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Gao X, Tang Y, Kong L, Fan Y, Wang C, Wang R. Treg cell: Critical role of regulatory T-cells in depression. Pharmacol Res 2023; 195:106893. [PMID: 37611836 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a highly prevalent disorder of the central nervous system. The neuropsychiatric symptoms of clinical depression are persistent and include fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, altered sleep patterns, hyperalgesia, melancholia, anxiety, and impaired social behaviours. Mounting evidences suggest that neuroinflammation triggers dysregulated cellular immunity and increases susceptibility to psychiatric diseases. Neuroimmune responses have transformed the clinical approach to depression because of their roles in its pathophysiology and their therapeutic potential. In particular, activated regulatory T (Treg) cells play an increasingly evident role in the inflammatory immune response. In this review, we summarized the available data and discussed in depth the fundamental roles of Tregs in the pathogenesis of depression, as well as the clinical therapeutic potential of Tregs. We aimed to provide recent information regarding the potential of Tregs as immune-modulating biologics for the treatment and prevention of long-term neuropsychiatric symptoms of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Qingdao Mental Health Center, 26600 Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuru Tang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 26600 Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lingli Kong
- Department of Geriatrics, Qingdao Mental Health Center, 26600 Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yong Fan
- Department of Geriatrics, Qingdao Mental Health Center, 26600 Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Qingdao Mental Health Center, 26600 Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Pain Management, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), 26600 Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
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2
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Gao G, Wang QN, Hao FB, Wang XP, Liu SM, Wang MJ, Han C, Bao XY, Duan L. To explore the effectiveness of atorvastatin in the postoperative formation of collateral blood vessels after encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis in patients with moyamoya disease: a prospective double-blind randomized controlled study. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1169253. [PMID: 37332989 PMCID: PMC10270285 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1169253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this large, prospective, double-blind randomized controlled trial is to investigate the effect of atorvastatin on the formation of collateral blood vessels in patients after encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (EDAS) and to provide a theoretical basis for clinical drug intervention. Specifically, we will determine whether atorvastatin has an effect on the development of collateral vascularization and on cerebral blood perfusion after revasculoplasty in patients with moyamoya disease (MMD). Methods and analysis Overall, 180 patients with moyamoya disease will be recruited and randomly assigned to the atorvastatin treatment group or the placebo control group in a 1:1 ratio. Before revascularization surgery, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning and digital subangiography (DSA) examination will be routinely performed on the enrolled patients. All patients will receive intervention via EDAS. According to the randomization results, patients in the experimental group will be treated with atorvastatin (20 mg/day, once a day, for 8 weeks) and patients in the control group will be treated with placebo (20 mg/day, once a day, for 8 weeks). All participants will return to the hospital for MRI scan and DSA examination 6 months after EDAS surgery. The primary outcome of this trial will be the difference in the formation of collateral blood vessels revealed by DSA examination at 6 months after EDAS surgery between the two groups. The secondary outcome will be an improvement in the dynamic susceptibility contrast sequence cerebral perfusion on MRI at 6 months after EDAS, compared to the preoperative baseline. Ethics and dissemination This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital. All participates will voluntary provide written informed consent before participating in the trial. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, ChiCTR2200064976.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Gao
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qian-Nan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fang-Bin Hao
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Wang
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Meng Liu
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Min-Jie Wang
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lian Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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3
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Durankuş F, Budak K, Albayrak Y, Sever İH, Özkul B, Uyanıkgil Y, Albayrak N, Erbas O. Atorvastatin Improves the Propionic Acid-Induced Autism in Rats: The Roles of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate and Anti-inflammatory Action. Cureus 2023; 15:e36870. [PMID: 37123681 PMCID: PMC10147056 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.36870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study is to investigate the benefits of atorvastatin on the propionic acid-induced autism model via increasing sphingosine-1-phosphate and anti-inflammatory actions with imaging and brain tissue investigations. Materials and methods Twenty-five mg/kg/day/rat of propionic acid (PPA) was administered intraperitoneally to 20 male Wistar rats, and 10 male Wistar rats were fed orally. Study groups were designed as follows: Group 1: Control Group (orally fed control, n=10); Group 2 (PPA+saline, n=10); Group 3 (PPA+Atorvastatin, n=10). The brain biochemical and histopathology assessments and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging were conducted across groups in order to compare them. Results The PPA+Atorvastatin group was found to have significantly lower levels of brain malondialdehyde, IL-2 level, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and lactate compared to the PPA+saline group. The PPA+Atorvastatin group had higher levels of nerve growth factor and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF-2) and sphingosine-1-phosphate. In histopathology assessments, the PPA+Atorvastatin group was found to have significantly higher neuronal counts of CA1 and CA2 in the hippocampus, and Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Conclusions Current findings suggest that atorvastatin increases sphingosine-1-phosphate levels and decreases inflammatory actions which characterize the autism rodent model implemented in this study. These preliminary results have to be confirmed by further experimental and clinical studies.
