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Abdelnabi MN, Hassan GS, Shoukry NH. Role of the type 3 cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 in modulating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1437046. [PMID: 39156888 PMCID: PMC11327067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1437046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) comprises a spectrum of liver diseases that span simple steatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and fibrosis and may progress to cirrhosis and cancer. The pathogenesis of MASLD is multifactorial and is driven by environmental, genetic, metabolic and immune factors. This review will focus on the role of the type 3 cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 in MASLD pathogenesis and progression. IL-17 and IL-22 are produced by similar adaptive and innate immune cells such as Th17 and innate lymphoid cells, respectively. IL-17-related signaling is upregulated during MASLD resulting in increased chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines in the liver microenvironment, enhanced recruitment of myeloid cells and T cells leading to exacerbation of inflammation and liver disease progression. IL-17 may also act directly by activating hepatic stellate cells resulting in increased fibrosis. In contrast, IL-22 is a pleiotropic cytokine with a dominantly protective signature in MASLD and is currently being tested as a therapeutic strategy. IL-22 also exhibits beneficial metabolic effects and abrogates MASH-related inflammation and fibrosis development via inducing the production of anti-oxidants and anti-apoptotic factors. A sex-dependent effect has been attributed to both cytokines, most importantly to IL-22 in MASLD or related conditions. Altogether, IL-17 and IL-22 are key effectors in MASLD pathogenesis and progression. We will review the role of these two cytokines and cells that produce them in the development of MASLD, their interaction with host factors driving MASLD including sexual dimorphism, and their potential therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N. Abdelnabi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ghada S. Hassan
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Naglaa H. Shoukry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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2
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Yucel N, Hekimoglu G, Keser S, Erhan S, Yesilay G, Hocaoglu G, Seker M. Investigation of the relationship of tissue-resident γδ T cells and IL-17 gene expression with the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis. Immunol Res 2024:10.1007/s12026-024-09515-3. [PMID: 39023823 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-024-09515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory liver disease. Elevated serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels, autoantibodies, and histopathological interface hepatitis are the hallmarks of AIH. Autoantibodies and pathological findings, clinical and biochemical features, typical immunoglobulin levels, and exclusion of other diseases are used to diagnose the condition. Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells are a unique population of unconventional T cells with γ and δ glycoprotein chains. γδ T cells have been shown to play a crucial role in autoimmune diseases by producing interleukin (IL)-17. However, its role in AIH remains to be further elucidated. In this study, we aimed to examine the role of γδ T cells and IL-17 in the pathogenesis of AIH, by working on biopsy samples. Paraffin blocks of 18 patients with type 1 AIH and 18 control liver tissues were analyzed. qRT-PCR assessed IL-17 gene expression. Immunofluorescence double staining of CD3+TCRγδ+ was performed to reveal tissue-resident γδ T cells' role in AIH. When comparing AIH to the control, there was a substantial increase in the ratio of CD3+TCRγδ+ cells in total inflammatory cells (p = 0.01). IL-17 gene expression was lowered in AIH when compared to the control (p = 0.01). This study provides evidence for the involvement of γδ T cells and IL-17 in the pathogenesis of AIH. The ratio of γδ T cells and IL-17 gene expression showed a significant difference in AIH suggesting a potential role for γδ T cells in driving liver inflammation in A fIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurullah Yucel
- Department of Anatomy, Hamidiye School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulam Hekimoglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, International School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Experimental Medicine Application & Research Center, Validebag Research Park, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Sevinc Keser
- Department of Pathology, Kartal Dr. Lutfi Kirdar City Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selma Erhan
- Department of Pathology, Prof. Dr. Cemil Tascıoglu City Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gamze Yesilay
- Experimental Medicine Application & Research Center, Validebag Research Park, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Hamidiye Institute of Health Science, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulizar Hocaoglu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Hamidiye Institute of Health Science, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Xu W, Wang Y, Jin C, Zhang W, Chen J, Chen X, Gao J, Gao J, Wang H. IL-17 Imbalance Promotes the Pyroptosis in Immune-Mediated Liver Injury Through STAT3-IFI16 Axis. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e46. [PMID: 38188602 PMCID: PMC10767549 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) affects all age group and occurs mainly in women. Pyroptosis is a novel programmed cell death featured with cell bursting and release of proinflammatory cytokines. A deeper understanding of AIH pathogenesis will contribute to novel therapy for AIH patients. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of IL-17 in immune-mediated liver injury. The levels of cytokines were measured by ELISA, and mRNA levels of STAT3 and IFN gamma-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) were detected by PCR. Expressions of STAT3, IFI16, gasdermin D and cleaved caspase-1 were measured by western-blotting. Immunohistochemical staining and transmission electron microscopy were applied to evaluate liver histopathological changes of the treated mice. Our results showed that the levels of IFI16 was increased in hepatocytes treated with IL-17 protein, and further elevated after STAT3-overexpressed (STAT3-OE) lentivirus treatment. The levels of IFI16 were reduced in hepatocytes treated with IL-17 neutralizing Ab (nAb), but were significantly increased after STAT3-OE treatment. Pyroptosis was observed in hepatocytes treated with IL-17 protein, and further cell damage was observed after STAT3-OE lentivirus treatment. Liver damage was alleviated in mice treated with IL-17 nAb, however sever damage was experienced after STAT3-OE lentivirus treatment. A binding interaction between IFI16 and STAT3 was detected in IL-17 treated hepatocytes. Glutathione transaminase activity was enhanced in concanavalin A-induced AIH mice compared to the control group (p<0.01). IL-17 plays an important role in activating STAT3 and up-regulating IFI16, which may promote the pyroptosis in AIH-related liver injury through STAT3-IFI16 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312020, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312020, China
