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Tan S, Qiu Y, Xiong H, Wang C, Chen Y, Wu W, Yang Z, Zhao F. Mussel-inspired cortical bone-adherent bioactive composite hydrogels promote bone augmentation through sequential regulation of endochondral ossification. Mater Today Bio 2023; 23:100843. [PMID: 37942424 PMCID: PMC10628777 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Endochondral ossification (ECO) plays an integral part in bone augmentation, which undergoes sequential processes including mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) condensation, chondrocyte differentiation, chondrocyte hypertrophy, and mineralized bone formation. Thus, accelerating these steps will speed up the osteogenesis process through ECO. Herein, inspired by the marine mussels' adhesive mechanism, a bioactive glass-dopamine (BG-Dopa) hydrogel was prepared by distributing the micro-nano BG to aldehyde modified hyaluronic acid with dopamine-modified gelatin. By in vitro and in vivo experiments, we confirm that after implanting in the bone augmentation position, the hydrogel can adhere to the cortical bone surface firmly without sliding. Moreover, the condensation and hypertrophy of stem cells were accelerated at the early stage of ECO. Whereafter, the osteogenic differentiation of the hypertrophic chondrocytes was promoted, which lead to accelerating the late stage of ECO process to achieve more bone augmentation. This experiment provides a new idea for the design of bone augmentation materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Tan
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yonghao Qiu
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Huacui Xiong
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Wangxi Wu
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Center for Health Science and Engineering, Hebei Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Smart Theranostics, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300131, China
| | - Fujian Zhao
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
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Zhang Q, Zhou W, Yang F, Shi J. Sericin nano-gel agglomerates mimicking the pericellular matrix induce the condensation of mesenchymal stem cells and trigger cartilage micro-tissue formation without exogenous stimulation of growth factors in vitro. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:6480-6491. [PMID: 37671745 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00501a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are excellent seed cells for cartilage tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Though the condensation of MSCs is the first step of their differentiation into chondrocytes in skeletal development, the process is a challenge in cartilage repairing by MSCs. The pericellular matrix (PCM), a distinct region surrounding the chondrocytes, acts as an extracellular linker among cells and forms the microenvironment of chondrocytes. Inspired by this, sericin nano-gel soft-agglomerates were prepared and used as linkers to induce MSCs to assemble into micro-spheres and differentiate into cartilage-like micro-tissues without exogenous stimulation of growth factors. These sericin nano-gel soft-agglomerates are composed of sericin nano-gels prepared by the chelation of metal ions and sericin protein. The MSCs cultured on 2D culture plates self-assembled into cell-microspheres centered by sericin nano-gel agglomerates. The self-assembly progress of MSCs is superior to the traditional centrifugation to achieve MSC condensation due to its facility, friendliness to MSCs and avoidance of the side-effects of growth factors. The analysis of transcriptomic results suggested that sericin nano-gel agglomerates offered a soft mechanical stimulation to MSCs similar to that of the PCM to chondrocytes and triggered some signaling pathways as associated with MSC chondrogenesis. The strategy of utilizing biomaterials to mimic the PCM as a linker and as a mechanical micro-environment and to induce cell aggregation and trigger the differentiation of MSCs can be employed to drive 3D cellular organization and micro-tissue fabrication in vitro. These cartilage micro-masses reported in this study can be potential candidates for cartilage repairing, cellular building blocks for 3D bio-printing and a model for cartilage development and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Futing Yang
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Jifeng Shi
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Yeboah RL, Pira CU, Shankel M, Cooper AM, Haro E, Ly VD, Wysong K, Zhang M, Sandoval N, Oberg KC. Sox, Fox, and Lmx1b binding sites differentially regulate a Gdf5-Associated regulatory region during elbow development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1215406. [PMID: 37492222 PMCID: PMC10364121 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1215406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The articulating ends of limb bones have precise morphology and asymmetry that ensures proper joint function. Growth differentiation factor 5 (Gdf5) is a secreted morphogen involved in cartilage and bone development that contributes to the architecture of developing joints. Dysregulation of Gdf5 results in joint dysmorphogenesis often leading to progressive joint degeneration or osteoarthritis (OA). The transcription factors and cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) that regulate Gdf5 expression are not well characterized. We previously identified a Gdf5-associated regulatory region (GARR) that contains predicted binding sites for Lmx1b, Osr2, Fox, and the Sox transcription factors. These transcription factors are recognized factors involved in joint morphogenesis and skeletal development. Methods: We used in situ hybridization to Gdf5, Col2A1, and the transcription factors of interest in developing chicken limbs to determine potential overlap in expression. We further analyzed scRNA-seq data derived from limbs and knees in published mouse and chicken datasets, identifying cells with coexpression of Gdf5 and the transcription factors of interest. We also performed site-directed mutatgenesis of the predicted transcription factor binding sites in a GARR-reporter construct and determined any change in activity using targeted regional electroporation (TREP) in micromass and embryonic chicken wing bioassays. Results: Gdf5 expression overlapped the expression of these transcription factors during joint development both by in situ hybridization (ISH) and scRNA-seq analyses. Within the GARR CRM, mutation of two binding sites common to Fox and Sox transcripstion factors reduced enhancer activity to background levels in micromass cultures and in ovo embryonic chicken wing bioassays, whereas mutation of two Sox-only binding sites caused a significant increase in activity. These results indicate that the Fox/Sox binding sites are required for activity, while the Sox-only sites are involved in repression of activity. Mutation of Lmx1b binding sites in GARR caused an overall reduction in enhancer activity in vitro and a dorsal reduction in ovo. Despite a recognized role for Osr2 in joint development, disruption of the predicted Osr2 site did not alter GARR activity. Conclusion: Taken together, our data indicates that GARR integrates positive, repressive, and asymmetrical inputs to fine-tune the expression of Gdf5 during elbow joint development.
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Fuiten AM, Yoshimoto Y, Shukunami C, Stadler HS. Digits in a dish: An in vitro system to assess the molecular genetics of hand/foot development at single-cell resolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1135025. [PMID: 36994104 PMCID: PMC10040768 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1135025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro models allow for the study of developmental processes outside of the embryo. To gain access to the cells mediating digit and joint development, we identified a unique property of undifferentiated mesenchyme isolated from the distal early autopod to autonomously re-assemble forming multiple autopod structures including: digits, interdigital tissues, joints, muscles and tendons. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of these developing structures revealed distinct cell clusters that express canonical markers of distal limb development including: Col2a1, Col10a1, and Sp7 (phalanx formation), Thbs2 and Col1a1 (perichondrium), Gdf5, Wnt5a, and Jun (joint interzone), Aldh1a2 and Msx1 (interdigital tissues), Myod1 (muscle progenitors), Prg4 (articular perichondrium/articular cartilage), and Scx and Tnmd (tenocytes/tendons). Analysis of the gene expression patterns for these signature genes indicates that developmental timing and tissue-specific localization were also recapitulated in a manner similar to the initiation and maturation of the developing murine autopod. Finally, the in vitro digit system also recapitulates congenital malformations associated with genetic mutations as in vitro cultures of Hoxa13 mutant mesenchyme produced defects present in Hoxa13 mutant autopods including digit fusions, reduced phalangeal segment numbers, and poor mesenchymal condensation. These findings demonstrate the robustness of the in vitro digit system to recapitulate digit and joint development. As an in vitro model of murine digit and joint development, this innovative system will provide access to the developing limb tissues facilitating studies to discern how digit and articular joint formation is initiated and how undifferentiated mesenchyme is patterned to establish individual digit morphologies. The in vitro digit system also provides a platform to rapidly evaluate treatments aimed at stimulating the repair or regeneration of mammalian digits impacted by congenital malformation, injury, or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Fuiten
- Research Center, Shriners Children’s, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Yuki Yoshimoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chisa Shukunami
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - H. Scott Stadler
- Research Center, Shriners Children’s, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- *Correspondence: H. Scott Stadler,
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Johnson NN, Amirtham SM, Sandya Rani B, Sathishkumar S, Rebekah G, Vinod E. Assessment of the inherent chondrogenic potential of human articular cartilage-derived chondroprogenitors in pellet culture using a novel whole pellet processing approach. J Orthop 2022; 31:45-51. [PMID: 35368732 PMCID: PMC8967706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cartilage-derived chondroprogenitors have been reported to possess the biological potential for cartilage repair. However, its inherent chondrogenic potential in pellet culture needs evaluation. In-vitro cartilage regeneration models based on pellet cultures have been employed to evaluate the chondrogenic potential of stem cells. Evaluation of the degree of differentiation routinely involves paraffin embedding, sectioning, and immunohistochemical staining of the pellet. However, since chondrogenic differentiation is commonly non-uniform, processing random sections could lead to inaccurate conclusions. The study aimed at assessing the inherent lineage bias of chondroprogenitors with and without chondrogenic induction, using a novel whole pellet processing technique. Methods Human chondroprogenitors (n=3) were evaluated for MSC markers and processed in pellet cultures either with stromal medium (uninduced) or chondrogenic differentiation medium (induced) for 28 days. The whole pellets and the conventional paraffin-embedded sectioned pellets were subjected to Collagen type II immunostaining and assessed using confocal laser microscopy. The staining intensities of the whole pellet were compared to the paraffin sections and revalidated using qRT-PCR for COL2A1 expression. Results Uninduced and induced pellets displayed Collagen type II in all the layers with comparable fluorescence intensities. COL2A1 expression in both pellets was comparable to confocal results. The study demonstrated that uninduced chondroprogenitors in pellet culture possess promising inherent chondrogenic potential. Confocal imaging of whole pellets displayed different degrees of chondrogenic differentiation in the entire pellet, thus its probable in-vivo behavior. Conclusion The novel approach presented in this study could serve as an efficient in-vitro alternative for understanding translational application for cartilage repair.
