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Liu M, Liu J, Yu W, Gao X, Chen S, Qin W, Zhu Z, Li C, Li F, Zhai Z. Clinical and radiological features associated with rupture of pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm: a retrospective study. BMC Pulm Med 2024; 24:417. [PMID: 39198796 PMCID: PMC11351075 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-024-03225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemoptysis resulting from rupture of the pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm (PAP) is massive and fatal, while factor contributing to the rupture of pseudoaneurysm remains elusive. This study aimed to elucidate the clinical and radiological features of PAP and identify the risk factors associated with rupture. METHODS Patients who developed hemoptysis with PAP were collected from January 2019 to December 2022 retrospectively. Clinical data of the demographic characteristics, radiological findings, treatment strategies, and prognosis were collected. A comparative analysis was performed on the characteristics in the ruptured and non-ruptured cases. RESULTS A total of 58 PAPs were identified in the 50 patients. The most common causes were infection (86%) and cancer (8%). The PAPs were located predominantly in the upper lobes of both lungs, and 57 (99.3%) were distributed in the segmental or subsegmental pulmonary arteries. The median diameter was 6.1(4.3-8.7) mm. A total of 29 PAPs were identified adjacent to pulmonary cavitations, with the median diameter of the cavity being 18.9 (12.4-34.8) mm. Rupture of pseudoaneurysm occurred in 21 cases (42%). Compared to unruptured group, the ruptured group had a significantly higher proportion of massive hemoptysis (57.1% vs. 6.9%, p < 0.001), larger pseudoaneurysm diameter (8.1 ± 3.2 mm vs. 6.0 ± 2.3 mm, p = 0.012), higher incidence of pulmonary cavitation (76.2% vs. 44.8%, p = 0.027), and larger cavitation diameters (32.9 ± 18.8 mm vs. 15.7 ± 8.4 mm, p = 0.005). The mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) in the ruptured group was also significantly higher than that in the unruptured group [23.9 ± 7.4 mmHg vs. 19.2 ± 5.0 mmHg, p = 0.011]. Endovascular treatment was successfully performed in all 21 patients with ruptured PAP, of which the clinical success rate was 96.0%. Five patients experienced recurrent hemoptysis within one year. CONCLUSIONS Massive hemoptysis, pseudoaneurysm diameter, pulmonary cavitation, and elevated mPAP were the risk factors for rupture of pseudoaneurysm. Our findings facilitate early identification and timely intervention of PAP at high risk of rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, No 2, East Yinghua Road, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Jixiang Liu
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, No 2, East Yinghua Road, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, No.168 Hongkong Road, 430000, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, No.168 Hongkong Road, 430000, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, No.168 Hongkong Road, 430000, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, No.168 Hongkong Road, 430000, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ziyang Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, No.168 Hongkong Road, 430000, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chenghong Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, No.168 Hongkong Road, 430000, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Pulmonary Vascular Diseases, Jianghan University, No.168 Hongkong Road, 430000, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fajiu Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, No.168 Hongkong Road, 430000, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhenguo Zhai
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, No 2, East Yinghua Road, 100029, Beijing, China.
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Nasra K, Kiros N, Diebes A, Raole D, Osher M. Management of Incidental Peripheral Pulmonary Arterial Aneurysm by Interventional Radiology. Cureus 2021; 13:e17337. [PMID: 34567879 PMCID: PMC8451510 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A peripheral pulmonary arterial aneurysm (PAA) is an abnormal dilatation of the distal pulmonary artery consisting of all three vessel wall layers (the intima, media, and adventitia). It is a rare, potentially life-threatening entity. There is no defined standard for an abnormal amount of dilation of the distal pulmonary vasculature, however, the most common criteria used is a diameter greater than 1.5 times the upper limit of a normal or proximal portion. Despite the rarity of peripheral PAAs, the ability to recognize and diagnose them is important for both radiologists and clinicians. Early recognition is needed because of the high mortality associated with rupture. Consistent guidelines still need to be developed to help clinicians determine when intervention is appropriate. In the interim, endovascular coil embolization has become a mainstay of treatment due to its minimally invasive nature and lower risk of complications when compared to open surgical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Nasra
- Radiology, Ascension Providence/Michigan State University, Southfield, USA
| | - Neud Kiros
- Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Anthony Diebes
- Radiology, Ascension Providence/Michigan State University, Southfield, USA
| | - Deep Raole
- Radiology, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, USA
| | - Matthew Osher
- Interventional Radiology, Ascension Providence/Michigan State University, Southfield, USA
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Vaid D, Majcher V, Heptonstall N, Sadler TJ, Winterbottom AP. Images of the month 2: Pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm formation within uterine leiomyosarcoma metastases. Clin Med (Lond) 2021; 21:e533-e534. [PMID: 38594862 DOI: 10.7861/clinmed.2021-0494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We present a rare case of pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm formation in leiomyosarcoma metastases with evidence of acute bleeding and subsequent interventional radiological management.