| | - Changzhong Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Weiyang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312020, China
| | - Jiangnan Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312020, China
| | - Xuefang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312020, China
| | - Junli Gao
- Hangzhou Cosmos Wisdom Mass Spectrometry Center of Zhejiang University Medical School, Hangzhou 311200, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Junshun Gao
- Hangzhou Cosmos Wisdom Mass Spectrometry Center of Zhejiang University Medical School, Hangzhou 311200, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Hangzhou Cosmos Wisdom Mass Spectrometry Center of Zhejiang University Medical School, Hangzhou 311200, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310016, China
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4
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Song S, Lou Y, Mao Y, Wen X, Fan M, He Z, Shen Y, Wen C, Shao T. Alteration of Gut Microbiome and Correlated Amino Acid Metabolism Contribute to Hyperuricemia and Th17-Driven Inflammation in Uox-KO Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:804306. [PMID: 35197978 PMCID: PMC8858814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.804306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although gut dysbiosis had been demonstrated to be an important factor affecting hyperuricemia (HUA) and gout, little is known for its potential mechanistic connections. In this study, Uox-KO mice model that with spontaneously developed pronounced HUA and urate nephropathy was used to explore the pathophysiologic mechanism of microbiota alterations in HUA and gout with integrated multi-omics analysis. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed to characterize the characteristic bacteria, and untargeted LC/MS analysis was applied to reveal the featured metabolites. Our results showed there was a significant shift in gut microbiota composition and function in Uox-KO mice compared to WT mice and apparent metabolomics differences between the two groups. Among them, amino acids metabolism appears to play a critical role. Correlation analysis further revealed that the characteristic metabolites were strongly influenced by the discrepant bacterial genera. Furthermore, impairment of intestinal integrity and profound alterations in the profile of solute carrier family resulted in dysregulation of amino acids transportation, which subsequently impacted serum uric acid level and CD4+ Th17 driven inflammation. Together, these data indicate that gut dysbiosis promotes purine metabolism disorder and inflammation in Uox-KO mice. Remodeling the gut microbiota is a promising strategy to combat HUA and gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyue Song
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Lou
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Mao
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianghui Wen
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Moqi Fan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhixing He
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Shen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengping Wen
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chengping Wen, ; Tiejuan Shao,
| | - Tiejuan Shao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chengping Wen, ; Tiejuan Shao,
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5
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Zhu H, Liu Z, An J, Zhang M, Qiu Y, Zou MH. Activation of AMPKα1 is essential for regulatory T cell function and autoimmune liver disease prevention. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:2609-2617. [PMID: 34728795 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00790-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are crucial for maintaining immune tolerance. Compromising the regulatory function of Treg cells can lead to autoimmune liver disease. However, how Treg cell function is regulated has not been fully clarified. Here, we report that mice with AMP-activated protein kinase alpha 1 (AMPKα1) globally knocked out spontaneously develop immune-mediated liver injury, with massive lymphocyte infiltration in the liver, elevated serum alanine aminotransferase levels, and greater production of autoantibodies. Both transplantation of wild-type bone marrow and adoptive transfer of wild-type Treg cells can prevent liver injury in AMPKα1-KO mice. In addition, Treg cell-specific AMPKα1-KO mice display histological features similar to those associated with autoimmune liver disease, greater production of autoantibodies, and hyperactivation of CD4+ T cells. AMPKα1 deficiency significantly impairs Treg cell suppressive function but does not affect Treg cell differentiation or proliferation. Furthermore, AMPK is activated upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, which triggers Foxp3 phosphorylation, suppressing Foxp3 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Importantly, the frequency of Treg cells and the phosphorylation levels of AMPK at T172 in circulating blood are significantly lower in patients with autoimmune liver diseases. Conclusion: Our data suggest that AMPK maintains the immunosuppressive function of Treg cells and confers protection against autoimmune liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiping Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Blood Research and Applications, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, P.R. China.,Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Zhaoyu Liu
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA. .,Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, P.R. China.