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García-García RD, Garay-Pacheco E, Marín-Llera JC, Chimal-Monroy J. Recombinant Limb Assay as in Vivo Organoid Model. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:863140. [PMID: 35557939 PMCID: PMC9086426 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.863140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ formation initiates once cells become committed to one of the three embryonic germ layers. In the early stages of embryogenesis, different gene transcription networks regulate cell fate after each germ layer is established, thereby directing the formation of complex tissues and functional organs. These events can be modeled in vitro by creating organoids from induced pluripotent, embryonic, or adult stem cells to study organ formation. Under these conditions, the induced cells are guided down the developmental pathways as in embryonic development, resulting in an organ of a smaller size that possesses the essential functions of the organ of interest. Although organoids are widely studied, the formation of skeletal elements in an organoid model has not yet been possible. Therefore, we suggest that the formation of skeletal elements using the recombinant limb (RL) assay system can serve as an in vivo organoid model. RLs are formed from undissociated or dissociated-reaggregated undifferentiated mesodermal cells introduced into an ectodermal cover obtained from an early limb bud. Next, this filled ectoderm is grafted into the back of a donor chick embryo. Under these conditions, the cells can receive the nascent embryonic signals and develop complex skeletal elements. We propose that the formation of skeletal elements induced through the RL system may occur from stem cells or other types of progenitors, thus enabling the study of morphogenetic properties in vivo from these cells for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jesús Chimal-Monroy
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
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Lizard Blastema Organoid Model Recapitulates Regenerated Tail Chondrogenesis. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10010012. [PMID: 35225965 PMCID: PMC8883911 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Lizard tail regeneration provides a unique model of blastema-based tissue regeneration for large-scale appendage replacement in amniotes. Green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis) blastemas contain fibroblastic connective tissue cells (FCTCs), which respond to hedgehog signaling to create cartilage in vivo. However, an in vitro model of the blastema has not previously been achieved in culture. (2) Methods: By testing two adapted tissue dissociation protocols and two optimized media formulations, lizard tail FCTCs were pelleted in vitro and grown in a micromass blastema organoid culture. Pellets were analyzed by histology and in situ hybridization for FCTC and cartilage markers alongside staged original and regenerating lizard tails. (3) Results: Using an optimized serum-free media and a trypsin- and collagenase II-based dissociation protocol, micromass blastema organoids were formed. Organoid cultures expressed FCTC marker CDH11 and produced cartilage in response to hedgehog signaling in vitro, mimicking in vivo blastema and tail regeneration. (4) Conclusions: Lizard tail blastema regeneration can be modeled in vitro using micromass organoid culture, recapitulating in vivo FCTC marker expression patterns and chondrogenic potential.
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Ramesova A, Vesela B, Svandova E, Lesot H, Matalova E. Caspase-9 inhibition decreases expression of Mmp9 during chondrogenesis. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 157:403-413. [PMID: 34999953 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-02067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Besides cell death, caspase-9 participates in non-apoptotic events, including cell differentiation. To evaluate a possible impact on the expression of chondrogenic/osteogenic factors, a caspase-9 inhibitor was tested in vitro. For this purpose, mouse forelimb-derived micromass cultures, the most common chondrogenic in vitro model, were used. The following analyses were performed based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) arrays and real-time PCR. The expression of several chondrogenesis-related genes was shown to be altered, some of which may impact chondrogenic differentiation (Bmp4, Bmp7, Sp7, Gli1), mineral deposition (Alp, Itgam) or the remodelling of the extracellular matrix (Col1a2, Mmp9) related to endochondral ossification. From the cluster of genes with altered expression, Mmp9 showed the most significant decrease in expression, of more than 50-fold. Additionally, we determined the possible impact of caspase-9 downregulation on the expression of other Mmp genes. A mild increase in Mmp14 was observed, but there was no change in the expression of other studied Mmp genes (-2, -3, -8, -10, -12, -13). Interestingly, inhibition of Mmp9 in micromasses led to decreased expression of some chondrogenic markers related to caspase-9. These samples also showed a decreased expression of caspase-9 itself, suggesting a bidirectional regulation of these two enzymes. These results indicate a specific impact of caspase-9 inhibition on the expression of Mmp9. The localisation of these two enzymes overlaps in resting, proliferative and pre-hypertrophic chondrocytes during in vivo development, which supports their multiple functions, either apoptotic or non-apoptotic. Notably, a coincidental expression pattern was identified in Pik3cg, a possible candidate for Mmp9 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ramesova
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - B Vesela
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - E Svandova
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - H Lesot
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - E Matalova
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Voga M, Majdic G. Articular Cartilage Regeneration in Veterinary Medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1401:23-55. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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Yamaguchi H, Kitami M, Uchima Koecklin KH, He L, Wang J, Lagor WR, Perrien DS, Komatsu Y. Temporospatial regulation of intraflagellar transport is required for the endochondral ossification in mice. Dev Biol 2021; 482:91-100. [PMID: 34929174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ciliogenic components, such as the family of intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins, are recognized to play key roles in endochondral ossification, a critical process to form most bones. However, the unique functions and roles of each IFT during endochondral ossification remain unclear. Here, we show that IFT20 is required for endochondral ossification in mice. Utilizing osteo-chondrocyte lineage-specific Cre mice (Prx1-Cre and Col2-Cre), we deleted Ift20 to examine its function. Although chondrocyte-specific Ift20 deletion with Col2-Cre mice did not cause any overt skeletal defects, mesoderm-specific Ift20 deletion using Prx1-Cre (Ift20:Prx1-Cre) mice resulted in shortened limb outgrowth. Primary cilia were absent on chondrocytes of Ift20:Prx1-Cre mice, and ciliary-mediated Hedgehog signaling was attenuated in Ift20:Prx1-Cre mice. Interestingly, loss of Ift20 also increased Fgf18 expression in the perichondrium that sustained Sox9 expression, thus preventing endochondral ossification. Inhibition of enhanced phospho-ERK1/2 activation partially rescued defective chondrogenesis in Ift20 mutant cells, supporting an important role for FGF signaling. Our findings demonstrate that IFT20 is a critical regulator of temporospatial FGF signaling that is required for endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Megumi Kitami
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Li He
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - William R Lagor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Daniel S Perrien
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30232, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Genetics & Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Cooper SM, Rainbow RS. The Developing Field of Scaffold-Free Tissue Engineering for Articular Cartilage Repair. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2021; 28:995-1006. [PMID: 34605669 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is critical for proper joint mobility as it provides a smooth and lubricated surface between articulating bones and allows for transmission of load to underlying bones. Extended wear or injury of this tissue can result in osteoarthritis, a degenerative disease affecting millions across the globe. Because of its low regenerative capacity, articular cartilage cannot heal on its own and effective treatments for injured joint restoration remain a challenge. Strategies in tissue engineering have been demonstrated as potential therapeutic approaches to regenerate and repair damaged articular cartilage. Although many of these strategies rely on the use of an exogenous three-dimensional scaffolds to regenerate cartilage, scaffold-free tissue engineering provides numerous advantages over scaffold-based methods. This review highlights the latest advancements in scaffold-free tissue engineering for cartilage and the potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Cooper
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Roshni S Rainbow
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
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12
