistence". This article provides a comprehensive review of the literature on FQs in water bodies, summarizing and analyzing contamination levels of FQs in global surface water over the past three years, as well as the bioaccumulation and metabolism patterns of FQs in aquatic organisms, their ecological toxicity, and the influencing factors. The results show that FQs contamination is widespread in surface water across the surveyed 32 countries, with ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin being the most heavy contaminants. Furthermore, contamination levels are generally higher in developing and developed countries. It has been observed that compound types, species, and environmental factors influence the bioaccumulation, metabolism, and toxicity of FQs in aquatic organisms. FQs tend to accumulate more in organisms with higher lipid content, and toxicity experiments have shown that FQs exhibit the highest toxicity to bacteria and the weakest toxicity to mollusk. This article summarizes and analyzes the current research status and shortcomings of FQs, providing guidance and theoretical support for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Yi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Ke Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Chenyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Binshuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Chen Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Lei Sun
- Liaoning Provincial Mineral Exploration Institute Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110031, China
| | - Shuang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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Zhang L, Zhu Z, Zhao M, He J, Zhang X, Hao F, Du P. Occurrence, removal, emission and environment risk of 32 antibiotics and metabolites in wastewater treatment plants in Wuhu, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 899:165681. [PMID: 37481090 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered important sources of antibiotics and metabolites in aquatic environments and pose a serious threat to the safety of aquatic organisms. In this study, we investigated the seasonal occurrence, removal, emission, and environmental risk assessment (ERA) of 32 antibiotics and metabolites at four WWTPs located in Wuhu, China. The main findings of this study are as follows: Ofloxacin concentrations dominated all WWTPs, and large quantities of sulfachinoxalin were only detected in WWTP 2 treating mixed sewage. The average apparent removal of individual parent antibiotics or metabolites ranged from -94.7 to 100 %. There was a noticeable seasonal emission pattern (independent t-test, t = 9.89, p < 0.001), with lower emissions observed during summer. WWTPs discharged 85.2 ± 43.8 g of antibiotics and metabolites each day. Approximately 87 % of emissions were discharged into the mainstream of the Yangtze River, while the remainder were discharged into its tributary, the Zhanghe River. The total emissions of 21 parent antibiotics were approximately 18 % of the prescription data, indicating that a considerable and alarming amount of prototype drugs entered the receiving water body. Based on the risk quotient (RQ) of the ERA, the Zhanghe River has a moderate risk of ofloxacin (RQ = 0.111-0.583), a low or insignificant risk of sulfamethoxazole (RQ = 0.003-0.048), and an insignificant risk of other antibiotics or metabolites. However, the risk of antibiotics or metabolites in the mainstream of Yangtze River is insignificant. This study could help understand the seasonal emission patterns of antibiotics and metabolites, as well as more antibiotics sensitive of environmental risks in tributary than that in mainstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingrong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Menglin Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Jia He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Fanghua Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Peng Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
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Amobonye A, Aruwa CE, Aransiola S, Omame J, Alabi TD, Lalung J. The potential of fungi in the bioremediation of pharmaceutically active compounds: a comprehensive review. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1207792. [PMID: 37502403 PMCID: PMC10369004 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1207792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of fungal species to produce a wide range of enzymes and metabolites, which act synergistically, makes them valuable tools in bioremediation, especially in the removal of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) from contaminated environments. PhACs are compounds that have been specifically designed to treat or alter animal physiological conditions and they include antibiotics, analgesics, hormones, and steroids. Their detrimental effects on all life forms have become a source of public outcry due their persistent nature and their uncontrolled discharge into various wastewater effluents, hospital effluents, and surface waters. Studies have however shown that fungi have the necessary metabolic machinery to degrade PhACs in complex environments, such as soil and water, in addition they can be utilized in bioreactor systems to remove PhACs. In this regard, this review highlights fungal species with immense potential in the biodegradation of PhACs, their enzymatic arsenal as well as the probable mechanism of biodegradation. The challenges encumbering the real-time application of this promising bioremediative approach are also highlighted, as well as the areas of improvement and future perspective. In all, this paper points researchers to the fact that fungal bioremediation is a promising strategy for addressing the growing issue of pharmaceutical contamination in the environment and can help to mitigate the negative impacts on ecosystems and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji Amobonye