| | - Junqing An
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA
| | - Yu Qiu
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
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Muscate F, Woestemeier A, Gagliani N. Functional heterogeneity of CD4 + T cells in liver inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:549-561. [PMID: 34463867 PMCID: PMC8443520 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00881-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells play an essential role in orchestrating adequate immunity, but their overactivity has been associated with the development of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, including liver inflammatory diseases. These cells can be subclassified according to their maturation stage, cytokine profile, and pro or anti-inflammatory functions, i.e., functional heterogeneity. In this review, we summarize what has been discovered so far regarding the role of the different CD4+ T cell polarization states in the progression of two prominent and still different liver inflammatory diseases: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Finally, the potential of CD4+ T cells as a therapeutic target in both NASH and AIH is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Muscate
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Woestemeier
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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7
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Exploration of prognostic index based on immune-related genes in patients with liver hepatocellular carcinoma. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:225490. [PMID: 32579175 PMCID: PMC7327182 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20194240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to screen the immune-related genes (IRGs) in patients with liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) and construct a synthetic index for indicating the prognostic outcomes. The bioinformatic analysis was performed on the data of 374 cancer tissues and 50 normal tissues, which were downloaded from TCGA database. We observed that 17 differentially expressed IRGs were significantly associated with survival in LIHC patients. These LIHC-specific IRGs were validated with function analysis and molecular characteristics. Cox analysis was applied for constructing a RiskScore for predicting the survival. The RiskScore involved six IRGs and corresponding coefficients, which was calculated with the following formula: RiskScore = [Expression level of FABP5 *(0.064)] + [Expression level of TRAF3 * (0.198)] + [Expression level of CSPG5 * (0.416)] + [Expression level of IL17D * (0.197)] + [Expression level of STC2 * (0.036)] + [Expression level of BRD8 * (0.140)]. The RiskScore was positively associated with the poor survival, which was verified with the dataset from ICGC database. Further analysis revealed that the RiskScore was independent of any other clinical feature, while it was linked with the infiltration levels of six types of immune cells. Our study reported the survival-associated IRGs in LIHC and then constructed IRGs-based RiskScore as prognostic indicator for screening patients with high risk of short survival. Both the screened IRGs and IRGs-based RiskScore were clinically significant, which may be informative for promoting the individualized immunotherapy against LIHC.