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Vesela B, Zapletalova M, Svandova E, Ramesova A, Doubek J, Lesot H, Matalova E. General Caspase Inhibition in Primary Chondrogenic Cultures Impacts Their Transcription Profile Including Osteoarthritis-Related Factors. Cartilage 2021; 13:1144S-1154S. [PMID: 34496641 PMCID: PMC8804802 DOI: 10.1177/19476035211044823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The knowledge about functions of caspases, usually associated with cell death and inflammation, keeps expanding also regarding cartilage. Active caspases are present in the growth plate, and caspase inhibition in limb-derived chondroblasts altered the expression of osteogenesis-related genes. Caspase inhibitors were reported to reduce the severity of cartilage lesions in osteoarthritis (OA), and caspase-3 might represent a promising biomarker for OA prognosis. The objective of this investigation was to decipher the transcriptomic regulation of caspase inhibition in chondrogenic cells. DESIGN Limb-derived chondroblasts were cultured in the presence of 2 different inhibitors: Z-VAD-FMK (FMK) and Q-VD-OPH (OPH). A whole transcriptome RNA sequencing was performed as the key analysis. RESULTS The analysis revealed a statistically significant increase in the expression of 252 genes in the FMK samples and 163 genes in the OPH samples compared with controls. Conversely, there was a significant decrease in the expression of 290 genes in the FMK group and 188 in the OPH group. Among the top up- and downregulated genes (more than 10 times changed), almost half of them were associated with OA. Both inhibitors displayed the highest upregulation of the inflammatory chemokine Ccl5, the most downregulated gene was the one for mannose receptors Mrc1. CONCLUSIONS The obtained datasets pointed to a significant impact of caspase inhibition on the expression of several chondro-/osteogenesis-related markers in an in vitro model of endochondral ossification. Notably, the list of these genes included some encoding for factors associated with cartilage/bone pathologies such as OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Vesela
- Department of Physiology, University of
Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic,Institute of Animal Physiology and
Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic,Barbora Vesela, Institute of Animal
Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Veveri 97, Brno 602
00, Czech Republic.
| | - Martina Zapletalova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and
Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Svandova
- Department of Physiology, University of
Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic,Institute of Animal Physiology and
Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alice Ramesova
- Department of Physiology, University of
Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Doubek
- Department of Physiology, University of
Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hervé Lesot
- Institute of Animal Physiology and
Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Matalova
- Department of Physiology, University of
Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic,Institute of Animal Physiology and
Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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13
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Alagha MA, Vágó J, Katona É, Takács R, van der Veen D, Zákány R, Matta C. A Synchronized Circadian Clock Enhances Early Chondrogenesis. Cartilage 2021; 13:53S-67S. [PMID: 32059614 PMCID: PMC8804825 DOI: 10.1177/1947603520903425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Circadian rhythms in cartilage homeostasis are hypothesized to temporally segregate and synchronize the activities of chondrocytes to different times of the day, and thus may provide an efficient mechanism by which articular cartilage can recover following physical activity. While the circadian clock is clearly involved in chondrocyte homeostasis in health and disease, it is unclear as to what roles it may play during early chondrogenesis. DESIGN The purpose of this study was to determine whether the rhythmic expression of the core circadian clock was detectable at the earliest stages of chondrocyte differentiation, and if so, whether a synchronized expression pattern of chondrogenic transcription factors and developing cartilage matrix constituents was present during cartilage formation. RESULTS Following serum shock, embryonic limb bud-derived chondrifying micromass cultures exhibited synchronized temporal expression patterns of core clock genes involved in the molecular circadian clock. We also observed that chondrogenic marker genes followed a circadian oscillatory pattern. Clock synchronization significantly enhanced cartilage matrix production and elevated SOX9, ACAN, and COL2A1 gene expression. The observed chondrogenesis-promoting effect of the serum shock was likely attributable to its synchronizing effect on the molecular clockwork, as co-application of small molecule modulators (longdaysin and KL001) abolished the stimulating effects on extracellular matrix production and chondrogenic marker gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study suggest that a functional molecular clockwork plays a positive role in tissue homeostasis and histogenesis during early chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Abdulhadi Alagha
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and
Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdu-Bihar,
Hungary,MSK Lab, Department of Surgery and
Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Judit Vágó
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and
Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdu-Bihar,
Hungary
| | - Éva Katona
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and
Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdu-Bihar,
Hungary
| | - Roland Takács
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and
Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdu-Bihar,
Hungary
| | - Daan van der Veen
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and
Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and
Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdu-Bihar,
Hungary
| | - Csaba Matta
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and
Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdu-Bihar,
Hungary,Csaba Matta, Department of Anatomy,
Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei
krt 98, Debrecen, Hajdu-Bihar, H-4032, Hungary.
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14
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Duarte-Olivenza C, Montero JA, Lorda-Diez CI. Effects of Berberine on the Chondrogenic Differentiation of Embryonic Limb Skeletal Progenitors. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:5001-5011. [PMID: 34616169 PMCID: PMC8488050 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s324292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline plant alkaloid with demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and immunosuppressive pharmacological properties that functions via multiple signaling pathways and epigenetic modulators. Numerous studies have proposed BBR as a promising therapeutic agent for joint cartilage degeneration, and other connective tissue diseases. Purpose and Methods This work aimed to evaluate the effects of BBR on the growth and differentiation of embryonic skeletal progenitors using the limb mesoderm micromass culture assay. Results Our findings show that at difference of its apoptotic influence on a variety of tumor tissues, cell death was not induced in skeletal progenitors by the addition of 12 or 25 µM BBR concentration to the culture medium. Morphological and transcriptional analysis revealed dual and opposite effects of BBR treatments on chondrogenesis depending on the stage of differentiation of the cultured progenitors. At early stage of culture, BBR was a potent chondrogenic inhibitor, while chondrogenesis was intensified in treatments at advanced stages of culture. The chondrogenic promoting effect was accompanied by a moderate upregulation of gene markers of prehypertrophic cartilage, including ColXa1, alkaline phosphatase Alpl, Runx2, and Indian Hedgehog Ihh. We further observed a positive transcriptional influence of BBR in the expression of DNA methyltransferase genes, Dnmt1, Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b, suggesting a potential involvement of epigenetic factors in its effects. Conclusion Our study uncovers a new pharmacological influence of BBR in cartilage differentiation that must be taken into account in designing clinical protocols for its employment in the treatment of cartilage degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Duarte-Olivenza
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Montero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - Carlos Ignacio Lorda-Diez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain
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15
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Analysis of Gene Expression Patterns of Epigenetic Enzymes Dnmt3a, Tet1 and Ogt in Murine Chondrogenic Models. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102678. [PMID: 34685658 PMCID: PMC8534543 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the gene expression pattern of selected enzymes involved in DNA methylation and the effects of the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine during in vitro and in vivo cartilage formation. Based on the data of a PCR array performed on chondrifying BMP2-overexpressing C3H10T1/2 cells, the relative expressions of Tet1 (tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 1), Dnmt3a (DNA methyltransferase 3), and Ogt (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase) were further examined with RT-qPCR in murine cell line-based and primary chondrifying micromass cultures. We found very strong but gradually decreasing expression of Tet1 throughout the entire course of in vitro cartilage differentiation along with strong signals in the cartilaginous embryonic skeleton using specific RNA probes for in situ hybridization on frozen sections of 15-day-old mouse embryos. Dnmt3a and Ogt expressions did not show significant changes with RT-qPCR and gave weak in situ hybridization signals. The DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine reduced cartilage-specific gene expression and cartilage formation when applied during the early stages of chondrogenesis. In contrast, it had a stimulatory effect when added to differentiated chondrocytes, and quantitative methylation-specific PCR proved that the DNA methylation pattern of key chondrogenic marker genes was altered by the treatment. Our results indicate that the DNA demethylation inducing Tet1 plays a significant role during chondrogenesis, and inhibition of DNA methylation exerts distinct effects in different phases of in vitro cartilage formation.