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4
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Immunotherapy as a Treatment for Stroke: Utilizing Regulatory T Cells. BRAIN HEMORRHAGES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hest.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
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5
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Jiang Y, Liu Z, Liao Y, Sun S, Dai Y, Tang Y. Ischemic stroke: From pathological mechanisms to neuroprotective strategies. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1013083. [PMID: 36438975 PMCID: PMC9681807 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1013083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) has complex pathological mechanisms, and is extremely difficult to treat. At present, the treatment of IS is mainly based on intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy, but they are limited by a strict time window. In addition, after intravenous thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy, damaged neurons often fail to make ideal improvements due to microcirculation disorders. Therefore, finding suitable pathways and targets from the pathological mechanism is crucial for the development of neuroprotective agents against IS. With the hope of making contributions to the development of IS treatments, this review will introduce (1) how related targets are found in pathological mechanisms such as inflammation, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and complement system activation; and (2) the current status and challenges in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenquan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyong Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yajie Dai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yibo Tang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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6
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Song Y, Liu X, Yuan J, Sha Z, Jiang W, Liu M, Qian Y, Gao C, Gong Z, Luo H, Zhou X, Huang J, Jiang R, Quan W. Atorvastatin combined with low-dose dexamethasone improves the neuroinflammation and survival in mice with intracerebral hemorrhage. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:967297. [PMID: 36071715 PMCID: PMC9441757 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.967297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a fatal disease with high mortality and poor prognosis that triggers multiple severe brain injuries associated with an inflammatory cascade response that cannot be treated with any effective medication. Atorvastatin (ATO) suppresses inflammation, alleviates brain trauma, and eliminates subdural hematoma. Dexamethasone (DXM) also has the capacity to inhibit inflammation. Thus, we combined ATO with low-dose DXM to treat ICH mice in vivo to examine whether the combined treatment can inhibit secondary inflammation around the cerebral hemorrhage and decrease overall mortality. Compared to the monotherapy by either ATO or DXM, the combined treatment significantly improves the survivorship of the ICH mice, accelerates their recovery of impaired neurological function, and modulates the circulating cytokines, oxidative products, and apoptosis. Moreover, the benefit of ATO-DXM combination therapy was most pronounced on day 3 after dosing compared to ATO or DXM alone. Thus, early administration of ATO combined with low-dose-DXM promotes better survival of ICH and improves neurological function by reducing neuroinflammation and brain edema in their early phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuanhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiangyuan Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhuang Sha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingqi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhitao Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongliang Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Jinhao Huang,
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
- Rongcai Jiang,
| | - Wei Quan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
- Wei Quan,
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7
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Shu B, Wan J, Li X, Liu R, Xu C, An Y, Chen J. Preconditioning with Trehalose Protects the Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Under Oxidative Stress and Enhances the Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Cerebral Ischemic Stroke. Cell Reprogram 2022; 24:118-131. [PMID: 35647904 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2022.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) transplantation has emerged as a potential treatment for ischemic stroke. Preconditioning with pharmacological agents before cell transplantation has been shown to increase the efficiency of cell therapy. In this study, trehalose (Tre), an autophagy inducer, was used as a pharmacological agent to treat BMSCs, and the neuroprotective effect of BMSCs preconditioned with Tre on cerebral ischemia was assessed. BMSCs were treated in vitro with different concentrations of Tre. Immunofluorescence staining of LC3B was performed to detect autophagy, and Western blotting for LC3, Beclin1, p-AMPK, and p-mTOR was performed. Flow cytometry and Western blotting analysis were performed to measure cell apoptosis in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to test the secretion levels of neurotrophic factors. An in vivo ischemia/reperfusion model was generated by middle cerebral artery occlusion in male Sprague Dawley rats, and Tre-preconditioned BMSCs were administered intralesionally 24 hours after ischemic injury. Histopathological examination and neurological function studies were conducted. In vitro, Tre promotes autophagy of BMSCs through the activation of the AMPK signal pathway. Tre protected BMSCs from H2O2-induced cell viability reduction and apoptosis. Moreover, Tre pretreatment increased the secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and hepatocyte growth factor. In vivo, preconditioning with Tre could further enhance the survival of BMSCs, reduce infarct size, alleviate cell apoptosis, abate vessel decrease, and ultimately improve functional recovery. Our study indicates that Tre can enhance the survival of BMSCs under oxidative stress and enhance BMSC-based treatment of ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Raynald Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengshi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yihua An
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingcao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Jin X, Li P, Michalski D, Li S, Zhang Y, Jolkkonen J, Cui L, Didwischus N, Xuan W, Boltze J. Perioperative stroke: A perspective on challenges and opportunities for experimental treatment and diagnostic strategies. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:497-509. [PMID: 35224865 PMCID: PMC8928912 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Perioperative stroke is an ischemic or hemorrhagic cerebral event during or up to 30 days after surgery. It is a feared condition due to a relatively high incidence, difficulties in timely detection, and unfavorable outcome compared to spontaneously occurring stroke. Recent preclinical data suggest that specific pathophysiological mechanisms such as aggravated neuroinflammation contribute to the detrimental impact of perioperative stroke. Conventional treatment options are limited in the perioperative setting due to difficult diagnosis and medications affecting coagulation in may cases. On the contrary, the chance to anticipate cerebrovascular events at the time of surgery may pave the way for prevention strategies. This review provides an overview on perioperative stroke incidence, related problems, and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Based on this analysis, we assess experimental stroke treatments including neuroprotective approaches, cell therapies, and conditioning medicine strategies regarding their potential use in perioperative stroke. Interestingly, the specific aspects of perioperative stroke might enable a more effective application of experimental treatment strategies such as classical neuroprotection whereas others including cell therapies may be of limited use. We also discuss experimental diagnostic options for perioperative stroke augmenting classical clinical and imaging stroke diagnosis. While some experimental stroke treatments may have specific advantages in perioperative stroke, the paucity of established guidelines or multicenter clinical research initiatives currently limits their thorough investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Shen Li
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yueman Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jukka Jolkkonen
- Department of Neurology and A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lili Cui
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nadine Didwischus
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Wei Xuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Johannes Boltze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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9