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8
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Das T, Bergen IM, Koudstaal T, van Hulst JA, van Loo G, Boonstra A, Vanwolleghem T, Leung PS, Gershwin ME, Hendriks RW, Kool M. DNGR1-mediated deletion of A20/Tnfaip3 in dendritic cells alters T and B-cell homeostasis and promotes autoimmune liver pathology. J Autoimmun 2019; 102:167-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Beringer A, Miossec P. Systemic effects of IL-17 in inflammatory arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2019; 15:491-501. [PMID: 31227819 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0243-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory arthritis occurs in many diseases and is characterized by joint inflammation and damage. However, the inflammatory state in arthritis is commonly associated with systemic manifestations, which are generally linked to a poor prognosis. The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17 functions within a complex network of cytokines and contributes to the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases. Three IL-17 inhibitors have already been approved for the treatment of psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. After a brief description of IL-17 and its local effects on joints, this Review focuses on the systemic effects of IL-17 in inflammatory arthritis. Increased circulating concentrations of bioactive IL-17 mediate changes in blood vessels, liver and cardiac and skeletal muscles. The effects of IL-17 on vascular and cardiac cells might contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular events that occurs in all patients with inflammatory disorders. In the liver, IL-17 contributes to the high circulating concentrations of acute-phase proteins, such as C-reactive protein, and the appearance of liver lesions. In skeletal muscle, IL-17 contributes to muscle contractibility defects and weakness. Thus, targeting IL-17 might have beneficial effects at both local and systemic levels, and could also be proposed for the treatment of a wider range of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Beringer
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit, EA 4130, University of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Miossec
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit, EA 4130, University of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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10
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Treg/Th17 imbalance is associated with poor autoimmune hepatitis prognosis. Clin Immunol 2019; 198:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Taubert R, Hupa-Breier KL, Jaeckel E, Manns MP. Novel therapeutic targets in autoimmune hepatitis. J Autoimmun 2018; 95:34-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Beringer A, Miossec P. IL-17 and IL-17-producing cells and liver diseases, with focus on autoimmune liver diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:1176-1185. [PMID: 30321671 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin(IL)-17 and IL-17-producing cells are important players in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune / inflammatory diseases. More recently, they have been associated with liver diseases. This review first describes the general knowledge on IL-17 and IL-17 producing cells. The second part describes the in vitro and in vivo effects of IL-17 on liver cells and the contribution of IL-17 producing cells to liver diseases. IL-17 induces immune cell infiltration and liver damage driving to hepatic inflammation and fibrosis and contributes to autoimmune liver diseases. The circulating levels of IL-17 and the frequency of IL-17-producing cells are elevated in a variety of acute and chronic liver diseases. The last part focuses on the effects of IL-17 deletion or neutralization in various murine models. Some of these observed beneficial effects suggest that targeting the IL-17 axis could be a new therapeutic strategy to prevent chronicity and progression of various liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Beringer
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit EA4130, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Miossec
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit EA4130, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.
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13
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Liu Y, Zhao Q, Yin Y, McNutt MA, Zhang T, Cao Y. Serum levels of IL-17 are elevated in patients with acute gouty arthritis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:897-902. [PMID: 29476737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Acute gouty arthritis (AGA) is one of the most common forms of auto-inflammatory arthritis. IL-17 is a key proinflammatory cytokine which has been implicated in several autoimmune diseases. However, to date little is known about the role of IL-17 in AGA. In the present study, we show that serum IL-17 levels are significantly elevated in AGA patients early in the onset of symptoms of gout, and decrease gradually as symptoms diminish. Correlation analysis indicated that IL-17 expression is not only positively correlated with disease activity, but is also correlated with serum levels of IL-1β which plays a critical role in the differentiation of IL-17- γδT cells into IL-17+γδT cells. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that γδ T cells are a major source of IL-17 production during the early onset of AGA. We therefore identify IL-17 as a potential novel biomarker for AGA and suggest that targeting the γδ T cell/IL-17 immune axis is a potential strategy for treatment of acute flares of AGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Qianzi Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, No. 2 Yinghua Dongjie, Hepingli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Yuxin Yin
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Michael A McNutt
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Tie Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, No. 2 Yinghua Dongjie, Hepingli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
| | - Yongtong Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, No. 2 Yinghua Dongjie, Hepingli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
