1
|
Shi R, Liu S, Zhao Y, Zhu W, Wang P, Tian J. Structures, activities, and putative biosynthetic pathways of characteristic polyphenolic compounds from Morus plants: A review. Fitoterapia 2024; 178:106181. [PMID: 39154853 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Morus plants played a pivotal role in ancient Chinese sericulture and silk production, which served as critical components of economy and culture. Besides, many parts of mulberry trees, including roots, leaves, stems, and fruits, hold various medicinal value, and have been utilized in traditional medicine for thousands of years. The chemical composition of mulberry has been reported in many literatures, while the characteristic compounds have not been systematically summarized. In this review, we focused on the polyphenolic compounds in mulberry, including flavonoids, 2-arylbenzofurans, and Diels-Alder (D-A) adducts, and summarized their structural features, structure-activity relationships, and potential biosynthetic pathways. The results revealed a characteristic class of 2'-hydroxylated flavonoids and stilbenes which played an important role in the biosynthesis of downstream 2-arylbenzofurans and D-A adducts in mulberry but had been overlooked by most studies. The prenylated modifications of different compounds were also discussed and their function as precursors of D-A adducts was emphasized. We also describe the effects of different modifications on biological activities. Besides, the chemical composition of Morus was most similar to that of Artocarpus in the Moraceae family in that they had almost identical characteristic compounds. Finally, a putative total biosynthetic pathway of D-A adducts in mulberry was proposed based on structure derivation and combination of verified reactions. This review contributes to the understanding of the biological activity and biosynthesis of the characteristic components of Morus plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runjie Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Shengzhi Liu
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Jingkui Tian
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hafeez A, Khan Z, Armaghan M, Khan K, Sönmez Gürer E, Abdull Razis AF, Modu B, Almarhoon ZM, Setzer WN, Sharifi-Rad J. Exploring the therapeutic and anti-tumor properties of morusin: a review of recent advances. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1168298. [PMID: 37228582 PMCID: PMC10203489 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1168298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Morusin is a natural product that has been isolated from the bark of Morus alba, a species of mulberry tree. It belongs to the flavonoid family of chemicals, which is abundantly present in the plant world and is recognized for its wide range of biological activities. Morusin has a number of biological characteristics, including anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, neuro-protective, and antioxidant capabilities. Morusin has exhibited anti-tumor properties in many different forms of cancer, including breast, prostate, gastric, hepatocarcinoma, glioblastoma, and pancreatic cancer. Potential of morusin as an alternative treatment method for resistant malignancies needs to be explored in animal models in order to move toward clinical trials. In the recent years several novel findings regarding the therapeutic potential of morusin have been made. This aim of this review is to provide an overview of the present understanding of morusin's beneficial effects on human health as well as provide a comprehensive and up-to-date discussion of morusin's anti-cancer properties with a special focus on in vitro and in vivo studies. This review will aid future research on the creation of polyphenolic medicines in the prenylflavone family, for the management and treatment of cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amna Hafeez
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Khan
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Armaghan
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khushbukhat Khan
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Eda Sönmez Gürer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Türkiye
| | - Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Babagana Modu
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Zainab M. Almarhoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - William N. Setzer
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, Lehi, UT, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Panek-Krzyśko A, Stompor-Gorący M. The Pro-Health Benefits of Morusin Administration-An Update Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:3043. [PMID: 34578920 PMCID: PMC8470188 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenylflavonoids are widespread in nature. Plants are valuable sources of natural polyphenolic compounds with isoprenyl groups, which include flavones, flavanones, chalcones and aurones. They can be found in flowers, bark and stems. One of the most important compounds found in the bark of white mulberry (Morus alba) is morusin, a prenylated flavone with interesting pro-health properties. The research carried out so far revealed that morusin has antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activity. Moreover, its neuroprotective and antihyperglycemic properties have also been confirmed. Morusin suppresses the growth of different types of tumors, including breast cancer, glioblastoma, pancreatic cancer, hepatocarcinoma, prostate cancer, and gastric cancer. It also inhibits the inflammatory response by suppressing COX activity and iNOS expression. Moreover, an antimicrobial effect against Gram-positive bacteria was observed after treatment with morusin. The objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the positive effects of morusin on human health in order to facilitate future study on the development of plant polyphenolic drugs and nutraceutics in the group of prenylflavones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Stompor-Gorący
- Department of Human Pathophysiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszów, Warzywna 1a, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jamil S, Lathiff SM, Arriffin N. Phytochemicals, pharmacological and ethnomedicinal studies of Artocarpus: A scoping review. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/2221-1691.328054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
5
|
Artocarpin Induces Apoptosis in Human Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma HSC-1 Cells and Its Cytotoxic Activity Is Dependent on Protein-Nutrient Concentration. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:236159. [PMID: 25648333 PMCID: PMC4310481 DOI: 10.1155/2015/236159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Artocarpin, a natural prenylated flavonoid, has been shown to have various biological properties. However, its effects on human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) have not been previously investigated. We set out to determine whether artocarpin has cytotoxic effects on SCC cells and whether its pharmacological activity is dependent on protein-nutrient concentration. Our results showed that treatment of HSC-1 cells (a human cutaneous SCC cell line) with artocarpin decreased cell viability and induced cell apoptosis by increasing caspase 3/7 activity. These effects were more pronounced at low fetal bovine serum (FBS) concentrations. Artocarpin induced an increase in the level of phospho-p38 and a decrease in the levels of phospho-ERK, phospho-JNK, phospho-Akt, phospho-mTOR, and phospho-S6K. High FBS concentrations in the culture media inhibited and delayed the uptake of artocarpin from the extracellular compartment (culture media) into the intracellular compartment, as determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. In conclusion, artocarpin induces apoptosis in HSC-1 cells through modulation of MAPK and Akt/mTOR pathways. Binding of artocarpin to proteins in the FBS may inhibit cellular uptake and reduce the cytotoxic activity of artocarpin on HSC-1 cells. Therefore, artocarpin may have potential use in the future as a form of treatment for cutaneous SCC.
