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León-López A, Pérez-Marroquín XA, Estrada-Fernández AG, Campos-Lozada G, Morales-Peñaloza A, Campos-Montiel RG, Aguirre-Álvarez G. Milk Whey Hydrolysates as High Value-Added Natural Polymers: Functional Properties and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061258. [PMID: 35335587 PMCID: PMC8955172 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There are two types of milk whey obtained from cheese manufacture: sweet and acid. It retains around 55% of the nutrients of the milk. Milk whey is considered as a waste, creating a critical pollution problem, because 9 L of whey are produced from every 10 L of milk. Some treatments such as hydrolysis by chemical, fermentation process, enzymatic action, and green technologies (ultrasound and thermal treatment) are successful in obtaining peptides from protein whey. Milk whey peptides possess excellent functional properties such as antihypertensive, antiviral, anticancer, immunity, and antioxidant, with benefits in the cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine, immune, and nervous system. This review presents an update of the applications of milk whey hydrolysates as a high value-added peptide based on their functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arely León-López
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad Km 1, Tulancingo C.P. 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico; (A.L.-L.); (X.A.P.-M.); (G.C.-L.); (R.G.C.-M.)
| | - Xóchitl Alejandra Pérez-Marroquín
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad Km 1, Tulancingo C.P. 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico; (A.L.-L.); (X.A.P.-M.); (G.C.-L.); (R.G.C.-M.)
| | - Ana Guadalupe Estrada-Fernández
- Instituto Tecnológico Superior del Oriente del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Apan-Tepeapulco Km 3.5, Colonia Las Peñitas, Apan C.P. 43900, Hidalgo, Mexico;
| | - Gieraldin Campos-Lozada
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad Km 1, Tulancingo C.P. 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico; (A.L.-L.); (X.A.P.-M.); (G.C.-L.); (R.G.C.-M.)
| | - Alejandro Morales-Peñaloza
- Escuela Superior de Apan, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Apan-Calpulalpan s/n, Colonia Chimalpa Tlalayote, Apan C.P. 43920, Hidalgo, Mexico;
| | - Rafael G. Campos-Montiel
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad Km 1, Tulancingo C.P. 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico; (A.L.-L.); (X.A.P.-M.); (G.C.-L.); (R.G.C.-M.)
| | - Gabriel Aguirre-Álvarez
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad Km 1, Tulancingo C.P. 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico; (A.L.-L.); (X.A.P.-M.); (G.C.-L.); (R.G.C.-M.)
- Uni-Collagen S.A. de C.V., Arnulfo González No. 203, El Paraíso, Tulancingo C.P. 43684, Hidalgo, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-775-145-9265
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Characterization of Conjugates between α-Lactalbumin and Benzyl Isothiocyanate-Effects on Molecular Structure and Proteolytic Stability. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206247. [PMID: 34684828 PMCID: PMC8539348 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In complex foods, bioactive secondary plant metabolites (SPM) can bind to food proteins. Especially when being covalently bound, such modifications can alter the structure and, thus, the functional and biological properties of the proteins. Additionally, the bioactivity of the SPM can be affected as well. Consequently, knowledge of the influence of chemical modifications on these properties is particularly important for food processing, food safety, and nutritional physiology. As a model, the molecular structure of conjugates between the bioactive metabolite benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC, a hydrolysis product of the glucosinolate glucotropaeolin) and the whey protein α-lactalbumin (α-LA) was investigated using circular dichroism spectroscopy, anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid fluorescence, and dynamic light scattering. Free amino groups were determined before and after the BITC conjugation. Finally, mass spectrometric analysis of the BITC-α-LA protein hydrolysates was performed. As a result of the chemical modifications, a change in the secondary structure of α-LA and an increase in surface hydrophobicity and hydrodynamic radii were documented. BITC modification at the ε-amino group of certain lysine side chains inhibited tryptic hydrolysis. Furthermore, two BITC-modified amino acids were identified, located at two lysine side chains (K32 and K113) in the amino acid sequence of α-LA.