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14
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Fiore M, Leone S, Maraolo AE, Berti E, Damiani G. Liver Illness and Psoriatic Patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3140983. [PMID: 29546055 PMCID: PMC5818942 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3140983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin affecting approximately 2% of the world's population. Systemic treatments, including methotrexate and cyclosporin, are associated with potential hepatotoxicity, due to either direct liver damage or immunosuppression or both immunomediated and a direct liver injury; therefore, treatment of patients with psoriasis poses a therapeutic challenge. The aim of this minireview is to help clinicians in the management of psoriatic patients who develop signs of liver dysfunction. To find relevant articles, a comprehensive search was performed on PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane with appropriate combinations of the following keywords being considered: viral hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, psoriasis, hepatotoxicity, drug toxicity, cholestasis, and autoimmune liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fiore
- Department of Anaesthesiological, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Leone
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, “San Giuseppe Moscati” Hospital, Avellino, Italy
| | - Alberto Enrico Maraolo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Emilio Berti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Ca' Granda, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Damiani
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Ca' Granda, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Study Center of Young Dermatologists Italian Network (YDIN), Bergamo, Italy
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15
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Paquissi FC. Immunity and Fibrogenesis: The Role of Th17/IL-17 Axis in HBV and HCV-induced Chronic Hepatitis and Progression to Cirrhosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1195. [PMID: 29033929 PMCID: PMC5626935 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis is a common final pathway for most chronic liver diseases; representing an increasing burden worldwide and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Current evidence has shown that, after an initial injury, the immune response has a significant participation in the ongoing damage, and progression from chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) to cirrhosis, driving the activation and maintenance of main fibrogenic pathways. Among immune deregulations, those related to the subtype 17 of T helper lymphocytes (Th17)/interleukin-17 (IL-17) axis have been recognized as key immunopathological and prognostic elements in patients with CVH. The Th17/IL-17 axis has been found involved in several points of fibrogenesis chain from the activation of stellate cells, increased expression of profibrotic factors as TGF-β, promotion of the myofibroblastic or epithelial–mesenchymal transition, stimulation of the synthesis of collagen, and induction of imbalance between matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). It also promotes the recruitment of inflammatory cells and increases the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-23. So, the Th17/IL-17 axis is simultaneously the fuel and the flame of a sustained proinflammatory and profibrotic environment. This work aims to present the immunopathologic and prognostic role of the Th17/IL-17 axis and related pathways in fibrogenesis and progression to cirrhosis in patients with liver disease due to hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV).
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Zhao YX, Ju J, Wang W, Ye JF. Role of interleukin 17 in fatty liver disease and other liver diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:5790-5796. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i36.5790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver disease is a lipid metabolism disorder in the liver, with a variety of etiologies which result in the accumulation of fat in the liver. The pathogenesis of fatty liver disease is still unclear and symptomatic treatment is the main method. In recent years, the incidence of fatty liver disease in China is increasing year by year, and the age of onset becomes younger. Recent studies suggest that interleukin 17 (IL-17) is involved not only in the pathogenesis of various diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, and malignant tumors, but also in fatty liver and other liver diseases through inducing insulin resistance, activating some important pathways in the liver, mediating some inflammatory factors and so on. This paper will review the role of IL-17 in fatty liver disease and other liver diseases.
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17
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Inhoffen J, Tuma-Kellner S, Straub B, Stremmel W, Chamulitrat W. Deficiency of iPLA₂β Primes Immune Cells for Proinflammation: Potential Involvement in Age-Related Mesenteric Lymph Node Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:2427-42. [PMID: 26690222 PMCID: PMC4695901 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7040901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proinflammation can predispose the body to autoimmunity and cancer. We have reported that iPLA2β−/− mice are susceptible to autoimmune hepatitis and colitis. Here we determined whether cytokine release by immune cells could be affected by iPLA2β deficiency alone or combined with CD95/FasL-antibody treatment in vivo. We also determined whether cancer risk could be increased in aged mutant mice. Immune cells were isolated from 3-month old male WT and iPLA2β−/− mice, and some were injected with anti-CD95/FasL antibody for 6 h. Kupffer cells (KC) or splenocytes and liver lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro by lipopolysaccharide or concanavalinA, respectively. Whole-body iPLA2β deficiency caused increased apoptosis in liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph node (MLN). KC from mutant mice showed suppressed release of TNFα and IL-6, while their splenocytes secreted increased levels of IFNγ and IL-17a. Upon CD95/FasL activation, the mutant KC in turn showed exaggerated cytokine release, this was accompanied by an increased release of IFNγ and IL-17a by liver lymphocytes. Aged iPLA2β−/− mice did not show follicular MLN lymphoma commonly seen in aged C57/BL6 mice. Thus, iPLA2β deficiency renders M1- and Th1/Th17-proinflammation potentially leading to a reduction in age-related MLN lymphoma during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Inhoffen