Collapse
|
6
|
Nguyen MTT, Nguyen NT, Awale S. Prenylated Dihydrochalcones from Artocarpus altilis as Antiausterity Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 37:95-110. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
|
7
|
Lee CW, Ko HH, Lin CC, Chai CY, Chen WT, Yen FL. Artocarpin attenuates ultraviolet B-induced skin damage in hairless mice by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:123-9. [PMID: 23871788 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Artocarpin, a prenylated flavonoid isolated from an agricultural plant Artocarpus communis, has been documented to possess anti-inflammation and anticancer activities. As oxidative stress and inflammation promote the development of ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation-induced photodamage, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the photoprotective effect of artocarpin on UVB-induced skin damage in hairless mice. Artocarpin at a topical dose of 0.05% and 0.1% showed a significant photoprotective effect by decreasing histopathological changes, such as desquamation, epidermal thicken and sunburn cell formation, but 0.1% of artocarpin administration did not show better effect. Regarding the antioxidant activities, artocarpin exhibited a significant effect (P<0.05) by decreasing levels of reactive species oxygen and lipid peroxidation. In addition, artocarpin can significant decrease the level of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β for downregulating the inflammation protein, including the synthesis of cytosolic phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase-2 (P<0.05). In conclusion, these data suggest that artocarpin can prevent skin damage from UVB irradiation-induced photodamage in hairless mice and this is likely mediated through its antioxidant and anti-inflammation mechanisms. Therefore, we suggested that artocarpin could be a useful photoprotective agent in medicine and/or cosmetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiang-Wen Lee
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, and Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung Institute of Technology, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nwokocha CR, Owu DU, McLaren M, Murray J, Delgoda R, Thaxter K, McCalla G, Young L. Possible mechanisms of action of the aqueous extract of Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) leaves in producing hypotension in normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2012; 50:1096-1102. [PMID: 22830437 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.658113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg (Moraceae) (breadfruit) leaves are used as an antihypertensive remedy. We investigated the possible mechanisms of action of its aqueous extract and its effect on cytochromes P450 (CYP) enzyme activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Intravenous administration of an aqueous leaf extract (20.88-146.18 mg/kg) of A. altilis on mean arterial pressure and heart rate were recorded via cannulation of the carotid artery on anaesthetized normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats. Recordings of the contractile activity of the aortic rings to the extract (0.71-4.26 mg/mL) were studied using standard organ bath techniques. Inhibitions of human CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 enzyme activities were evaluated by means of a fluorometric assay in 96 well plates using heterologously expressed microsomes. RESULTS A. altilis caused significant (p < 0.05) hypotensive and bradycardiac responses unaffected by atropine (2 mg/kg) and mepyramine (5 mg/kg), but attenuated by propranolol (1 mg/kg) and N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (5 mg/kg). The extract (0.71-4.26 mg/mL) significantly (p < 0.05) relaxed phenylephrine (10⁻⁹-10⁻⁴ M) and 80 mM KCl-induced contractions in endothelium intact and denuded aortic rings; and caused a significant (p < 0.05) rightward shift of the Ca²⁺ dose-response curves in Ca²⁺-free Kreb's solution. Moderate inhibitions of cytochrome P450s (CYP3A4 and CYP2D6) enzyme activities with IC₅₀ values of 0.695 ± 0.187 and 0.512 ± 0.131 mg/mL, respectively, were produced. CONCLUSION A. altilis exhibits negative chronotropic and hypotensive effects through α-adrenoceptor and Ca²⁺ channel antagonism. Drug adversity effects are unlikely if the aqueous leaf extract is consumed with other medications reliant on CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 metabolism. This study thus provides scientific evidence for the use of the breadfruit in the treatment of hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuemeka R Nwokocha