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Christiana E. Aruwa
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sesan Aransiola
- Bioresources Development Centre, National Biotechnology Development Agency, P.M.B. Onipanu, Ogbomosho, Nigeria
| | - John Omame
- National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency, Lagos Field Office, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Toyin D. Alabi
- Department of Life Sciences, Baze University, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Japareng Lalung
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- Centre for Global Sustainability Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Wang Q, Xin B, Wang X, Li F, Fu H, Yan Z, Zhu Y. TT-10 may elevate YAP and repair mouse uterine damage resulting from the inhibition effect of ibuprofen on COX2-PGE2 and YAP. Toxicol Lett 2023; 383:215-226. [PMID: 37453669 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Ibuprofen (IBU) is an emerging environmental contaminant that, in high doses, can damage reproductive organs in humans and other mammals. Recently, its effects on the uterus have been investigated. It is known that the COX2-PGE2 pathway and Yes-associated protein (YAP) are involved in female reproductive organ development and form a COX2-PGE2-EP2-Gas-β-catenin-YAP-COX2 positive feedback loop, in addition, TT-10, a pharmacological product, has been found to increase YAP. In this study, IBU was orally administrated to female mice for 7 d at doses of 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg·bw/day (control, low, medium, and high doses, respectively). In addition, 0, 50, 100, and 200 μmol/L IBU was added in vitro to cultured uterine cells for 7 d at control, low, medium, and high doses, respectively; then, 0, 5, 10, and 20 μmol/L TT-10 were given to the in vitro uterine culture containing 100 μmol/L IBU to observe the effect of YAP activation. The results showed that medium and high doses of IBU inhibited the COX2-PGE2 pathway, decreasing YAP and increasing pYAP, leading to reduced circPVT1, elevated miR-149, and increased apoptosis, ultimately damaging the uterus. Conversely, 10 μmol/L TT-10 maximally enhanced YAP, which regulated COX2-PGE2 pathway activation, increased circPVT1, and decreased miR-149, and promoted cell proliferation, preventing uterine damage. This suggests that IBU may cause uterine damage by inhibiting the COX2-PGE2 pathway and YAP, and that appropriate doses of TT-10 may repair this damage by elevating YAP and stimulating COX2 via the feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical school, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Bingyan Xin
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical school, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Xuning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical school, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Fan Li
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical school, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Hu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical school, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Zhengli Yan
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical school, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yongfei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical school, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China.
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10
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Wang Y, Dong X, Zang J, Zhao X, Jiang F, Jiang L, Xiong C, Wang N, Fu C. Antibiotic residues of drinking-water and its human exposure risk assessment in rural Eastern China. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 236:119940. [PMID: 37080106 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Trace levels of antibiotics were frequently found in drinking-water, leading a growing concern that drinking-water is an important exposure source to antibiotics in humans. In this study, we investigated antibiotics in tap water and well water in two rural residential areas in Eastern China to assess the related human health exposure risks in drinking-water. Twenty-seven antibiotics were analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The average daily dose (ADD) and the health risk quotient (HRQ) for exposure to antibiotics in humans were evaluated using 10000 times of Monte Carlo simulations. Ten antibiotics were detected in drinking-water samples, with the maximum concentrations of antibiotic mixture of 8.29 ng/L in tap water and 2.95 ng/L in well water, respectively. Macrolides and sulfonamides were the predominant contaminants and showed the seasonality. Azithromycin had the highest detection frequencies (79.71-100%), followed by roxithromycin (25.71-100%) and erythromycin (21.43-86.96%). The estimated ADD and HRQ for human exposure to antibiotic mixture through drinking-water was less than 0.01 μg/kg/day and 0.01, respectively, which varied over sites, water types, seasons and sex. Ingestion route was more important than dermal contact route (10-6 to 10-4 μg/kg/day magnitude vs. 10-11 to 10-8 μg/kg/day magnitude). Macrolides also contributed mainly to health exposure risks to antibiotics through drinking-water, whose HRQ accounted for 46% to 67% of the total HRQs. Although the individual antibiotic and their combined effects contributed to acceptable health risks for human, the long-term exposure patterns to low-dose antibiotics in drinking-water should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaolian Dong
- Deqing County Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Huzhou, 550004, China
| | - Jinxin Zang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xinping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lufang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chenglong Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China;.