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Heidelberg Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sabine Tuma-Kellner
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Heidelberg Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Beate Straub
- Pathology Institute of Medical Faculty Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Stremmel
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Heidelberg Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Walee Chamulitrat
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Heidelberg Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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de Oliveira FL, Gatto M, Bassi N, Luisetto R, Ghirardello A, Punzi L, Doria A. Galectin-3 in autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1019-28. [PMID: 26142116 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215593826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (gal-3) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin, which regulates cell-cell and extracellular interactions during self/non-self-antigen recognition and cellular activation, proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis. It plays a significant role in cellular and tissue pathophysiology by organizing niches that drive inflammation and immune responses. Gal-3 has some therapeutic potential in several diseases, including chronic inflammatory disorders, cancer and autoimmune diseases. Gal-3 exerts a broad spectrum of functions which differs according to its intra- or extracellular localization. Recombinant gal-3 strategy has been used to identify potential mode of action of gal-3; however, exogenous gal-3 may not reproduce the functions of the endogenous gal-3. Notably, gal-3 induces monocyte-macrophage differentiation, interferes with dendritic cell fate decision, regulates apoptosis on T lymphocytes and inhibits B-lymphocyte differentiation into immunoglobulin secreting plasma cells. Considering the influence of these cell populations in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, gal-3 seems to play a role in development of autoimmunity. Gal-3 has been suggested as a potential therapeutic agent in patients affected with some autoimmune disorders. However, the precise role of gal-3 in driving the inflammatory process in autoimmune or immune-mediated disorders remains elusive. Here, we reviewed the involvement of gal-3 in cellular and tissue events during autoimmune and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe L de Oliveira
- Coimbra Group Fellowship for Latin American Professors, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP 21941-902, Brazil Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Mariele Gatto
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Nicola Bassi
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Roberto Luisetto
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Anna Ghirardello
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Leonardo Punzi
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Andrea Doria
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
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Therapeutic Potential of IL-17-Mediated Signaling Pathway in Autoimmune Liver Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:436450. [PMID: 26146463 PMCID: PMC4471389 DOI: 10.1155/2015/436450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence reveals that various cytokines and tissue microenvironments contribute to liver inflammation and autoimmunity, and IL-17 family is one of highlights acknowledged. Although the implication of IL-17 family in most common autoimmune diseases (such as psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, and rheumatoid arthritis) has been extensively characterized, the role of this critical family in pathophysiology of autoimmune liver diseases (AILD) still needs to be clarified. In the review, we look into the intriguing biology of IL-17 family and further dissect on the intricate role of IL-17-mediated pathway in AILD. Considering encouraging data from preclinical and clinical trials, IL-17 targeted therapy has shown promises in several certain autoimmune conditions. However, blocking IL-17-mediated pathway is just beginning, and more fully investigation and reflection are required. Taking together, targeting IL-17-mediated responses may open up new areas of potential clinical treatment for AILD.
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Ohira H, Abe K, Takahashi A, Watanabe H. Autoimmune hepatitis: recent advances in the pathogenesis and new diagnostic guidelines in Japan. Intern Med 2015; 54:1323-8. [PMID: 26027981 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.54.4125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is thought to be associated with various genetic and immunological abnormalities. Concerning the pathogenesis of AIH, increasing attention has been paid to genome-wide association studies, toll-like receptors and Treg/Th17 balance. For Japanese patients with AIH, novel diagnostic guidelines have been proposed in view of the differential clinical features between Japanese and Caucasian patients. However, the diagnosis of some patients in acute hepatitis phase is not easy. Histologically, centrilobular necrosis without portal inflammation is particularly characteristic in the acute hepatitis phase. Some patients become resistant to steroid therapy and have a very poor prognosis once they progress to acute hepatic failure. Therefore, additional revision of the current diagnostic criteria, including severity grading, will be needed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Ohira
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
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21