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Ramesova A, Vesela B, Svandova E, Lesot H, Matalova E. Caspase-1 Inhibition Impacts the Formation of Chondrogenic Nodules, and the Expression of Markers Related to Osteogenic Differentiation and Lipid Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179576. [PMID: 34502478 PMCID: PMC8431148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspase-1, as the main pro-inflammatory cysteine protease, was investigated mostly with respect to inflammation-related processes. Interestingly, caspase-1 was identified as being involved in lipid metabolism, which is extremely important for the proper differentiation of chondrocytes. Based on a screening investigation, general caspase inhibition impacts the expression of Cd36 in chondrocytes, the fatty acid translocase with a significant impact on lipid metabolism. However, the engagement of individual caspases in the effect has not yet been identified. Therefore, the hypothesis that caspase-1 might be a candidate here appears challenging. The primary aim of this study thus was to find out whether the inhibition of caspase-1 activity would affect Cd36 expression in a chondrogenic micromass model. The expression of Pparg, a regulator Cd36, was examined as well. In the caspase-1 inhibited samples, both molecules were significantly downregulated. Notably, in the treated group, the formation of the chondrogenic nodules was apparently disrupted, and the subcellular deposition of lipids and polysaccharides showed an abnormal pattern. To further investigate this observation, the samples were subjected to an osteogenic PCR array containing selected markers related to cartilage/bone cell differentiation. Among affected molecules, Bmp7 and Gdf10 showed a significantly increased expression, while Itgam, Mmp9, Vdr, and Rankl decreased. Notably, Rankl is a key marker in bone remodeling/homeostasis and thus is a target in several treatment strategies, including a variety of fatty acids, and is balanced by its decoy receptor Opg (osteoprotegerin). To evaluate the effect of Cd36 downregulation on Rankl and Opg, Cd36 silencing was performed using micromass cultures. After Cd36 silencing, the expression of Rankl was downregulated and Opg upregulated, which was an inverse effect to caspase-1 inhibition (and Cd36 upregulation). These results demonstrate new functions of caspase-1 in chondrocyte differentiation and lipid metabolism-related pathways. The effect on the Rankl/Opg ratio, critical for bone maintenance and pathology, including osteoarthritis, is particularly important here as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Ramesova
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.R.); (E.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Barbora Vesela
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.R.); (E.S.); (E.M.)
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence:
| | - Eva Svandova
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.R.); (E.S.); (E.M.)
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Herve Lesot
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Eva Matalova
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.R.); (E.S.); (E.M.)
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
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17
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Autophagy-related proteases accompany the transition of pre-chondrogenic cells into chondroblasts. Ann Anat 2021; 239:151781. [PMID: 34144159 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is classified as a form of programmed cell death. Nevertheless, besides the death-inducing function, autophagy enables removal of damaged organelles, energy savings, and thus cell survival. This applies in particular to cells with poor renewal capabilities, such as chondroblasts. Autophagy is regulated by a complex molecular network, including proteases and their substrates. In autopodium, autophagy-related proteases have been examined particularly within the context of the elimination of the interdigital tissue. However, the death-inducing effects of their expression/activation have not been specified yet. This work focuses on autophagy-associated proteases (cathepsins, matrix metalloproteinases, and caspases) involved in phalangeal cartilage of the mouse autopodium. METHODS PCR Array, Real Time PCR, and immunohistochemistry were used to follow the expression of autophagy-associated genesin vivo at two developmental stages prenatal/embryonic (E)12 vs. E14. Real Time PCR was then applied to investigate the influence of rapamycin (an inductor of autophagy) on the expression of autophagy-associated proteases in chondroblasts in vitro using micromass culture. RESULTS Several proteases showed increased expression levels during the transition of pre-chondrogenic cells into chondroblastsin vivo. The most significant increases were observed for Ctsb (fold regulation 2.22), Ctsd (fold regulation 2.37), Ctss (fold regulation 2.92), Mmp9 (up to 445%), and Casp8 (up to 250%). The transition was associated also with high expression of crucial autophagic inducers, such as Atgs. The in vitro treatment of chondroblasts by autophagy inductor rapamycin showed significantly decreased expression of cathepsins, a mild increase in expression of metalloproteinases, and no effect in caspase expression. CONCLUSIONS The present data provide a screening of autophagy-associated proteases accompanying the formation of cartilage in vivo and specify their expression under rapamycin treatment in vitro. Notably, the selected proteases are assigned to osteoarthritis, therefore their regulation might be used in clinically oriented studies.
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18
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Zuliani CC, Damas II, Andrade KC, Westin CB, Moraes ÂM, Coimbra IB. Chondrogenesis of human amniotic fluid stem cells in Chitosan-Xanthan scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3063. [PMID: 33542256 PMCID: PMC7862244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular chondral lesions, caused either by trauma or chronic cartilage diseases such as osteoarthritis, present very low ability to self-regenerate. Thus, their current management is basically symptomatic, progressing very often to invasive procedures or even arthroplasties. The use of amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs), due to their multipotentiality and plasticity, associated with scaffolds, is a promising alternative for the reconstruction of articular cartilage. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the chondrogenic potential of AFSCs in a micromass system (high-density cell culture) under insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) stimuli, as well as to look at their potential to differentiate directly when cultured in a porous chitosan-xanthan (CX) scaffold. The experiments were performed with a CD117 positive cell population, with expression of markers (CD117, SSEA-4, Oct-4 and NANOG), selected from AFSCs, after immunomagnetic separation. The cells were cultured in both a micromass system and directly in the scaffold, in the presence of IGF-1. Differentiation to chondrocytes was confirmed by histology and by using immunohistochemistry. The construct cell-scaffold was also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrated the chondrogenic potential of AFSCs cultivated directly in CX scaffolds and also in the micromass system. Such findings support and stimulate future studies using these constructs in osteoarthritic animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina C Zuliani
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 126 Tessália Vieira de Camargo Street, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Ingrid I Damas
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 126 Tessália Vieira de Camargo Street, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Kleber C Andrade
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 101 Alexander Fleming Street, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-891, Brazil
| | - Cecília B Westin
- Department of Materials Engineering and Bioprocesses, School of Chemical Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 500 Albert Einstein Avenue, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Ângela M Moraes
- Department of Materials Engineering and Bioprocesses, School of Chemical Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 500 Albert Einstein Avenue, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Ibsen Bellini Coimbra
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 126 Tessália Vieira de Camargo Street, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-887, Brazil.