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Yazgan Ç, Ertürk H, Taşkın A. Imaging Features of Thoracic Manifestations of Behçet's Disease: Beyond Pulmonary Artery Involvement. Curr Med Imaging 2021; 17:996-1002. [PMID: 33438546 PMCID: PMC8653419 DOI: 10.2174/1573405617999210112193856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Behçet’s disease is a chronic multisystemic vasculitis affecting vessels of different sizes in various organs. Thoracic manifestations of the disease show a wide spectrum involving a variety of anatomic structures within the chest. However, pulmonary artery involvement is a typical manifestation of the disease that contributes significantly to mortality in patients. The study aimed to analyze CT features of thoracic manifestations, particularly pulmonary artery involvement, and to quantitatively assess bronchial arteries in Behçet’s disease. Methods Patients with Behçet’s disease who underwent CT scans for suspected thoracic involvement between 2010 and 2018 were included. CT findings of 52 patients were retrospectively analyzed for thoracic manifestations of the disease. Bronchial arteries were assessed regarding diameter in patients with/without pulmonary artery involvement. The pulmonary symptoms were noted. Results Of the 52 patients, 67% had thoracic manifestations including pulmonary artery involvement, parenchymal changes, superior vena cava thrombosis, and intracardiac thrombus. Pulmonary artery involvement was observed in 50% of the cohort. Peripheral pulmonary arteries (77%) were the most commonly affected branches, followed by lobar (42%) and central (35%) pulmonary arteries. Other thoracic findings were significantly correlated with pulmonary artery involvement (p<0.05). Compared to patients without pulmonary artery involvement, those with pulmonary artery involvement had a higher bronchial artery diameter (p<0.05) and occurrence rate of dilated bronchial arteries. Conclusion Involvement of peripheral pulmonary arteries is frequently encountered in Behçet’s disease and it can resemble pulmonary nodules. Dilated bronchial arteries, which can be observed in cases of pulmonary artery involvement, should be considered in patients with hemoptysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çisel Yazgan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Hakan Ertürk
- Department of Radiology, Ataturk Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Education and Research Hospital, 06280 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşenaz Taşkın
- Department of Chest Diseases, Ataturk Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Education and Research Hospital, 06280 Ankara, Turkey
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Salvatore C, Roberta F, Angela DL, Cesare P, Alfredo C, Giuliano G, Giulio L, Giuliana G, Maria RG, Paola BM, Fabrizio U, Roberta G, Beatrice F, Vittorio M. Clinical and laboratory data, radiological structured report findings and quantitative evaluation of lung involvement on baseline chest CT in COVID-19 patients to predict prognosis. LA RADIOLOGIA MEDICA 2021; 126:29-39. [PMID: 33047295 PMCID: PMC7549421 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-020-01293-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate by means of regression models the relationships between baseline clinical and laboratory data and lung involvement on baseline chest CT and to quantify the thoracic disease using an artificial intelligence tool and a visual scoring system to predict prognosis in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included 103 (41 women and 62 men; 68.8 years of mean age-range, 29-93 years) with suspicious COVID-19 viral infection evaluated by reverse transcription real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test. All patients underwent CT examinations at the time of admission in addition to clinical and laboratory findings recording. All chest CT examinations were reviewed using a structured report. Moreover, using an artificial intelligence tool we performed an automatic segmentation on CT images based on Hounsfield unit to calculate residual healthy lung parenchyma, ground-glass opacities (GGO), consolidations and emphysema volumes for both right and left lungs. Two expert radiologists, in consensus, attributed at the CT pulmonary disease involvement a severity score using a scale of 5 levels; the score was attributed for GGO and consolidation for each lung, and then, an overall radiological severity visual score was obtained summing the single score. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis was performed. RESULTS Symptoms and comorbidities did not show differences statistically significant in terms of patient outcome. Instead, SpO2 was significantly lower in patients hospitalized in critical conditions or died while age, HS CRP, leukocyte count, neutrophils, LDH, d-dimer, troponin, creatinine and azotemia, ALT, AST and bilirubin values were significantly higher. GGO and consolidations were the main CT patterns (a variable combination of GGO and consolidations was found in 87.8% of patients). CT COVID-19 disease was prevalently bilateral (77.6%) with peripheral distribution (74.5%) and multiple lobes localizations (52.0%). Consolidation, emphysema and residual healthy lung parenchyma volumes showed statistically significant differences in the three groups of patients based on outcome (patients discharged at home, patients hospitalized in stable conditions and patient hospitalized in critical conditions or died) while GGO volume did not affect the patient's outcome. Moreover, the overall radiological severity visual score (cutoff ≥ 8) was a predictor of patient outcome. The highest value of R-squared (R2 = 0.93) was obtained by the model that combines clinical/laboratory findings at CT volumes. The highest accuracy was obtained by clinical/laboratory and CT findings model with a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy, respectively, of 88%, 78% and 81% to predict discharged/stable patients versus critical/died patients. CONCLUSION In conclusion, both CT visual score and computerized software-based quantification of the consolidation, emphysema and residual healthy lung parenchyma on chest CT images were independent predictors of outcome in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cappabianca Salvatore