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston, Jamaica.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Huong TT, Cuong NX, Tram LH, Quang TT, Duong LV, Nam NH, Dat NT, Huong PTT, Diep CN, Kiem PV, Minh CV. A new prenylated aurone from Artocarpus altilis. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2012; 14:923-928. [PMID: 22924601 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2012.702758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical study of the methanol extract of Artocarpus altilis resulted in the isolation of a new prenylated aurone, artocarpaurone (1), together with eight known compounds including two prenylated chalcones (2 and 3), three prenylated flavanones (4-6), and three triterpenes (7-9). The structure of 1 was elucidated as 6-hydroxy-2-[8-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-5-ylmethylene]-3(2H)-benzofuranone by spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR spectra and FT-ICR-MS. Compound 1 showed moderate nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, whereas 2 and 3 had moderate 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging effect, compared with the positive control (+)-catechin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tran Thu Huong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nguyen MHK, Nguyen HX, Nguyen MTT, Nguyen NT. Phenolic Constituents from the Heartwood of Artocapus Altilis and their Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity. Nat Prod Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1200700214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
From the MeOH extract of the heartwood of Artocapus altilis, thirteen phenolic compounds have been isolated, namely curcumin (1), desmethoxycurcumin (2), retrodihydrochalcone (3), apigenin (4), tangeretin (5), nobiletin (6), O-methyldehydrodieugenol (7), dehydrodieugenol (8), β-hydroxypropiovanillone (9), p-coumaric acid (10), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (11), vanillin (12), and vanillic acid (13). This is the first report on the presence of these compounds in the heartwood of A. altilis. Compounds 1, 2, and 10 showed more potent tyrosinase inhibitory activities, with IC50 values ranging from 2.3 to 42.0 μM, than the positive control kojic acid (IC50, 44.6 μM). The most active compound, p-coumaric acid (10) (IC50, 2.3 μM), was 22 times more active in tyrosinase inhibitory activity than kojic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Ha Khoa Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University - HoChiMinh City, Vietnam
| | - Hai Xuan Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University - HoChiMinh City, Vietnam
| | - Mai Thanh Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University - HoChiMinh City, Vietnam
| | - Nhan Trung Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University - HoChiMinh City, Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nasir NM, Rahmani M, Shaari K, Cheng Lian Ee G, Go R, Kassim NK, Muhamad SNK, Iskandar MJ. Two new xanthones from Calophyllum nodusum (Guttiferae). MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2011; 16:8973-80. [PMID: 22027953 PMCID: PMC6264213 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16118973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The air-dried powdered stem bark of Calophyllum nodusum (Guttiferea) collected from Sandakan (Sabah, Malaysia), was extracted sequentially with hexane, chloroform and methanol. The solvents were removed by rotary evaporator to give dark viscous extracts. Detailed and repeated chromatographic separation of the extracts lead to isolation of two new xanthones, identified as nodusuxanthone (1a) and trapezifolixanthone A (2). Other common terpenoids such as betulinic acid, lupeol, stigmasterol and friedelin were also isolated from the extracts and identified. The structures of the compounds were established by detailed spectral analysis and comparison with previously reported data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadiah Mad Nasir
- Department of Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mawardi Rahmani
- Department of Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Fax: +60-03-89435380
| | - Khozirah Shaari
- Department of Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
| | | | - Rusea Go
- Department of Biology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Kartinee Kassim
- Department of Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Johadi Iskandar
- Department of Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Antiproliferative activity of xanthones isolated from Artocarpus obtusus. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2012:130627. [PMID: 21960741 PMCID: PMC3179866 DOI: 10.1155/2012/130627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An investigation of the chemical constituents in Artocarpus obtusus species led to the isolation of three new xanthones, pyranocycloartobiloxanthone A (1), dihydroartoindonesianin C (2), and pyranocycloartobiloxanthone B (3). The compounds were subjected to antiproliferative assay against human promyelocytic leukemia (HL60), human chronic myeloid leukemia (K562), and human estrogen receptor (ER+) positive breast cancer (MCF7) cell lines. Pyranocycloartobiloxanthone A (1) consistently showed strong cytotoxic activity against the three cell lines compared to the other two with IC50 values of 0.5, 2.0 and 5.0 μg/mL, respectively. Compound (1) was also observed to exert antiproliferative activity and apoptotic promoter towards HL60 and MCF7 cell lines at respective IC50 values. The compound (1) was not toxic towards normal cell lines human nontumorigenic breast cell line (MCF10A) and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with IC50 values of more than 30 μg/mL.
Collapse
|