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Yu L, Liu S, Zhou R, Sun H, Su X, Liu Q, Li S, Ying J, Zhao F, Mu D, Qu Y. Atorvastatin inhibits neuronal apoptosis via activating cAMP/PKA/p-CREB/BDNF pathway in hypoxic-ischemic neonatal rats. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22263. [PMID: 35303316 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101654rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis is one of the main pathological processes of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) and is involved in the development of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in neonates. Atorvastatin has been found to have neuroprotective effects in some nervous system diseases, but its role in regulating the pathogenesis of neonatal HIBD remains elusive. Thus, this study aimed to explore the effects and related mechanisms of atorvastatin on the regulation of neuronal apoptosis after HIBD in newborn rats. The rat HIBD model and the neuronal oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) model were established routinely. Atorvastatin, cAMP inhibitor (SQ22536), and BDNF inhibitor (ANA-12) were used to treat HIBD rats and OGD neurons. Cerebral infarction, learning and memory ability, cAMP/PKA/p-CREB/BDNF signaling molecules, and apoptosis-related indicators (TUNEL, cleaved caspase-3, and Bax/Bcl2) were then examined. In vivo, atorvastatin reduced cerebral infarction, improved learning and memory ability, decreased the number of TUNEL-positive neurons, inhibited the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl2, and activated the cAMP/PKA/p-CREB/BDNF pathway in the cerebral cortex after HIBD. In vitro, atorvastatin also decreased the apoptosis-related indicators and activated the cAMP/PKA/p-CREB/BDNF pathway in neurons after OGD. Furthermore, inhibition of cAMP or BDNF attenuated the effect of atorvastatin on the reduction of neuronal apoptosis, suggesting that atorvastatin inhibits HIBD-induced neuronal apoptosis and alleviates brain injury in neonatal rats mainly by activating the cAMP/PKA/p-CREB/BDNF pathway. In conclusion, atorvastatin may be developed as a potential drug for the treatment of neonatal HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luting Yu
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Shixi Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruixi Zhou
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojuan Su
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiping Li
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjie Ying
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengyan Zhao
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
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10
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Zhao Y, Xiao Q, Tang W, Wang R, Luo M. Efficacy and Safety of Glucocorticoids Versus Placebo as an Adjuvant Treatment to Surgery in Chronic Subdural Hematoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials. World Neurosurg 2021; 159:198-206.e4. [PMID: 34896349 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a common neurosurgical disease with a high recurrence rate, especially among the elderly. Glucocorticoids have been tested for the treatment of CSDH in observational studies and randomized clinical trials. METHODS We systematically searched the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials database for randomized trials from the earliest date available to May 23, 2021 that had compared glucocorticoids and placebo as a postoperative treatment of CSDH. Trials were included if the study participants were aged ≥18 years and had had CSDH after surgery. The relative risk (RR) was used to evaluate the clinical outcomes. RESULTS We included 5 eligible randomized controlled trials with a total of 1251 patients. The findings showed that the use of adjuvant glucocorticoid therapy can effectively reduce the recurrence risk of CSDH compared with placebo (RR, 0.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28-0.58; P < 0.001). No significant differences were found between the glucocorticoid and placebo groups regarding favorable neurological outcomes (RR, 1; 95% CI, 0.93-1.08; P = 0.92). We found that the use of adjuvant glucocorticoids resulted in a significant increase in psychiatric symptoms (RR, 3.22; 95% CI, 1.83-5.64; P < 0.001). No significant differences were found for infection between the 2 groups (RR, 1.86; 95% CI, 0.56-6.14; P = 0.31). CONCLUSIONS Glucocorticoid therapy can effectively reduce the recurrence risk of CSDH after surgery without an increase in the postoperative infection rate. However, significantly increased psychiatric symptoms were reported in the glucocorticoid group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhao
- The First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Qiuxiang Xiao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Wenxiang Tang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Renyong Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Muyun Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.
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11
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Xu P, Zhao Y, Yu T, Yu Y, Ni X, Wang H, Sun L, Han P, Wang L, Sun T, Liu X, Zhou H, Peng J, Hou M, Hou Y, Xu M. Atorvastatin restores imbalance of cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) + T cells in immune thrombocytopenia in vivo and in vitro. Br J Haematol 2021; 201:530-541. [PMID: 34825359 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune haemorrhagic disease, in which the overactivation of T cells is crucial in the pathogenesis. Atorvastatin (AT), a lipid-lowering medicine, has shown promising immunomodulatory effects in certain inflammatory conditions. However, the immunoregulatory role of AT in ITP remains elusive. To investigate the effect of AT in the treatment of ITP, cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4)+ T cells were isolated from patients with ITP and cultured with different dosages of AT. We found that AT significantly inhibited cell proliferation, led to cell cycle arrest, induced apoptosis, and repressed the activation of CD4+ T cells in vitro. ITP murine models were then established, and results showed that AT treatment led to faster recovery of the platelet count to normal and exhibited comparable immunomodulatory function. Furthermore, we found the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), as well as activation of rat sarcoma virus (RAS) were all reduced dramatically after AT treatment in vitro. In conclusion, our present study demonstrated that AT could reinstate the functions of CD4+ T cells by inhibiting the excessive activation, proliferation, and survival of CD4+ T cells in ITP via the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/ERK and the mTOR/phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway. Therefore, we propose that AT could be used as a potential therapeutic option for ITP by restoring the over-activated cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Xu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yajing Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tianshu Yu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yafei Yu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaofei Ni
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haoyi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Panpan Han
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lingjun Wang
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinguang Liu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hai Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunohematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ming Hou
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunohematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Leading Research Group of Scientific Innovation, Department of Science and Technology of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Hou
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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12
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Zhang Y, Liesz A, Li P. Coming to the Rescue: Regulatory T Cells for Promoting Recovery After Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2021; 52:e837-e841. [PMID: 34807742 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.036072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune cell infiltration to the injured brain is a key component of the neuroinflammatory response after ischemic stroke. In contrast to the large amount of proinflammatory immune cells, regulatory T cells, are an important subgroup of T cells that are involved in maintaining immune homeostasis and suppress an overshooting immune reaction after stroke. Numerous previous reports have consistently demonstrated the beneficial role of this immunosuppressive immune cell population during the acute phase after experimental stroke by limiting inflammatory lesion progression. Two recent studies expanded now this concept and demonstrate that regulatory T cells-mediated effects also promote chronic recovery after stroke by promoting a proregenerative tissue environment. These recent findings suggest that boosting regulatory T cells could be beneficial beyond modulating the immediate neuroinflammatory response and improve chronic functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueman Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (Y.Z., P.L.)
| | - Arthur Liesz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, SyNergy LMU University Hospital; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany (A.L.)
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (Y.Z., P.L.)