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19
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Fürsatz M, Gerges P, Wolbank S, Nürnberger S. Autonomous spheroid formation by culture plate compartmentation. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [PMID: 33513590 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abe186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Scaffold-free 3D cell cultures (e.g. pellet cultures) are widely used in medical science, including cartilage regeneration. Their drawbacks are high time/reagent consumption and lack of early readout parameters. While optimisation was achieved by automation or simplified spheroid generation, most culture systems remain expensive or require tedious procedures. The aim of this study was to establish a system for resource efficient spheroid generation. This was achieved by compartmentation of cell culture surfaces utilising laser engraving (grid plates). This compartmentation triggered autonomous spheroid formation via rolling-up of the cell monolayer in human adipose-derived stem cells (ASC/TERT1) and human articular chondrocytes (hAC)-ASC/TERT1 co-cultures, when cultivated on grid plates under chondrogenic conditions. Plates with 3 mm grid size yielded stable diameters (about 300 μm). ASC/TERT1 spheroids fully formed within 3 weeks while co-cultures took 1-2 weeks, forming significantly faster with increasing hAC ratio (p<0.05 and 0.01 for 1:1 and 1:4 ASC/TERT1:hAC ratio respectively). Co-cultures showed slightly lower spheroid diameter, due to earlier spheroid formation and incomplete monolayer formation. However, this was associated with more regular matrix distribution in the co-culture. Both showed differentiation capacity comparable to standard pellet culture in (immune-)histochemistry and RT-qPCR. To assess usability for cartilage repair, spheroids were embedded into a hydrogel (fibrin), yielding cellular outgrowth and matrix deposition, which was especially pronounced in co-cultures. The herein presented novel cell culture system is not only a promising tool for autonomous spheroid generation with the potential of experimental and clinical application in tissue engineering but also for high-throughput analysis for both pharmaceutical and therapeutic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Fürsatz
- Austrian Cluster of Tissue Regeneration , Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, Wien, Wien, 1200, AUSTRIA
| | - Peter Gerges
- Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, Wien, Wien, 1040, AUSTRIA
| | - Susanne Wolbank
- Austrian Cluster of Tissue Regeneration , Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, Wien, Wien, 1200, AUSTRIA
| | - Sylvia Nürnberger
- Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Wien, Wien, 1090, AUSTRIA
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20
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Spieker J, Frieß JL, Sperling L, Thangaraj G, Vogel-Höpker A, Layer PG. Cholinergic control of bone development and beyond. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106405. [PMID: 32208165 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is ample evidence that cholinergic actions affect the health status of bones in vertebrates including man. Nicotine smoking, but also exposure to pesticides or medical drugs point to the significance of cholinergic effects on bone status, as reviewed here in Introduction. Then, we outline processes of endochondral ossification, and review respective cholinergic actions. In Results, we briefly summarize our in vivo and in vitro studies on bone development of chick and mouse [1,2], including (i) expressions of cholinergic components (AChE, BChE, ChAT) in chick embryo, (ii) characterisation of defects during skeletogenesis in prenatal ChE knockout mice, (iii) loss-of-function experiments with beads soaked in cholinergic components and implanted into chicken limb buds, and finally (iv) we use an in vitro mesenchymal 3D-micromass model that mimics cartilage and bone formation, which also had revealed complex crosstalks between cholinergic, radiation and inflammatory mechanisms [3]. In Discussion, we evaluate non-cholinergic actions of cholinesterases during bone formation by considering: (i) how cholinesterases could function in adhesive mechanisms; (ii) whether and how cholinesterases can form bone-regulatory complexes with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and/or ECM components, which could regulate cell division, migration and adhesion. We conclude that cholinergic actions in bone development are driven mainly by classic cholinergic, but non-neural cycles (e.g., by acetylcholine); in addition, both cholinesterases can exert distinct ACh-independent roles. Considering their tremendous medical impact, these results bring forward novel research directions that deserve to be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Spieker
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Johannes L Frieß
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Laura Sperling
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gopenath Thangaraj
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Astrid Vogel-Höpker
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Paul G Layer
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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21
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Pirosa A, Clark KL, Tan J, Yu S, Yang Y, Tuan RS, Alexander PG. Modeling appendicular skeletal cartilage development with modified high-density micromass cultures of adult human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:388. [PMID: 31842986 PMCID: PMC6916440 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Animal cell-based systems have been critical tools in understanding tissue development and physiology, but they are less successful in more practical tasks, such as predicting human toxicity to pharmacological or environmental factors, in which the congruence between in vitro and clinical outcomes lies on average between 50 and 60%. Emblematic of this problem is the high-density micromass culture of embryonic limb bud mesenchymal cells, derived from chick, mouse, or rat. While estimated predictive value of this model system in toxicological studies is relatively high, important failures prevent its use by international regulatory agencies for toxicity testing and policy development. A likely underlying reason for the poor predictive capacity of animal-based culture models is the small but significant physiological differences between species. This deficiency has inspired investigators to develop more organotypic, 3-dimensional culture system using human cells to model normal tissue development and physiology and assess pharmacological and environmental toxicity. Methods We have developed a modified, miniaturized micromass culture model using adult human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells (hBM-MPCs) that is amenable to moderate throughput and high content analysis to study chondrogenesis. The number of cells per culture was reduced, and a methacrylated gelatin (gelMA) overlay was incorporated to normalize the morphology of the cultures. Results These modified human cell-based micromass cultures demonstrated robust chondrogenesis, indicated by increased Alcian blue staining and immunodetectable production of collagen type II and aggrecan, and stage-specific chondrogenic gene expression. In addition, in cultures of hBM-MPCs transduced with a lentiviral collagen type II promoter-driven GFP reporter construct, levels of GFP reporter activity correlated well with changes in endogenous collagen type II transcript levels, indicating the feasibility of non-invasive monitoring of chondrogenesis. Conclusions The modified hBM-MPC micromass culture system described here represents a reproducible and controlled model for analyzing mechanisms of human skeletal development that may later be applied to pharmacological and environmental toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pirosa
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Karen L Clark
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Jian Tan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Shuting Yu
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Yuanheng Yang
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.,Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Peter G Alexander
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
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22
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Zuo S, Zou W, Wu RM, Yang J, Fan JN, Zhao XK, Li HY. Icariin Alleviates IL-1β-Induced Matrix Degradation By Activating The Nrf2/ARE Pathway In Human Chondrocytes. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:3949-3961. [PMID: 31819369 PMCID: PMC6876636 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s203094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by progressive matrix destruction of articular cartilage. This study aimed to investigate the potential antioxidative and chondroprotective effects and underlying mechanism of Icariin (ICA) in interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)-induced extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation of OA cartilage. Methods Human chondrocyte cell line HC-A was treated with different doses of ICA, and then MTT assay and PI staining were used to estimate ICA-induced chondrocyte apoptosis. Intracellular ROS and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were measured after treatment by IL-1β with or without ICA. The mRNA and protein expression levels of redox transcription factor Nrf2 and the downstream effector SOD-1, SOD-2, NQO-1 and HO-1 were assayed to explore the detailed mechanism by which ICA alleviates ECM degradation. Finally, to expound the role of Nrf2 in ICA-mediated chondroprotection, we specifically depleted Nrf2 in human chondrocytes and then pretreated them with ICA followed by IL-1β. Results ICA had no cytotoxic effects on human chondrocytes and 10−9 M was selected as the optimum concentration. ROS induced by IL-1β could drastically activate matrix-degrading proteases and ICA could significantly rescue the matrix degradation and excess ROS generation caused by IL-1β. We observed that ICA activated the Nrf2/ARE pathway, consequently upregulating the generation of GPX and SOD. Ablation of Nrf2 abrogated the chondroprotective and antioxidative effects of ICA in IL-1β-treated chondrocytes. Conclusion ICA alleviates IL-1β-induced matrix degradation and eliminates ROS by activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zuo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zou