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Yüksel M, Laukens D, Heindryckx F, Van Vlierberghe H, Geerts A, Wong FS, Wen L, Colle I. Hepatitis mouse models: from acute-to-chronic autoimmune hepatitis. Int J Exp Pathol 2014; 95:309-20. [PMID: 25112417 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory liver disease associated with interface hepatitis, raised plasma liver enzymes, the presence of autoantibodies and regulatory T-cell (Tregs) dysfunction. The clinical course is heterogeneous, manifested by a fulminant or indolent course. Although genetic predisposition is well accepted, the combination with currently undefined environmental factors is crucial for the development of the disease. Progress in the development of reliable animal models provides added understanding of the pathophysiology of AIH, and these will be very useful in evaluating potential therapeutics. It appears that artificially breaking tolerance in the liver is easy. However, maintaining this state of tolerance breakdown, to get chronic hepatitis, is difficult because liver immune homeostasis is strongly regulated by several immune response inhibitory mechanisms. For example, Tregs are crucial regulators in acute and chronic hepatitis, and C57BL/6 mice are most prone to experimental AIH. Immunization of C57BL/6 mice with liver (AIH) autoantigens (CYP2D6/FTCD or IL-4R) and the disturbance of liver regulatory mechanism(s), leading to experimental AIH, are likely to be most representative of human AIH pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Yüksel
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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22
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Czaja AJ. Review article: chemokines as orchestrators of autoimmune hepatitis and potential therapeutic targets. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 40:261-79. [PMID: 24890045 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokines contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis by directing the migration and positioning of inflammatory and immune cells within the liver. AIM Describe the liver-infiltrating effector cell populations in autoimmune hepatitis, indicate the chemokines that influence their migration, describe the role of chemokines in hepatic fibrosis and identify chemokine-directed treatment opportunities. METHODS Studies cited in Pub Med from 1972 to 2014 for autoimmune hepatitis, chemokines in liver disease, pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis and chemokine therapy were selected. RESULTS T helper type 17 lymphocytes expressing CXCR3 and CCR6 are attracted to the liver by the secretion of CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11. These cells recruit pro-inflammatory T helper type 1 lymphocytes expressing CXCR3 and CCR5 by secreting CXCL10. Resident natural killer T cells expressing CXCR6 migrate in response to the local secretion of CXCL16, and they modulate the inflammatory response. T helper type 2 lymphocytes expressing CCR4 are attracted by CCL17 and CCL22, and they dampen the expansion of pro-inflammatory cells. Regulatory T cells expressing CXCR3 are attracted by the secretion of CXCL9, and they help dampen the pro-inflammatory responses. CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL4, CXCL10 and CXCL16 promote fibrosis by activating or attracting hepatic stellate cells, and CX3CL1 may prevent fibrosis by affecting the apoptosis of monocytes. CONCLUSIONS Chemokines are requisites for mobilising, directing and positioning the effector cells in immune-mediated liver disease. They are feasible therapeutic targets in autoimmune hepatitis, and the evaluation of monoclonal antibodies that neutralise the pro-inflammatory ligands or designer peptides that block receptor activity are investigational opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Czaja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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23
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Grant CR, Liberal R, Holder BS, Cardone J, Ma Y, Robson SC, Vergani GM, Vergani D, Longhi MS. Dysfunctional CD39(POS) regulatory T cells and aberrant control of T-helper type 17 cells in autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 2014; 59:1007-15. [PMID: 23787765 PMCID: PMC6377365 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an important cause of severe liver disease and is associated with both quantitative and qualitative regulatory T-cell (Treg) impairments. Tregs express CD39, an ectonucleotidase responsible for extracellular nucleotide hydrolysis, culminating in the production of immunosuppressive adenosine. Here, we describe multiple CD39(pos) Treg defects that potentially contribute to the impaired immunoregulation that is characteristic of AIH. We have examined the frequency and phenotype of CD39(pos) Tregs by flow cytometry and measured their ectonucleotidase activity. The capacity of CD4(pos) CD25(high) , CD4(pos) CD25(high) CD39(pos) , and CD4(pos) CD25(high) CD39(neg) subsets to suppress both proliferation of effector T cells and interleukin (IL)-17 production was evaluated. In AIH, CD39(pos) Tregs are decreased in frequency, exhibit limited adenosine triphosphate/adenosine diphosphate hydrolysis activity, and fail to suppress IL-17 production by effector CD4 T cells. Moreover, these CD39(pos) Tregs display a more proinflammatory profile in AIH, which is characterized by elevated CD127 positivity, and a greater propensity to produce interferon-gamma or IL-17 upon challenge with proinflammatory stimuli. CONCLUSIONS In AIH, CD39(pos) Tregs are decreased in number, fail to adequately hydrolyze proinflammatory nucleotides and do not efficiently suppress IL-17 production by effector CD4 T cells. CD39(pos) Tregs show plasticity and are unstable upon proinflammatory challenge, suggesting that defective immunoregulation in AIH might result not only from reduced Treg number and function, but also from increased conversion of Tregs into effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte R. Grant
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London School of Medicine at King’s College
Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rodrigo Liberal
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London School of Medicine at King’s College
Hospital, London, UK,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Beth S. Holder
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London School of Medicine at King’s College