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13
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Yang L, Li N, Yang L, Wang D, Qiang S, Zhao Z. Atorvastatin-Induced Absorption of Chronic Subdural Hematoma Is Partially Attributed to the Polarization of Macrophages. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 72:565-573. [PMID: 34569007 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As one of the main types of secondary craniocerebral injury, the onset, progression, and prognosis of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) are closely related to the local inflammation of intracranial hematoma. Atorvastatin is reported to be effective in the conservative treatment of CSDH. This study aimed to clarify whether atorvastatin regulated the inflammatory responses in CSDH by interfering with the function of macrophages. The rat CSDH model was prepared by repeated intracranial blood injection with velocity gradient, and MRI was applied to calculate the intracranial hematoma volume. Changes in rat nerve functions were evaluated by foot-fault and Morris water maze tests. Flow cytometry was applied to detect the number of total macrophages and the percentage of M1 or M2 macrophages. The expression of inflammatory factors was examined by ELISA and western blot. Western bolt was applied to detect the expression of proteins involved in the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) signaling pathway. Our results showed that atorvastatin significantly accelerated the absorption of hematoma and improved the nerve functions of CSDH rats. In addition, atorvastatin treatment effectively suppressed the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 and promoted the expression of IL-10. The total number of macrophages was decreased, and the percentage of M2 macrophages was increased in the intracranial hematoma following atorvastatin treatment. Furthermore, atorvastatin increased the levels of M2-related genes and surface markers in BMDMs stimulated by lipopolysaccharides and IFNγ, and activated the CSF-1R signaling pathway. In conclusion, our study shows that atorvastatin could alleviate the symptoms of CSDH and promote hematoma ablation by polarizing macrophages to M2 type and regulating the inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Gynecology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Shuke Qiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Zongmao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China.
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14
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Gao Y, Li L, Yu J, Zhang Z. Rosuvastatin protects PC12 cells from hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1189. [PMID: 34475979 PMCID: PMC8406900 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) response serves an important role in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). However, to the best of the our knowledge, the effect of rosuvastatin on the ERS response in CIRI has not yet been studied. In the present study, the effect of rosuvastatin on cell damage in CIRI was investigated; furthermore, the effect of rosuvastatin on the ERS response was explored. Firstly, a hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced cell damage model was established in PC12 cells. Cell viability was subsequently detected by a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. A lactate dehydrogenase kit was used to detect cytotoxicity. TUNEL assay was then used to measure the extent of cell apoptosis, and western blotting was used to analyze the expression levels of the apoptosis-associated proteins Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9. In addition, western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of ERS-associated proteins, including phosphorylated (p)-protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), p-eukaryotic initiation factor 2α and other proteins. Treatment with rosuvastatin led to an increased activity of H/R-induced PC12 cells and a decrease in their cytotoxicity. Rosuvastatin also led to an inhibition in apoptosis and ERS in H/R-induced PC12 cells. After administration of the ERS response activator thapsigargin (TG), TG was found to reverse the protective effect of rosuvastatin on injury of H/R-induced PC12 cells. Taken together, these findings have shown that rosuvastatin is able to protect PC12 cells from H/R-induced injury via inhibiting ERS-induced apoptosis, providing a strong theoretical basis for the use of rosuvastatin in the clinical treatment of CIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Libo Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Jianbai Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Zhanwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
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15
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Wang QN, Bao XY, Zou ZX, Wang XP, Zhang Q, Li DS, Zhao YQ, Duan L. The role of atorvastatin in collateral circulation formation induced by encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis: a prospective trial. Neurosurg Focus 2021; 51:E9. [PMID: 34469867 DOI: 10.3171/2021.6.focus21112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This prospective study was designed to confirm the role of atorvastatin in collateral circulation formation induced by encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (EDAS) in patients with moyamoya disease (MMD). METHODS Patients who were diagnosed with MMD at the Department of Neurosurgery in the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China, between June 2017 and May 2018 were included. Blood samples were obtained from an antecubital vein and were analyzed using flow cytometry. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were defined as CD34brCD133+CD45dimKDR+. All patients included in the study underwent EDAS. Patients voluntarily chose whether to undergo atorvastatin treatment after EDAS. The correlation between atorvastatin and good postoperative collateral circulation was evaluated. RESULTS A total of 106 patients with MMD were included in this study. Fifty-three patients (50%) received atorvastatin treatment. The baseline characteristics did not display statistically significant differences between the atorvastatin-treated and non-atorvastatin groups. Seventy-eight (42.9%) of the 182 hemispheres investigated postoperatively were classified as grade A collateral circulation, 47 (25.8%) as grade B, and 57 (31.3%) as grade C. Multivariate analysis revealed that only atorvastatin was significantly correlated with good collateral circulation after EDAS (p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS The results of this prospective clinical trial have indicated that atorvastatin administered at 20 mg daily is safe and effective for the formation of postoperative collateral induced by EDAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Nan Wang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital (former Department of Neurosurgery, the Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital); and
| | - Xiang-Yang Bao
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital (former Department of Neurosurgery, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Xing Zou
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital (former Department of Neurosurgery, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Wang
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital (former Department of Neurosurgery, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital (former Department of Neurosurgery, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - De-Sheng Li
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital (former Department of Neurosurgery, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Qun Zhao
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital (former Department of Neurosurgery, the Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital); and
| | - Lian Duan
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital (former Department of Neurosurgery, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital), Beijing, China
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16