- Division of Radiodiagnostic, “Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Fusco Roberta
- Radiology Division, “Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale – IRCCS di Napoli”, Naples, Italy
| | - de Lisio Angela
- Diagnostic Imaging Unit, “Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale Giuseppe Moscati”, Avellino, Italy
| | - Paura Cesare
- Diagnostic Imaging Unit, “Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale Giuseppe Moscati”, Avellino, Italy
| | - Clemente Alfredo
- Division of Radiodiagnostic, “Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Gagliardi Giuliano
- Diagnostic Imaging Unit, “Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale Giuseppe Moscati”, Avellino, Italy
| | - Lombardi Giulio
- Diagnostic Imaging Unit, “Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale Giuseppe Moscati”, Avellino, Italy
| | - Giacobbe Giuliana
- Division of Radiodiagnostic, “Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Russo Gaetano Maria
- Division of Radiodiagnostic, “Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Belfiore Maria Paola
- Division of Radiodiagnostic, “Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Urraro Fabrizio
- Division of Radiodiagnostic, “Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Grassi Roberta
- Division of Radiodiagnostic, “Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Feragalli Beatrice
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences - Radiology Unit “G. D’Annunzio”, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Miele Vittorio
- Division of Radiodiagnostic, “Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi”, Firenze, Italy
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Grassi R, Fusco R, Belfiore MP, Montanelli A, Patelli G, Urraro F, Petrillo A, Granata V, Sacco P, Mazzei MA, Feragalli B, Reginelli A, Cappabianca S. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Italy: features on chest computed tomography using a structured report system. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17236. [PMID: 33057039 PMCID: PMC7566610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73788-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess the use of a structured report in the Chest Computed Tomography (CT) reporting of patients with suspicious viral pneumonia by COVID-19 and the evaluation of the main CT patterns. This study included 134 patients (43 women and 91 men; 68.8 years of mean age, range 29-93 years) with suspicious COVID-19 viral infection evaluated by reverse transcription real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test. All patients underwent CT examinations at the time of admission. CT images were reviewed by two radiologists who identified COVID-19 CT patterns using a structured reports. Temporal difference mean value between RT-PCRs and CT scan was 0.18 days ± 2.0 days. CT findings were positive for viral pneumonia in 94.0% patients while COVID-19 was diagnosed at RT-PCR in 77.6% patients. Time mean value to complete the structured report by radiologist was 8.5 min ± 2.4 min. The disease on chest CT predominantly affected multiple lobes and the main CT feature was ground glass opacity (GGO) with or without consolidation (96.8%). GGO was predominantly bilateral (89.3%), peripheral (80.3%), multifocal/patching (70.5%). Consolidation disease was predominantly bilateral (83.9%) with prevalent peripheral (87.1%) and segmental (47.3%) distribution. Additional CT signs were the crazy-paving pattern in 75.4% of patients, the septal thickening in 37.3% of patients, the air bronchogram sign in 39.7% and the "reversed halo" sign in 23.8%. Less frequent characteristics at CT regard discrete pulmonary nodules, increased trunk diameter of the pulmonary artery, pleural effusion and pericardium effusion (7.9%, 6.3%, 14.3% and 16.7%, respectively). Barotrauma sign was absent in all the patients. High percentage (54.8%) of the patients had mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Using a Chest CT structured report, with a standardized language, we identified that the cardinal hallmarks of COVID-19 infection were bilateral, peripheral and multifocal/patching GGO and bilateral consolidation with peripheral and segmental distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Grassi
- Division of Radiodiagnostic, "Università Degli Studi Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Radiology Division, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale - IRCCS di Napoli", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Belfiore
- Division of Radiodiagnostic, "Università Degli Studi Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabrizio Urraro