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Benzyl isothiocyanate-modified α-lactalbumin - Two-dimensional high-performance thin-layer chromatography for analyzing modified peptides. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1181:122937. [PMID: 34536835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In complex food matrices, non-directed reactions between food proteins and secondary plant metabolites (SPM) are conceivable. In this study, the interaction between the bioactive metabolite from garden cress (Lepidium sativum) and selected Brassicaceae - benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) - and the dairy protein α-lactalbumin (α-LA) was investigated. It was focused on monitoring the proteolytic degradation behaviour of unmodified and BITC-modified α-LA with two-dimensional high-performance thin-layer chromatography (2D-HPTLC). The two-dimensional approach of HPTLC offers high resolution in the separation of complex peptide mixtures and might enable differentiation of protein modifications. Based on the specific peptide patterns of native and modified peptides, conclusions can be drawn about differences in protein/peptide polarity, location of a modification, and digestibility. The aim was to characterize tryptically hydrolyzed unmodified and BITC-modified peptides using the 2D method and to investigate the influence of BITC modification of α-LA on polarity and digestibility. To determine the repeatability of peptide separation by 2D-HPTLC, the unmodified and BITC-modified protein hydrolyzates were separated six times. The absolute standard deviations between the retardation factors of the individual peptide spots varied between 0.52 and 4.79 mm for the x-coordinates and between 0.41 and 6.47 mm for the y-coordinates for all three samples. Here, the mean relative standard deviations ranged from 5.80 to 10.4% for the x-coordinates and from 5.91 to 18.3% for the y-coordinates. The results of the tryptic hydrolysis indicated that, depending on the concentration of BITC used, the modification sterically hinders the cleavage sites for the enzyme, resulting in a reduced digestibility. Covalent binding of the hydrophobic BITC altered the digestibility and polarity of the protein, leading to a difference in peptide patterns between the unmodified and modified α-LA. It was concluded that the reaction was undirected, resulting in a mixture of unmodified and modified peptides, and that elongated modified peptides were formed by BITC blocking of trypsin cleavage sites.
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Spöttel J, Brockelt J, Badekow S, Rohn S. Immunological Analysis of Isothiocyanate-Modified α-Lactalbumin Using High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071842. [PMID: 33805932 PMCID: PMC8036266 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Undirected modifications between food proteins and secondary plant metabolites can occur during food processing. The results of covalent interactions can alter the functional and biological properties of the proteins. The present work studied the extent of which covalent conjugation of the bioactive metabolite benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC; a glucosinolate breakdown product) to the whey protein α-lactalbumin affects the protein’s allergenicity. Additional to the immunological analysis of native untreated and BITC-modified α-lactalbumin, the analysis of antigenic properties of proteolytically digested protein derivatives was also performed by high performance thin layer chromatography and immunostaining. As a result of the chemical modifications, structural changes in the protein molecule affected the allergenic properties. In this process, epitopes are destroyed or inactivated, but at the same time, buried epitopes can be exposed or newly formed, so that the net effect was an increase in allergenicity, in this case. Results from the tryptic hydrolysis suggest that BITC conjugation sterically hindered the cleavage sites for the enzyme, resulting in reduced digestibility and allergenicity. Residual antigenicity can be still present as short peptide fragments that provide epitopes. The desire to make food safer for allergy sufferers and to protect sensitized individuals from an allergenic reaction makes it clear that the detection of food antigens is mandatory; especially by considering protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Spöttel
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (J.S.); (J.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Johannes Brockelt
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (J.S.); (J.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Svenja Badekow
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (J.S.); (J.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (J.S.); (J.B.); (S.B.)
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, TIB 4/3-1, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-314-72583
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Towards understanding the interaction of β-lactoglobulin with capsaicin: Multi-spectroscopic, thermodynamic, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation approaches. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Covalent modification of food proteins by plant-based ingredients (polyphenols and organosulphur compounds): A commonplace reaction with novel utilization potential. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Keppler JK, Steffen-Heins A, Berton-Carabin CC, Ropers MH, Schwarz K. Functionality of whey proteins covalently modified by allyl isothiocyanate. Part 2: Influence of the protein modification on the surface activity in an O/W system. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Increasing the emulsifying capacity of whey proteins at acidic pH values through covalent modification with allyl isothiocyanate. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Keppler JK, Martin D, Garamus VM, Berton-Carabin C, Nipoti E, Coenye T, Schwarz K. Functionality of whey proteins covalently modified by allyl isothiocyanate. Part 1 physicochemical and antibacterial properties of native and modified whey proteins at pH 2 to 7. Food Hydrocoll 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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