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Qiu YM, Zhang CL, Chen AQ, Wang HL, Zhou YF, Li YN, Hu B. Immune Cells in the BBB Disruption After Acute Ischemic Stroke: Targets for Immune Therapy? Front Immunol 2021; 12:678744. [PMID: 34248961 PMCID: PMC8260997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.678744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) disruption is an important pathophysiological process of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), resulting in devastating malignant brain edema and hemorrhagic transformation. The rapid activation of immune cells plays a critical role in BBB disruption after ischemic stroke. Infiltrating blood-borne immune cells (neutrophils, monocytes, and T lymphocytes) increase BBB permeability, as they cause microvascular disorder and secrete inflammation-associated molecules. In contrast, they promote BBB repair and angiogenesis in the latter phase of ischemic stroke. The profound immunological effects of cerebral immune cells (microglia, astrocytes, and pericytes) on BBB disruption have been underestimated in ischemic stroke. Post-stroke microglia and astrocytes can adopt both an M1/A1 or M2/A2 phenotype, which influence BBB integrity differently. However, whether pericytes acquire microglia phenotype and exert immunological effects on the BBB remains controversial. Thus, better understanding the inflammatory mechanism underlying BBB disruption can lead to the identification of more promising biological targets to develop treatments that minimize the onset of life-threatening complications and to improve existing treatments in patients. However, early attempts to inhibit the infiltration of circulating immune cells into the brain by blocking adhesion molecules, that were successful in experimental stroke failed in clinical trials. Therefore, new immunoregulatory therapeutic strategies for acute ischemic stroke are desperately warranted. Herein, we highlight the role of circulating and cerebral immune cells in BBB disruption and the crosstalk between them following acute ischemic stroke. Using a robust theoretical background, we discuss potential and effective immunotherapeutic targets to regulate BBB permeability after acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ya-nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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17
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Prado DS, Damasceno LEA, Sonego AB, Rosa MH, Martins TV, Fonseca MDM, Cunha TM, Cunha FQ, Alves-Filho JC. Pitavastatin ameliorates autoimmune neuroinflammation by regulating the Treg/Th17 cell balance through inhibition of mevalonate metabolism. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 91:107278. [PMID: 33341737 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While Treg cells are responsible for self-tolerance and immune homeostasis, pathogenic autoreactive Th17 cells produce pro-inflammatory cytokines that lead to tissue damage associated with autoimmunity, as observed in multiple sclerosis. Therefore, the immunological balance between Th17 and Treg cells may represent a promising option for immune therapy. Statin drugs are used to treat dyslipidemia; however, besides their effects on preventing cardiovascular diseases, statins also have anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we investigated the role of pitavastatin on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and the differentiation of Treg and Th17 cells. EAE was induced by immunizing C57BL/6 mice with MOG35-55. EAE severity was determined by analyzing the clinical score and inflammatory parameters in the spinal cord. Naive CD4 T cells were cultured under Treg and Th17-skewing conditions in vitro in the presence of pitavastatin. We found that pitavastatin decreased EAE development, which was accompanied by a reduction of all parameters investigated. Pitavastatin also reduced the expression of IBA1 and pSTAT3 (Y705 and S727) in the spinal cords of EAE mice. Interestingly, the reduction of Th17 cell frequency in the draining lymph nodes of EAE mice treated with pitavastatin was followed by an increase of Treg cells. Indeed, pitavastatin directly affects T cell differentiation in vitro by decreasing Th17 and increasing Treg cell differentiation. Mechanistically, pitavastatin effects are dependent on mevalonate synthesis. Thus, our data show the potential anti-inflammatory effect of pitavastatin on the pathogenesis of the experimental neuroinflammation by modulating the Th17/Treg axis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/drug effects
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Male
- Mevalonic Acid/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Peptide Fragments
- Quinolines/pharmacology
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Prado
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - L E A Damasceno
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - A B Sonego
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - M H Rosa
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - T V Martins
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - M D M Fonseca
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - T M Cunha
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - F Q Cunha
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - J C Alves-Filho
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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18
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Wang H, Wang Z, Wu Q, Yuan Y, Cao W, Zhang X. Regulatory T cells in ischemic stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:643-651. [PMID: 33470530 PMCID: PMC8111493 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiological mechanisms of neuroinflammation, angiogenesis, and neuroplasticity are currently the hotspots of researches in ischemic stroke. Regulatory T cells (Tregs), a subset of T cells that control inflammatory and immune responses in the body, are closely related to the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. They participate in the inflammatory response and neuroplasticity process of ischemic stroke by various mechanisms, such as secretion of anti‐inflammatory factors, inhibition of pro‐inflammatory factors, induction of cell lysis, production of the factors that promote neural regeneration, and modulation of microglial and macrophage polarization. However, it remains unclear whether Tregs play a beneficial or deleterious role in ischemic stroke and the effect of Tregs in different stages of ischemic stroke. Here, we discuss the dynamic changes of Tregs at various stages of experimental and clinical stroke, the potential mechanisms under Tregs in regulating stroke and the preclinical studies of Tregs‐related treatments, in order to provide a reference for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Qianqian Wu
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yujia Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Wen Cao
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Xiangjian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China.,Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China.,Hebei Vascular Homeostasis Key Laboratory, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
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19
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Mao LL, Chen WY, Ma AJ, Ji LL, Huang TT. High serum OX40 ligand correlates with severity and mortality in patients with massive cerebral infarction. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20883. [PMID: 32702829 PMCID: PMC7373542 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OX40 ligand (OX40L) is a member of tumor necrosis factors (TNF)/TNFR superfamily and is mainly expressed in activated T cells and participates in various inflammatory reactions. However, it remains unclear about the role of serum OX40L as a biomarker of cerebral infarction (CI). This study aimed to explore the possibility of serum OX40L as a meaningful predictor in mortality of CI. Severe CI patients were included to collect clinicopathological and laboratory data and measure serum OX40L level. Patients were followed up after discharge and 60-day survival rate was used as the study endpoint. The results showed that of all 294 patients, 123 (41.8%) died within 60 days after admission. Serum OX40L levels were significantly higher in patients with severe CI compared to healthy controls, and were significantly higher in nonsurvivors compared to survivors (P < .05). The levels of OX40L were correlated with Glasgow Coma Scale score, serum creatinine and high-sensitive C-reactive protein. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that serum OX40L level was an independent prognostic factor for 60-day mortality, after control of pulmonary infection, glasgow coma scale score and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (odds ratio = 1.089; 95% confidence interval = 1.053-1.126; P < .001). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to predict the best cut-off of serum OX40L for 60-day survival as 35.5 ng/mL. Patients with high serum OX40L levels (>35.5 ng/mL) had a significantly higher mortality within 60 days (hazard ratio = 2.885; 95% confidence interval = 1.901-4.378). In conclusion, OX40L is a serum biomarker of patients with CI and associated with severity and mortality of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun-Lin Mao
- Department of Neurology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University
- The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Ya Chen
- Department of Neurology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University
- The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Jin Ma
- Department of Neurology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University
- The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Li-Li Ji
- Department of Neurology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University
- The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Ting Huang
- Department of Neurology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University
- The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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20