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth People's Hospital of Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Min Wu
- Department of Ultrasonography, The Maternity Hospital of Guizhou, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Nan Fan
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Ke Zhao
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
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23
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Charlier E, Deroyer C, Ciregia F, Malaise O, Neuville S, Plener Z, Malaise M, de Seny D. Chondrocyte dedifferentiation and osteoarthritis (OA). Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 165:49-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Kudva AK, Dikina AD, Luyten FP, Alsberg E, Patterson J. Gelatin microspheres releasing transforming growth factor drive in vitro chondrogenesis of human periosteum derived cells in micromass culture. Acta Biomater 2019; 90:287-299. [PMID: 30905864 PMCID: PMC6597958 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For cartilage tissue engineering, several in vitro culture methodologies have displayed potential for the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Micromasses, cell aggregates or pellets, and cell sheets are all structures with high cell density that provides for abundant cell-cell interactions, which have been demonstrated to be important for chondrogenesis. Recently, these culture systems have been improved via the incorporation of growth factor releasing components such as degradable microspheres within the structures, further enhancing chondrogenesis. Herein, we incorporated different amounts of gelatin microspheres releasing transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) into micromasses composed of human periosteum derived cells (hPDCs), an MSC-like cell population. The aim of this research was to investigate chondrogenic stimulation by TGF-β1 delivery from these degradable microspheres in comparison to exogenous supplementation with TGF-β1 in the culture medium. Microscopy showed that the gelatin microspheres could be successfully incorporated within hPDC micromasses without interfering with the formation of the structure, while biochemical analysis and histology demonstrated increasing DNA content at week 2 and accumulation of glycosaminoglycan and collagen at weeks 2 and 4. Importantly, similar chondrogenesis was achieved when TGF-β1 was delivered from the microspheres compared to controls with TGF-β1 in the medium. Increasing the amount of growth factor within the micromasses by increasing the amount of microspheres added did not further improve chondrogenesis of the hPDCs. These findings demonstrate the potential of using cytokine releasing, gelatin microspheres to enhance the chondrogenic capabilities of hPDC micromasses as an alternative to supplementation of the culture medium with growth factors. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Gelatin microspheres are utilized for growth factor delivery to enhance chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in high cell density culture systems. Herein, we employ a new combination of these microspheres with micromasses of human periosteum-derived cells, which possess ease of isolation, excellent expansion potential, and MSC-like differentiation capabilities. The resulting localized delivery of transforming growth factor β1 increases glycosaminoglycan and collagen production within the micromasses without exogenous stimulation in the medium. This unique combination is able to drive chondrogenesis up to similar levels as seen in micromasses that do receive exogenous stimulation. The addition of growth factor releasing microspheres to high cell density micromasses has the potential to reduce costs associated with this strategy for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijith K Kudva
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, box 2450, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Anna D Dikina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Frank P Luyten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Jennifer Patterson
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, box 2450, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Imaging & Pathology, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7 block a, box 7001, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Park YB, Ha CW, Kim JA, Kim S, Park YG. Comparison of Undifferentiated Versus Chondrogenic Predifferentiated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived From Human Umbilical Cord Blood for Cartilage Repair in a Rat Model. Am J Sports Med 2019; 47:451-461. [PMID: 30640523 DOI: 10.1177/0363546518815151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) have gained much interest as a promising cell source for regenerative medicine owing to the noninvasive collection, availability, high expansion capacity, and low immunogenicity. However, few in vivo studies have reported the use of hUCB-MSCs on cartilage repair. Moreover, little study has been conducted on the effects of chondrogenic predifferentiation of hUCB-MSCs on cartilage repair. PURPOSE To compare the effectiveness of transplanting undifferentiated versus chondrogenic predifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for treating osteochondral defects. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Critical-sized osteochondral defects were created in the trochlear grooves of rat femurs. In 20 rats, a composite of chondrogenic predifferentiated hUCB-MSCs (chondro-MSCs) and 4% hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel was transplanted into defects in the right knees, whereas undifferentiated hUCB-MSCs (undiff-MSCs) and 4% HA hydrogel were transplanted into the left knees. In the control groups, 4% HA hydrogel without MSCs was transplanted into defects in the right knees, and the defects in the left knees were left untreated in 20 rats. The cartilage repair was evaluated at 8 and 16 weeks after surgery. RESULTS Transplanting undiff-MSCs resulted in overall superior cartilage repair as compared with chondro-MSCs, HA alone, or no treatment. The articular surfaces of the defect sites in the undiff-MSC group were relatively smoother than those of the other treatments. The undiff-MSC group showed cellular morphology and arrangement similar to surrounding normal articular cartilage tissue at 16 weeks, both of which were also better than those of the other groups. In addition, the undiff-MSC group showed coloration similar to surrounding normal articular cartilage tissue at 16 weeks in safranin O and type II collagen immunohistochemical staining. The histological scores also revealed that cartilage repair with undiff-MSCs was better than that with chondro-MSCs, HA alone, or no treatment ( P < .05 in all). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that treatment with undiff-MSCs resulted in more favorable cartilage repair than that with chondro-MSCs in a rat model. These findings indicate that chondrogenic predifferentiation of MSCs before transplantation does not enhance cartilage repair. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results of this study support the use of undifferentiated MSCs, rather than chondrogenic predifferentiated MSCs, as a stem cell therapy strategy for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Beom Park
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Won Ha
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-A Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongchan Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Geun Park
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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Replogle MR, Sreevidya VS, Lee VM, Laiosa MD, Svoboda KR, Udvadia AJ. Establishment of a murine culture system for modeling the temporal progression of cranial and trunk neural crest cell differentiation. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.035097. [PMID: 30409814 PMCID: PMC6307900 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.035097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a transient population of embryonic progenitors that are implicated in a diverse range of congenital birth defects and pediatric syndromes. The broad spectrum of NC-related disorders can be attributed to the wide variety of differentiated cell types arising from the NC. In vitro models of NC development provide a powerful platform for testing the relative contributions of intrinsic and extrinsic factors mediating NC differentiation under normal and pathogenic conditions. Although differentiation is a dynamic process that unfolds over time, currently, there is no well-defined chronology that characterizes the in vitro progression of NC differentiation towards specific cell fates. In this study, we have optimized culture conditions for expansion of primary murine NC cells that give rise to both ectodermal and mesoectodermal derivatives, even after multiple passages. Significantly, we have delineated highly reproducible timelines that include distinct intermediate stages for lineage-specific NC differentiation in vitro. In addition, isolating both cranial and trunk NC cells from the same embryos enabled us to make direct comparisons between the two cell populations over the course of differentiation. Our results define characteristic changes in cell morphology and behavior that track the temporal progression of NC cells as they differentiate along the neuronal, glial and chondrogenic lineages in vitro. These benchmarks constitute a chronological baseline for assessing how genetic or environmental disruptions may facilitate or impede NC differentiation. Introducing a temporal dimension substantially increases the power of this platform for screening drugs or chemicals for developmental toxicity or therapeutic potential.