| | - Chaowei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China;.
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11
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Xu N, Shen Y, Jiang L, Jiang B, Li Y, Yuan Q, Zhang Y. Occurrence and risk levels of antibiotic pollution in the coastal waters of eastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27500-5. [PMID: 37162672 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to preliminarily explore the distribution of antibiotic pollution in the coastal waters of eastern China, the concentrations of 13 antibiotics in 5 representative coastal rivers in Jiangsu and 21 sampling sites in the coastal waters of Jiangsu were analyzed. The total antibiotic concentrations in the 5 rivers ranged from 33.14 to 417.78 ng L-1, and the total antibiotic concentrations in the 21 sampling sites ranged from 0.90 to 86.33 ng L-1. Macrolides exhibited the highest total concentration and the maximum detection frequency in both coastal rivers and the coastal waters. The concentrations of antibiotics in a sampling site decreased as the distance of the sampling site from the coastline increased, indicating that river inputs are important sources of antibiotic pollution in the coastal waters of Jiangsu. The detection frequencies of roxithromycin, lincomycin, azithromycin, and sulfamethoxazole in the rivers and sampling sites were above 70%. Correlation analysis showed that the concentrations of antibiotics were positively correlated with the levels of chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen. Risk assessments revealed that roxithromycin and ofloxacin posed medium ecological and resistance risks, respectively, to the most sensitive aquatic organisms in the coastal waters of Jiangsu. The results of this study highlight the significance of monitoring and controlling the concentrations of antibiotic contaminants in the coastal waters of Jiangsu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingbin Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhai Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Chen Y, Tan Y, Wang Y, Ma Y, Li P, Du Z, Yang L, Wu L, Cui S, Ding Y, Qi X, Zhang Z. Estimating Sources, Fluxes, and Ecological Risks of Antibiotics in the Wuhan Section of the Yangtze River, China: A Year-Long Investigation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:605-619. [PMID: 36582153 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To our knowledge, ours is the first study to investigate the annual fluxes, environmental fate, and ecological risks of five categories of antibiotics from the Wuhan section of the Yangtze River (China). All the 24 antibiotics we tested for were detected in water, with total concentrations of 17.11-867.2 ng/L (mean: 63.69 ng/L), and 19 antibiotics were detected in sediment, at 0.02-287.7 ng/g (mean: 16.54 ng/g). Sulfonamides, amphenicols, and macrolides were the three most prominent antibiotic classes in water, and fluoroquinolones were the most prominent in sediment. Farming activities (animal husbandry and aquaculture) are proposed as the largest contributors to antibiotic pollution in the Wuhan section of the Yangtze River according to the Unmix model, followed by municipal wastewater and mixed sources. Higher pollution levels were observed downstream (combined discharge of these sources). Monthly monitoring data (12 months) were used to estimate antibiotic annual fluxes, with 101.5 t (uncertainty: 5.6%) in the Wuhan section of the Yangtze River. Risk assessments showed that erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin posed medium and high ecological risks and were found in 9%-35% and 1.8%-3.7% of all water samples, respectively; enrofloxacin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, florfenicol, and thiamphenicol posed medium resistance risks in 1.9%-16.7% of waters in the Wuhan section of the Yangtze River. Our results have filled data gaps on antibiotic sources, annual fluxes, and resistance risk in the Wuhan section of the Yangtze River and demonstrated the importance of further management of antibiotic use in the studied areas. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:605-619. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Tan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yile Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongfei Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Li
- Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhenjie Du
- Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lie Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Cui
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongzhen Ding
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuebin Qi
- Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zulin Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, UK