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Haidar MK, Demirbolat GM, Timur SS, Gürsoy RN, Nemutlu E, Ulubayram K, Öner L, Eroğlu H. Atorvastatin-loaded nanosprayed chitosan nanoparticles for peripheral nerve injury. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2020. [DOI: 10.1680/jbibn.19.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Karim Haidar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Gülen Melike Demirbolat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Selin Seda Timur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Reyhan Neslihan Gürsoy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emirhan Nemutlu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kezban Ulubayram
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Bio-engineering Division, Institute for Graduate Studies in Science and Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Levent Öner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hakan Eroğlu
- Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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21
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Gutiérrez-Vargas JA, Cardona-Gómez GP. Considering risk factors for the effectiveness of translational therapies in brain stroke. J Neurol Sci 2020; 408:116547. [PMID: 31683050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.116547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies on cerebral ischemia have been performed in animal models to propose different strategies of neuroprotection that mitigate either the early or late consequences of the disease. These therapies have been successful in reducing the volume of infarction, the proinflammatory cascade, and the amount of free radicals, as well as reversing markers of neurodegeneration, among other events. However, when those strategies are translated to clinical studies, their effectiveness is not reproduced. This review will focus on highlighting some of the main limitations of the animal models of stroke that lead to unsuccessful translational therapies and the common risk factors in humans that should be carefully considered in the experimental design of future studies to generate a more realistic spatiotemporal physiopathology and improve therapeutic efficacy in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, SIU, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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22
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The potential of drug repurposing combined with reperfusion therapy in cerebral ischemic stroke: A supplementary strategy to endovascular thrombectomy. Life Sci 2019; 236:116889. [PMID: 31610199 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the major cause of adult disability and the second or third leading cause of death in developed countries. The treatment options for stroke (thrombolysis or thrombectomy) are restricted to a small subset of patients with acute ischemic stroke because of the limited time for an efficacious response and the strict criteria applied to minimize the risk of cerebral hemorrhage. Attempts to develop new treatments, such as neuroprotectants, for acute ischemic stroke have been costly and time-consuming and to date have yielded disappointing results. The repurposing approved drugs known to be relatively safe, such as statins and minocycline, may provide a less costly and more rapid alternative to new drug discovery in this clinical condition. Because adequate perfusion is thought to be vital for a neuroprotectant to be effective, endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) with advanced imaging modalities offers the possibility of documenting reperfusion in occluded large cerebral vessels. An examination of established medications that possess neuroprotective characters using in a large-vessel occlusive disorder with EVT may speed the identification of new and more broadly efficacious medications for the treatment of ischemic stroke. These approaches are highlighted in this review along with a critical assessment of drug repurposing combined with reperfusion therapy as a supplementary means for halting or mitigating stroke-induced brain damage.
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23
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Jiang R, Zhao S, Wang R, Feng H, Zhang J, Li X, Mao Y, Yuan X, Fei Z, Zhao Y, Yu X, Poon WS, Zhu X, Liu N, Kang D, Sun T, Jiao B, Liu X, Yu R, Zhang J, Gao G, Hao J, Su N, Yin G, Zhu X, Lu Y, Wei J, Hu J, Hu R, Li J, Wang D, Wei H, Tian Y, Lei P, Dong JF, Zhang J. Safety and Efficacy of Atorvastatin for Chronic Subdural Hematoma in Chinese Patients: A Randomized ClinicalTrial. JAMA Neurol 2019; 75:1338-1346. [PMID: 30073290 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.2030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Importance Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a trauma-associated condition commonly found in elderly patients. Surgery is currently the treatment of choice, but it carries a significant risk of recurrence and death. Nonsurgical treatments remain limited and ineffective. Our recent studies suggest that atorvastatin reduces hematomas and improves the clinical outcomes of patients with CSDH. Objective To investigate the safety and therapeutic efficacy of atorvastatin to nonsurgically treat patients with CSDH. Design, Setting, and Participants The Effect of Atorvastatin on Chronic Subdural Hematoma (ATOCH) randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase II clinical trial was conducted in multiple centers in China from February 2014 to November 2015. For this trial, we approached 254 patients with CSDH who received a diagnosis via a computed tomography scan; of these, 200 (78.7%) were enrolled because 23 patients (9.1%) refused to participate and 31 (12.2%) were disqualified. Interventions Patients were randomly assigned to receive either 20 mg of atorvastatin or placebo daily for 8 weeks and were followed up for an additional 16 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was change in hematoma volume (HV) by computed tomography after 8 weeks of treatment. The secondary outcomes included HV measured at the 4th, 12th, and 24th weeks and neurological function that was evaluated using the Markwalder grading scale/Glasgow Coma Scale and the Barthel Index at the 8th week. Results One hundred ninety-six patients received treatment (169 men [86.2%]; median [SD] age, 63.6 [14.2] years). The baseline HV and clinical presentations were similar between patients who were taking atorvastatin (98 [50%]) and the placebo (98 [50%]). After 8 weeks, the HV reduction in patients who were taking atorvastatin was 12.55 mL more than those taking the placebo (95% CI, 0.9-23.9 mL; P = .003). Forty-five patients (45.9%) who were taking atorvastatin significantly improved their neurological function, but only 28 (28.6%) who were taking the placebo did, resulting in an adjusted odds ratio of 1.957 for clinical improvements (95% CI, 1.07-3.58; P = .03). Eleven patients (11.2%) who were taking atorvastatin and 23 (23.5%) who were taking the placebo underwent surgery during the trial for an enlarging hematoma and/or a deteriorating clinical condition (hazard ratio, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.24-0.92; P = .03). No significant adverse events were reported. Conclusions and Relevance Atorvastatin may be a safe and efficacious nonsurgical alternative for treating patients with CSDH. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02024373.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongcai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education in China and Tianjin, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiguang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Renzhi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianrui Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhou Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Xian, China
| | - Yuanli Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing TianTan Hospital, the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinguang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Wai Sang Poon
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Xide Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital, Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Dezhi Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Baohua Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xianzhi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rutong Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Junyi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central Hospital of Erdos, Erdos, China
| | - Guodong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xi'an Tangdu Hospital of the fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Jiehe Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ning Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Provincial People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia, Huhehot, China
| | - Gangfeng Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Xingen Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yicheng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Junji Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, 117th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education in China and Tianjin, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Huijie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education in China and Tianjin, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education in China and Tianjin, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Lei