This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: A novel method for isolating and expanding primary neural crest cells, and establishment of reproducible temporal benchmarks of differentiation, provides a potential screening platform for developmental toxicity or therapeutic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Replogle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Virinchipuram S Sreevidya
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Vivian M Lee
- STEMCELL Technologies, Vancouver, BC V6A 1BC, Canada
| | - Michael D Laiosa
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Kurt R Svoboda
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Ava J Udvadia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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Hu T, Xu H, Wang C, Qin H, An Z. Magnesium enhances the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by inhibiting activated macrophage-induced inflammation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3406. [PMID: 29467509 PMCID: PMC5821731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21783-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium deficiency increases the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which is consistently accompanied by the sensitization of cells such as neutrophils, macrophages and endothelial cells. We investigated the potential of magnesium to regulate macrophage polarization and macrophage-induced inflammation with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) activation and further elucidated whether these effects impact the inhibitory functions of activated macrophage-induced inflammation on cartilage regeneration. The results showed that magnesium inhibited the activation of macrophages, as indicated by a significant reduction in the percentage of CCR7-positive cells, while the percentage of CD206-positive cells decreased to a lesser degree. After activation, both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were down-regulated at the mRNA level and certain cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10) were decreased in the cell supernatant with the addition of magnesium. Moreover, magnesium decreased the nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) to impede its activation. A modified micromass culture system was applied to assess the effects of activated macrophage-conditioned medium with or without magnesium treatment on the chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). Magnesium enhanced the chondrogenic differentiation of hBMSCs by reversing the adverse effects of activated macrophage-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Haitao Xu
- Trauma Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chongyang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiquan An
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
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Janečková E, Bíliková P, Matalová E. Osteogenic Potential of Caspases Related to Endochondral Ossification. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:47-58. [PMID: 29091523 PMCID: PMC5761947 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417739283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspases have functions particularly in apoptosis and inflammation. Increasing evidence indicates novel roles of these proteases in cell differentiation, including those involved in osteogenesis. This investigation provides a complex screening of osteogenic markers affected by pan caspase inhibition in micromass cultures derived from mouse forelimbs. PCR Array analysis showed significant alterations in expression of 49 osteogenic genes after 7 days of inhibition. The largest change was a decrease in CD36 expression, which was confirmed at organ level by caspase inhibition in cultured mouse ulnae followed by CD36 immunohistochemical analysis. So far, available data point to osteogenic potential of pro-apoptotic caspases. Therefore, the expression of pro-apoptotic caspases (-3, -6, -7, -8, -9) within the growth plate of mouse forelimbs at the stage where the individual zones are clearly apparent was studied. Caspase-9 was reported in the growth plate for the first time as well as caspase-6 and -7 in the resting zone, caspase-7 in the proliferation, and caspase-6 and -8 in the ossification zone. For all caspases, there was a gradient increase in activation toward the ossification zone. The distribution of staining varied significantly from that of apoptotic cells, and thus, the results further support non-apoptotic participation of caspases in osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Janečková
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Bíliková
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Matalová
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics CAS, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic
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29
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Zuliani CC, Bombini MF, de Andrade KC, Mamoni R, Pereira AH, Coimbra IB. Micromass cultures are effective for differentiation of human amniotic fluid stem cells into chondrocytes. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e268. [PMID: 29641802 PMCID: PMC5866404 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Articular cartilage is vulnerable to injuries and undergoes an irreversible degenerative process. The use of amniotic fluid mesenchymal stromal stem cells for the reconstruction of articular cartilage is a promising therapeutic alternative. The aim of this study was to investigate the chondrogenic potential of amniotic fluid mesenchymal stromal stem cells from human amniotic fluid from second trimester pregnant women in a micromass system (high-density cell culture) with TGF-β3 for 21 days. METHODS Micromass was performed using amniotic fluid mesenchymal stromal stem cells previously cultured in a monolayer. Chondrocytes from adult human normal cartilage were used as controls. After 21 days, chondrogenic potential was determined by measuring the expression of genes, such as SOX-9, type II collagen and aggrecan, in newly differentiated cells by real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The production of type II collagen protein was observed by western blotting. Immunohistochemistry analysis was also performed to detect collagen type II and aggrecan. This study was approved by the local ethics committee. RESULTS SOX-9, aggrecan and type II collagen were expressed in newly differentiated chondrocytes. The expression of SOX-9 was significantly higher in newly differentiated chondrocytes than in adult cartilage. Collagen type II protein was also detected. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that stem cells from human amniotic fluid are a suitable source for chondrogenesis when cultured in a micromass system. amniotic fluid mesenchymal stromal stem cells are an extremely viable source for clinical applications, and our results suggest the possibility of using human amniotic fluid as a source of mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ronei Mamoni
- Imunologia, Patologia Clinica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, BR
| | - Ana Helena Pereira
- Laboratorio Nacional de Luz Sincrotron, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, BR
| | - Ibsen Bellini Coimbra
- Reumatologia, Clinica Medica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, BR
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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30
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Statins do not inhibit the FGFR signaling in chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:1522-1530. [PMID: 28583899 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Statins are widely used drugs for cholesterol lowering, which were recently found to counteract the effects of aberrant fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR3) signaling in cell and animal models of FGFR3-related chondrodysplasia. This opened an intriguing therapeutic possibility for human dwarfing conditions caused by gain-of-function mutations in FGFR3, although the mechanism of statin action on FGFR3 remains unclear. Here, we determine the effect of statins on FGFR signaling in chondrocytes. DESIGN Cultured chondrocyte cell lines, mouse embryonic tibia cultures and limb bud micromasses were treated with FGF2 to activate FGFR signaling. The effects of atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin and pravastatin on FGFR3 protein stability and on FGFR-mediated chondrocyte growth-arrest, loss of extracellular matrix (ECM), induction of premature senescence and hypertrophic differentiation were evaluated. RESULTS Statins did not alter the level of FGFR3 protein expression nor produce any effect on FGFR-mediated inhibition of chondrocyte proliferation and hypertrophic differentiation in cultured chondrocyte cell lines, mouse tibia cultures or limb bud micromasses. CONCLUSION We conclude that statins do not inhibit the FGFR signaling in chondrocytes. Therefore the statin-mediated rescue of FGFR3-related chondrodysplasia, described before, is likely not intrinsic to the growth plate cartilage.
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Li X, Teng Y, Liu J, Lin H, Fan Y, Zhang X. Chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs encapsulated in chondroinductive polysaccharide/collagen hybrid hydrogels. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:5109-5119. [PMID: 32264096 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01020f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although BMSC-based therapy is one of the most front-line technologies for cartilage repair, it is still a big challenge to attain ideal niches for BMSC chondrogenic differentiation. In this study, we developed hyaluronate and chondroitin sulfate derivatives to prepare covalently crosslinked polysaccharide hydrogels. Based on these binary hydrogels, collagen was added to prepare ternary hybrid hydrogels and its effect on encapsulated BMSCs was studied. After culturing with different cell densities in vitro without the addition of growth factors for 3 weeks, the chondrogenesis of BMSCs was evaluated by CLSM, mechanical testing, histological staining, immunohistochemical staining and gene expression. The results indicated that BMSCs in high cell density (50 million per mL) cell-laden constructs had a more obvious chondrogenic phenotype than those in low cell density ones (5 million per mL). However, the components of hydrogels had a significant influence on chondrogenic differentiation. With the addition of collagen, the BMSCs in ternary hybrid hydrogels showed more significant chondrogenesis, possessing with more amounts of secreted glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and type II collagen deposition, higher mechanical properties and chondrogenic gene expression over 3 weeks of culture in vitro. It can be concluded that the bioactive collagen is beneficial to the chondrogenesis of BMSCs. This hybrid hydrogels deserve further studies to have a prospective application in tissue engineering for cartilage defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiupeng Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
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Taking the endochondral route to craniomaxillofacial bone regeneration: A logical approach? J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2017; 45:1099-1106. [PMID: 28479032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The current golden standard for treatment of craniomaxillofacial critical size bone defects, autologous bone grafting, is associated with several disadvantages which have prompted an increased demand for alternatives. New solutions are emerging in the form of bone tissue engineering. This involves harvesting of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), after which they can be differentiated towards the osteogenic lineage mimicking intramembranous bone formation. However, translating this approach from laboratory to clinic has met with limited success. Consequently, attention has shifted towards investigation of the alternative endochondral route of bone regeneration. At a first glance, this approach may not appear logical for maxillofacial bone regeneration as most bones in the face originate from intramembranous mechanisms. Therefore, the goal of this review is to discuss the sense and non-sense of exploring endochondral bone regeneration as a novel reconstructive option for craniomaxillofacial bone defects. The embryological origin of craniomaxillofacial bone structures and their repair mechanisms are introduced. Also, the potential of MSC-like cells, the neural crest-derived stem cells from craniomaxillofacial sources, are discussed with a focus on regeneration of bone defects. Further, the current status of endochondral bone regeneration from MSCs is highlighted. Together, these aspects contribute in answering whether endochondral bone regeneration can be a logical approach to restore craniomaxillofacial bone defects.