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13
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Freitas ÍN, Dourado AV, da Silva Matos SG, de Souza SS, da Luz TM, Rodrigues ASDL, Guimarães ATB, Mubarak NM, Rahman MM, Arias AH, Malafaia G. Short-term exposure of the mayfly larvae (Cloeon dipterum, Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) to SARS-CoV-2-derived peptides and other emerging pollutants: A new threat for the aquatic environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157813. [PMID: 35931160 PMCID: PMC9345649 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The input of SARS-CoV-2 or its fragments into freshwater ecosystems (via domestic or hospital sewage) has raised concerns about its possible impacts on aquatic organisms. Thus, using mayfly larvae [Cloeon dipterum (L.), Ephemeroptera: Baetidae] as a model system, we aimed to evaluate the possible effects of the combined short exposure of SARS-CoV-2-derived peptides (named PSPD-2001, PSPD-2002, and PSPD-2003 - at 266.2 ng/L) with multiple emerging pollutants at ambient concentrations. After six days of exposure, we observed higher mortality of larvae exposed to SARS-CoV-2-derived peptides (alone or in combination with the pollutant mix) and a lower-body condition index than those unexposed larvae. In the "PSPD" and "Mix+PSPD" groups, the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and the total thiol levels were also lower than in the "control" group. In addition, we evidenced the induction of nitrosative stress (inferred by increased nitrite production) and reduced acetylcholinesterase activity by SARS-CoV-2-derived peptides. On the other hand, malondialdehyde levels in larvae exposed to treatments were significantly lower than in unexposed larvae. The values of the integrated biomarker response index and the principal component analysis (PCA) results confirmed the similarity between the responses of animals exposed to SARS-CoV-2-derived peptides (alone and in combination with the pollutant mix). Although viral peptides did not intensify the effects of the pollutant mix, our study sheds light on the potential ecotoxicological risk associated with the spread of the new coronavirus in aquatic environments. Therefore, we recommend exploring this topic in other organisms and experimental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ítalo Nascimento Freitas
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Amanda Vieira Dourado
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Sindoval Silva de Souza
- Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Thiarlen Marinho da Luz
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | - Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Md Mostafizur Rahman
- Laboratory of Environmental Health and Ecotoxicology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Andrés Hugo Arias
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Florida 8000, Complejo CCT CONICET Bahía Blanca, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei Darussalam; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation, and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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14
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A High Flux Electrochemical Filtration System Based on Electrospun Carbon Nanofiber Membrane for Efficient Tetracycline Degradation. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14060910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an electrochemical filter using an electrospun carbon nanofiber membrane (ECNFM) anode fabricated by electrospinning, stabilization and carbonization was developed for the removal of antibiotic tetracycline (TC). ECNFM with 2.5 wt% terephthalic acid (PTA) carbonized at 1000 °C (ECNFM-2.5%-1000) exhibited higher tensile stress (0.75 MPa) and porosity (92.8%), more graphitic structures and lower electron transfer resistance (23.52 Ω). Under the optimal condition of applied voltage 2.0 V, pH 6.1, 0.1 mol L−1 Na2SO4, initial TC concentration 10 ppm and membrane flux 425 LMH, the TC removal efficiency of the electrochemical filter of ECNFM-2.5%-1000 reached 99.8%, and no obvious performance loss was observed after 8 h of continuous operation. The pseudo-first-order reaction rate constant in flow-through mode was 2.28 min−1, which was 10.53 times higher than that in batch mode. Meanwhile, the energy demand for 90% TC removal was only 0.017 kWh m−3. TC could be converted to intermediates with lower developmental toxicity and mutagenicity via the loss of functional groups (-CONH2, -CH3, -OH, -N(CH3)2) and ring opening reaction, which was mainly achieved by direct anodic oxidation. This study highlights the potential of ECNFM-based electrochemical filtration for efficient and economical drinking water purification.
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