- Laboratory of Neuro-Trauma and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing-Fei Dong
- Bloodworks Research Institute, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education in China and Tianjin, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
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24
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Quan W, Zhang Z, Li P, Tian Q, Huang J, Qian Y, Gao C, Su W, Wang Z, Zhang J, Zacharek A, Venkat P, Chen J, Jiang R. Role of Regulatory T cells in Atorvastatin Induced Absorption of Chronic Subdural Hematoma in Rats. Aging Dis 2019; 10:992-1002. [PMID: 31595197 PMCID: PMC6764728 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a neurological disorder with a substantial recurrence rate. Atorvastatin is an effective drug for treating hyperlipidemia and known to improve neurological outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. Previous studies have reported that atorvastatin treatment promotes hematoma absorption in CSDH, while the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated whether the anti-inflammatory effects of atorvastatin mediate absorption of CSDH. 144 male, Wistar rats (6 months old) were randomly divided into the following groups: 1) sham surgery control, 2) treatment: CSDH + atorvastatin, and 3) vehicle control: CSDH + saline. Atorvastatin or saline was orally administered daily for 19 days after CSDH procedure. A T2WI MRI was used to evaluate CSDH volume changes during the time course of the study. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemical staining were used to measure the number of regulatory T cells (Treg). ELISA was used to measure cytokine level in the hematoma border. Neurological function and cognitive outcome were evaluated using Foot-Fault test and Morris Water Maze test, respectively. When compared to saline treatment, atorvastatin treatment accelerated the absorption of CSDH as indicated by decreased hematoma volume in T2WI MRI data on 14th and 21st day after CSDH (P<0.05). Atorvastatin treatment significantly increased the number of Treg in circulation and hematoma border from 3rd to 21st day after CSDH. Atorvastatin treatment significantly decreased the levels of interleukins (IL-6 and IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), but increased IL-10 level in the hematoma border. Atorvastatin treatment also improved neurological function and cognitive outcome compared to vehicle treated group. Atorvastatin induced anti-inflammatory responses and increased Treg in circulation and brain which may contribute to the accelerated CSDH absorption in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Quan
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,2Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhifei Zhang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,2Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.,3Department of Neurosurgery, The First Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Pan Li
- 4Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qilong Tian
- 5Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Baqiao, Shanxi, China
| | - Jinhao Huang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,2Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Qian
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,2Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuang Gao
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,2Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Wanqiang Su
- 6Department of Neurosurgery, The First Central Hospital of Baoding City, Lianchi, Baoding, China
| | - Zengguang Wang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,2Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,2Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Alex Zacharek
- 7Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Poornima Venkat
- 7Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Jieli Chen
- 7Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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25
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Shahbaz SK, Sadeghi M, Koushki K, Penson PE, Sahebkar A. Regulatory T cells: Possible mediators for the anti-inflammatory action of statins. Pharmacol Res 2019; 149:104469. [PMID: 31577918 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Statins beside their main effect on reducing the progression of cardiovascular disease through pharmacological inhibition of the endogenous cholesterol synthesis, have additional pleiotropic effects including antiinflammatory effects mediated through the induction of suppressor regulatory T cells (Tregs). Statin-induced expansion of Tregs reduces chronic inflammation and may have beneficial effects in autoimmune diseases. However, statins could represent a double-edged sword in immunomodulation. Drugs that act by increasing the concentration of Tregs could enhance the risk of cancers, particularly in the elderly and may have adverse effects in neurodegenerative disorders and infectious diseases. In the present paper, we review the experimental studies that evaluate the effects of statins on Treg cells in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and we discuss potential therapeutic applications of statins in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Keshavarz Shahbaz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahvash Sadeghi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khadije Koushki
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Peter E Penson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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26
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HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Attenuate Neuronal Damage by Suppressing Oxygen Glucose Deprivation-Induced Activated Microglial Cells. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:7675496. [PMID: 30911291 PMCID: PMC6397982 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7675496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is usually followed by inflammatory responses mediated by microglia. However, the effect of statins on directly preventing posthypoxia microglia inflammatory factors to prevent injury to surrounding healthy neurons is unclear. Atorvastatin and rosuvastatin, which have different physical properties regarding their lipid and water solubility, are the most common HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) and might directly block posthypoxia microglia inflammatory factors to prevent injury to surrounding neurons. Neuronal damage and microglial activation of the peri-infarct areas were investigated by Western blotting and immunofluorescence after 24 hours in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model. The decrease in neurons was in accordance with the increase in microglia, which could be reversed by both atorvastatin and rosuvastatin. The effects of statins on blocking secretions from posthypoxia microglia and reducing the secondary damage to surrounding normal neurons were studied in a coculture system in vitro. BV2 microglia were cultured under oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) for 3 hours and then cocultured following reperfusion for 24 hours in the upper wells of transwell plates with primary neurons being cultured in the bottom wells. Inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), which are activated by the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in OGD-induced BV2 microglia, promoted decreased release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and apoptosis of neurons in the coculture systems according to ELISA and Western blotting. However, pretreatment with atorvastatin or rosuvastatin significantly reduced neuronal death, synaptic injury, and amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation, which might lead to increased low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs) in BV2 microglia. We concluded that the proinflammatory mediators released from postischemia damage could cause damage to surrounding normal neurons, while HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors prevented neuronal apoptosis and synaptic injury by inactivating microglia through blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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27