- Division of Radiodiagnostic, "Università Degli Studi Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Petrillo
- Radiology Division, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale - IRCCS di Napoli", Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenza Granata
- Radiology Division, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale - IRCCS di Napoli", Naples, Italy
| | - Palmino Sacco
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Diagnostic Imaging Unit, "Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese", Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Mazzei
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Diagnostic Imaging Unit, "Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese", Siena, Italy
| | - Beatrice Feragalli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences - Radiology Unit "G. D'Annunzio", University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alfonso Reginelli
- Division of Radiodiagnostic, "Università Degli Studi Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cappabianca
- Division of Radiodiagnostic, "Università Degli Studi Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Pulmonary artery aneurysm as a result of group 2 pulmonary artery hypertension in a patient with significant mitral and aortic valve disease - review and case report. POLISH JOURNAL OF THORACIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY 2020; 17:143-148. [PMID: 33014090 PMCID: PMC7526489 DOI: 10.5114/kitp.2020.99078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Aneurysms are uncommon, but potentially life-threatening abnormalities of the pulmonary arteries. Aneurysm of the main pulmonary artery (MPA) defined as MPA diameter over 40 mm was reported in 1 : 14 000 autopsies. The most frequent location is the main pulmonary artery (89% of cases), whereas the maximum described diameter is 106–170 mm. Clinical manifestations are usually nonspecific or asymptomatic. Right heart failure symptoms, pulmonary regurgitation, trachea or bronchi compression or pulmonary emboli caused by enlarged MPA are the most commonly described clinical manifestations. Pulmonary artery aneurysm dissection is an uncommon complication but associated with a high mortality rate. Unfortunately, guidelines regulating the optimal time for the surgical intervention still have not been developed. We present the history of 76-year-old patient suffering from an aneurysm of the pulmonary artery (74 × 61 mm), as well as mitral and aortic valve disease, who was successfully operated on in our hospital.
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Palumbo P, Cannizzaro E, Di Cesare A, Bruno F, Schicchi N, Giovagnoni A, Splendiani A, Barile A, Masciocchi C, Di Cesare E. Cardiac magnetic resonance in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies. Radiol Med 2020; 125:1087-1101. [PMID: 32978708 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-020-01289-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, the approach to the 'arrhythmic patient' has profoundly changed. An early clinical presentation of arrhythmia is often accompanied by non-specific symptoms and followed by inconclusive electrocardiographic findings. In this scenario, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has been established as a clinical tool of fundamental importance for a correct prognostic stratification of the arrhythmic patient. This technique provides a high-spatial-resolution tomographic evaluation of the heart, which allows studying accurately the ventricular volumes, identifying even segmental kinetic anomalies and properly detecting diffuse or focal tissue alterations through an excellent tissue characterization, while depicting different patterns of fibrosis distribution, myocardial edema or fatty substitution. Through these capabilities, CMR has a pivotal role for the adequate management of the arrhythmic patient, allowing the identification of those phenotypic manifestations characteristic of structural heart diseases. Therefore, CMR provides valuable information to reclassify the patient within the wide spectrum of potentially arrhythmogenic heart diseases, the definition of which remains the major determinants for both an adequate treatment and a poor prognosis. The purpose of this review study was to focus on the role of CMR in the evaluation of the main cardiac clinical entities associated with arrhythmogenic phenomena and to present a brief debate on the main pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the arrhythmogenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Palumbo
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 1, 67100, L'Aquila, AQ, Italy.
| | | | - Annamaria Di Cesare
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federico Bruno
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 1, 67100, L'Aquila, AQ, Italy
| | - Nicolò Schicchi
- Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Ospedali Riuniti Di Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Giovagnoni
- Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Ospedali Riuniti Di Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Splendiani
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 1, 67100, L'Aquila, AQ, Italy
| | - Antonio Barile
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 1, 67100, L'Aquila, AQ, Italy
| | - Carlo Masciocchi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 1, 67100, L'Aquila, AQ, Italy
| | - Ernesto Di Cesare
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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