Hospital, London, UK
| | - John Cardone
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London School of Medicine at King’s College
Hospital, London, UK
| | - Yun Ma
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London School of Medicine at King’s College
Hospital, London, UK
| | - Simon C. Robson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Giorgina Mieli Vergani
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London School of Medicine at King’s College
Hospital, London, UK,Paediatric Liver, GI & Nutrition Centre, King’s College London School of Medicine at King’s
College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Diego Vergani
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London School of Medicine at King’s College
Hospital, London, UK
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London School of Medicine at King’s College
Hospital, London, UK,Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Xue ZM, Yao DM. Th17 cells and liver diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:1185-1190. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i13.1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has been demonstrated that T helper cells 17 (Th17) are closely related to the occurrence and development of many kinds of liver diseases such as viral hepatitis, autoimmune liver diseases and fatty liver diseases. Th17 cells are a new CD4+ T cell subset, which can interact with Th1, Th2 and Treg cells. There exists complex antagonistic or collaborative relationship among these cells. Understanding the role of Th17 cells in liver diseases will help explore the pathogenesis and treatment of these diseases.
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25
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Ngalamika O, Zhang Y, Yin H, Zhao M, Gershwin ME, Lu Q. Epigenetics, autoimmunity and hematologic malignancies: a comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 2012; 39:451-65. [PMID: 23084980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between immunological dysfunction, loss of tolerance and hematologic malignancies have been a focus of attention in attempts to understand the appearance of a higher degree of autoimmune disease and lymphoma in children with congenital immunodeficiency. Although multiple hypotheses have been offered, it is clear that stochastic processes play an important role in the immunopathology of these issues. In particular, accumulating evidence is defining a role of epigenetic mechanisms as being critical in this continuous spectrum between autoimmunity and lymphoma. In this review, we focus attention predominantly on the relationships between T helper 17 (Th17) and T regulatory populations that alter local microenvironments and ultimately the expression or transcription factors involved in cell activation and differentiation. Abnormal expression in any of the molecules involved in Th17 and/or Treg development alter immune homeostasis and in genetically susceptible hosts may lead to the appearance of autoimmunity and/or lymphoma. These observations have clinical significance in explaining the discordance of autoimmunity in identical twins. They are also particularly important in the relationships between primary immune deficiency syndromes, immune dysregulation and an increased risk of lymphoma. Indeed, defining the factors that determine epigenetic alterations and their relationships to immune homeostasis will be a challenge greater or even equal to the human genome project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Ngalamika
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, #139 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
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26
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Contribution of IL-17 to mouse hepatitis virus strain 3-induced acute liver failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 32:552-556. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-012-0095-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the liver that occurs worldwide with a low and probably underestimated prevalence. Although it typically affects young and middle-aged women, it can occur in both sexes and across all age groups. AIH runs a fluctuating course, but can present as severe and even fulminant hepatic failure or at a stage of advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. Prognosis of severe AIH is poor if untreated. The pathogenesis is complex, combining environmental factors (external chemical or infectious triggers) and host genetic susceptibility. The diagnosis is based, after exclusion of other etiologies of chronic liver disease, on a combination of different elements, including the presence of elevated transaminases, elevated immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels, the presence and pattern of typical autoantibodies, and a liver biopsy showing interface hepatitis and other characteristic features. No single test can be used to make the diagnosis. Response to treatment can also help to establish the diagnosis. Simplified criteria can be used to make a bedside diagnosis with relatively high accuracy. Treatment consists of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive regimens according to the severity of the disease, the response to the treatment, and the tolerance to therapy, with liver transplantation as an ultimate remedy in treatment-resistant cases with liver decompensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Francque
- Antwerp University Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology, Antwerp, Belgium ; Antwerp University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luisa Vonghia
- Antwerp University Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology, Antwerp, Belgium ; Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Albert Ramon
- Antwerp University Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology, Antwerp, Belgium ; Institute and Laboratory for Genetic Diseases and Molecular Biology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Michielsen
- Antwerp University Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology, Antwerp, Belgium ; Antwerp University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics, Antwerp, Belgium
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