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Wang X, Xuan W, Zhu ZY, Li Y, Zhu H, Zhu L, Fu DY, Yang LQ, Li PY, Yu WF. The evolving role of neuro-immune interaction in brain repair after cerebral ischemic stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:1100-1114. [PMID: 30350341 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the world's leading cause of disability with limited brain repair treatments which effectively improve long-term neurological deficits. The neuroinflammatory responses persist into the late repair phase of stroke and participate in all brain repair elements, including neurogenesis, angiogenesis, synaptogenesis, remyelination and axonal sprouting, shedding new light on post-stroke brain recovery. Resident brain glial cells, such as astrocytes not only contribute to neuroinflammation after stroke, but also secrete a wide range of trophic factors that can promote post-stroke brain repair. Alternatively, activated microglia, monocytes, and neutrophils in the innate immune system, traditionally considered as major damaging factors after stroke, have been suggested to be extensively involved in brain repair after stroke. The adaptive immune system may also have its bright side during the late regenerative phase, affecting the immune suppressive regulatory T cells and B cells. This review summarizes the recent findings in the evolving role of neuroinflammation in multiple post-stroke brain repair mechanisms and poses unanswered questions that may generate new directions for future research and give rise to novel therapeutic targets to improve stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Yu Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Yun Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Qun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei-Ying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Feng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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28
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Zhou Z, Lu J, Liu WW, Manaenko A, Hou X, Mei Q, Huang JL, Tang J, Zhang JH, Yao H, Hu Q. Advances in stroke pharmacology. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 191:23-42. [PMID: 29807056 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel is blocked or ruptured, and it is the major cause of death and adult disability worldwide. Various pharmacological agents have been developed for the treatment of stroke either through interrupting the molecular pathways leading to neuronal death or enhancing neuronal survival and regeneration. Except for rtPA, few of these agents have succeeded in clinical trials. Recently, with the understanding of the pathophysiological process of stroke, there is a resurrection of research on developing neuroprotective agents for stroke treatment, and novel molecular targets for neuroprotection and neurorestoration have been discovered to predict or offer clinical benefits. Here we review the latest major progress of pharmacological studies in stroke, especially in ischemic stroke; summarize emerging potential therapeutic mechanisms; and highlight recent clinical trials. The aim of this review is to provide a panorama of pharmacological interventions for stroke and bridge basic and translational research to guide the clinical management of stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianfei Lu
- Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wen-Wu Liu
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Anatol Manaenko
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xianhua Hou
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qiyong Mei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jun-Long Huang
- Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Honghong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Qin Hu
- Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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29
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Liu Y, Yang H, Jia G, Li L, Chen H, Bi J, Wang C. The Synergistic Neuroprotective Effects of Combined Rosuvastatin and Resveratrol Pretreatment against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018. [PMID: 29525080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well accepted that both rosuvastatin and resveratrol exert neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through some common pathways. Resveratrol has also been demonstrated to protect against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through enhancing autophagy. Thus, we hypothesized that combined rosuvastatin and resveratrol pretreatment had synergistic effects on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male Sprague Dawley rats receiving middle cerebral artery occlusion surgery as animal model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury were randomly assigned to 4 groups: control, resveratrol alone pretreatment, rosuvastatin alone pretreatment, and combined rosuvastatin and resveratrol pretreatment. Rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg) or resveratrol (50 mg/kg) was administrated once a day for 7 days before cerebral ischemia onset. RESULTS We found that combined rosuvastatin and resveratrol pretreatment not only significantly decreased the neurologic defective score, cerebral infarct volume, the levels of caspase-3, and Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) but also significantly increased the ratios of Bcl-2/Bax and LC3II/LC3I, as well as the level of Becline-1, compared with resveratrol alone or rosuvastatin alone pretreatment group. Rosuvastatin alone pretreatment significantly increased the ratio of LC3II/LC3I and the level of Beclin-1. However, there were no significant differences in the neurologic defective score, cerebral infarct volume, the levels of caspase-3, IL-1β, and Beclin-1, and the ratios of Bcl-2/Bax and LC3II/LC3I between resveratrol pretreatment group and rosuvastatin pretreatment group. CONCLUSIONS Synergistically enhanced antiapoptosis, anti-inflammation, and autophagy activation might be responsible for the synergistic neuroprotective effects of combining rosuvastatin with resveratrol on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - HongNa Yang
- Department of Critical-care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - GuoYong Jia
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lan Li
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - JianZhong Bi
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - CuiLan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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30
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Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory mechanisms of atorvastatin in a murine model of traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:167. [PMID: 28835272 PMCID: PMC5569493 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation is an important secondary injury mechanism that has dual beneficial and detrimental roles in the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Compelling data indicate that statins, a group of lipid-lowering drugs, also have extensive immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Among statins, atorvastatin has been demonstrated as a neuroprotective agent in experimental TBI; however, there is a lack of evidence regarding its effects on neuroinflammation during the acute phase of TBI. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of atorvastatin therapy on modulating the immune reaction, and to explore the possible involvement of peripheral leukocyte invasion and microglia/macrophage polarization in the acute period post-TBI. Methods C57BL/6 mice were subjected to TBI using a controlled cortical impact (CCI) device. Either atorvastatin or vehicle saline was administered orally starting 1 h post-TBI for three consecutive days. Short-term neurological deficits were evaluated using the modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and Rota-rod. Brain-invading leukocyte subpopulations were analyzed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were examined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Markers of classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) microglia/macrophages were then determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and flow cytometry. Neuronal apoptosis was identified by double staining of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and immunofluorescence labeling for neuronal nuclei (NeuN). Results Acute treatment with atorvastatin at doses of 1 mg/kg/day significantly reduced neuronal apoptosis and improved behavioral deficits. Invasions of T cells, neutrophils and natural killer (NK) cells were attenuated profoundly after atorvastatin therapy, as was the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-6) and chemokines (RANTES and IP-10). Notably, atorvastatin treatment significantly increased the proportion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in both the peripheral spleen and brain, and at the same time, increased their main effector cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β1. We also found that atorvastatin significantly attenuated total microglia/macrophage activation but augmented the M2/M1 ratio by both inhibiting M1 polarization and enhancing M2 polarization. Conclusions Our data demonstrated that acute atorvastatin administration could modulate post-TBI neuroinflammation effectively, via a mechanism that involves altering peripheral leukocyte invasion and the alternative polarization of microglia/macrophages.
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Dual release behavior of atorvastatin and alpha-lipoic acid from PLGA microspheres for the combination therapy in peripheral nerve injury. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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