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Spieker J, Mudersbach T, Vogel-Höpker A, Layer PG. Endochondral Ossification Is Accelerated in Cholinesterase-Deficient Mice and in Avian Mesenchymal Micromass Cultures. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170252. [PMID: 28118357 PMCID: PMC5261733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most components of the cholinergic system are detected in skeletogenic cell types in vitro, yet the function of this system in skeletogenesis remains unclear. Here, we analyzed endochondral ossification in mutant murine fetuses, in which genes of the rate-limiting cholinergic enzymes acetyl- (AChE), or butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), or both were deleted (called here A-B+, A+B-, A-B-, respectively). In all mutant embryos bone growth and cartilage remodeling into mineralizing bone were accelerated, as revealed by Alcian blue (A-blu) and Alizarin red (A-red) staining. In A+B- and A-B- onset of mineralization was observed before E13.5, about 2 days earlier than in wild type and A-B+ mice. In all mutants between E18.5 to birth A-blu staining disappeared from epiphyses prematurely. Instead, A-blu+ cells were dislocated into diaphyses, most pronounced so in A-B- mutants, indicating additive effects of both missing ChEs in A-B- mutant mice. The remodeling effects were supported by in situ hybridization (ISH) experiments performed on cryosections from A-B- mice, in which Ihh, Runx2, MMP-13, ALP, Col-II and Col-X were considerably decreased, or had disappeared between E18.5 and P0. With a second approach, we applied an improved in vitro micromass model from chicken limb buds that allowed histological distinction between areas of cartilage, apoptosis and mineralization. When treated with the AChE inhibitor BW284c51, or with nicotine, there was decrease in cartilage and accelerated mineralization, suggesting that these effects were mediated through nicotinic receptors (α7-nAChR). We conclude that due to absence of either one or both cholinesterases in KO mice, or inhibition of AChE in chicken micromass cultures, there is increase in cholinergic signalling, which leads to increased chondroblast production and premature mineralization, at the expense of incomplete chondrogenic differentiation. This emphasizes the importance of cholinergic signalling in cartilage and bone formation.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholinesterase/deficiency
- Acetylcholinesterase/physiology
- Animals
- Apnea/physiopathology
- Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide/pharmacology
- Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide/toxicity
- Bone and Bones/embryology
- Bone and Bones/enzymology
- Bone and Bones/pathology
- Butyrylcholinesterase/deficiency
- Butyrylcholinesterase/physiology
- Cartilage/embryology
- Cartilage/enzymology
- Cartilage/pathology
- Chick Embryo
- Cholinesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Cholinesterase Inhibitors/toxicity
- Chondrogenesis/drug effects
- GPI-Linked Proteins/deficiency
- GPI-Linked Proteins/physiology
- Mesoderm/physiology
- Metabolism, Inborn Errors/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Nicotine/pharmacology
- Nicotine/toxicity
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Osteogenesis/physiology
- alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor/drug effects
- alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Spieker
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Mudersbach
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Astrid Vogel-Höpker
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Paul G. Layer
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, Darmstadt, Germany
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Prenatal exposure to environmental factors and congenital limb defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 108:243-273. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Yan Y, Cheng X, Yang RH, Li H, Chen JL, Ma ZL, Wang G, Chuai M, Yang X. Exposure to Excess Phenobarbital Negatively Influences the Osteogenesis of Chick Embryos. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:349. [PMID: 27746734 PMCID: PMC5044464 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenobarbital is an antiepileptic drug that is widely used to treat epilepsy in a clinical setting. However, a long term of phenobarbital administration in pregnant women may produce side effects on embryonic skeletogenesis. In this study, we aim to investigate the mechanism by which phenobarbital treatment induces developmental defects in long bones. We first determined that phenobarbital treatment decreased chondrogenesis and inhibited the proliferation of chondrocytes in chick embryos. Phenobarbital treatment also suppressed mineralization in both in vivo and in vitro long bone models. Next, we established that phenobarbital treatment delayed blood vessel invasion in a cartilage template, and this finding was supported by the down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in the hypertrophic zone following phenobarbital treatment. Phenobarbital treatment inhibited tube formation and the migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In addition, it impaired angiogenesis in chick yolk sac membrane model and chorioallantoic membrane model. In summary, phenobarbital exposure led to shortened lengths of long bones during embryogenesis, which might result from inhibiting mesenchyme differentiation, chondrocyte proliferation, and delaying mineralization by impairing vascular invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yan
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University Guangzhou, China
| | - Ren-Hao Yang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University Guangzhou, China
| | - He Li
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Long Chen
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng-Lai Ma
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University Guangzhou, China
| | - Manli Chuai
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Dundee Dundee, UK
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University Guangzhou, China
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Alakpa E, Jayawarna V, Lampel A, Burgess K, West C, Bakker S, Roy S, Javid N, Fleming S, Lamprou D, Yang J, Miller A, Urquhart A, Frederix P, Hunt N, Péault B, Ulijn R, Dalby M. Tunable Supramolecular Hydrogels for Selection of Lineage-Guiding Metabolites in Stem Cell Cultures. Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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37
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Thangaraj G, Manakov V, Cucu A, Fournier C, Layer PG. Inflammatory effects of TNFα are counteracted by X-ray irradiation and AChE inhibition in mouse micromass cultures. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:313-318. [PMID: 27019294 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
As a means to analyze anti-inflammatory effects by radiation and/or by cholinergic mechanisms, we found that cultured primary human osteoblasts express most cholinergic components. After X-ray irradiation, their level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was strongly elevated. As a 3D model, we cultured mesenchymal stem cells isolated from E11 mouse embryos as micromass nodules, and differentiated them into chondro- and osteoblasts. They were stimulated by 5 or 10 ng/ml of the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α to mimic an inflammatory condition in vitro, before exposure to 2 Gy X-rays. Effects on chondro- and osteoblasts of TNF-α, of X-rays, or both were analysed by Alcian Blue, or Alizarin Red staining, respectively. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was visualized histochemically. The results showed that treatment with TNF-α affected cartilage and bone formation in vitro, while X-rays reversed the effects of TNF-α. After irradiation, both AChE and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, a marker for bone mineralization, were raised, suggesting that X-rays stimulated cholinergic mechanisms during calcification. Notably, the TNFα-effects on cultures were also counterbalanced after AChE activity was blocked by BW284c51. These findings suggest a complex crosstalk between radiation, cholinergic and inflammatory mechanisms, which could have wide significances, e.g. for understanding rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopenath Thangaraj
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Developmental Biology & Neurogenetics, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Vadim Manakov
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Developmental Biology & Neurogenetics, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Aljona Cucu
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Department of Biophysics, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt-Wixhausen, Germany
| | - Claudia Fournier
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Department of Biophysics, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt-Wixhausen, Germany
| | - Paul G Layer
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Developmental Biology & Neurogenetics, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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38
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Caspases and osteogenic markers—in vitro screening of inhibition impact. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 52:144-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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39
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Joergensen NL, Gabrielsen A, Lind M, Lysdahl H. Gradient Fractionated Separation of Chondrogenically Committed Cells Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Biores Open Access 2015; 4:109-14. [PMID: 26309787 PMCID: PMC4497648 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2014.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage regeneration is a fast growing field that combines biotechnology and molecular techniques in creating new tissue mimicking the native microenvironment. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are a highly potent cell source for cartilage regeneration owing to their infinite proliferation capacity and pluripotency. Thus, lineage-specific differentiation of hESCs often results in populations with cellular heterogeneity. Chondrogenesis was induced through high-density micromass culture of hESCs and by addition of chondrogenic medium; 1:100 ITS+, 100 nM dexamethasone, 40 μg/ml l-proline, 50 μg/mL ascorbic acid-2-phosphate, 1:100 Knockout serum, and 10 ng/mL TGFβ3. At day 14 micromasses were dissociated and chondrogenically committed cell separated in a fraction-based discontinuous density gradient. After fractionation the chondrogenically committed cells were analyzed with regard to embryonic- and chondrogenic gene expression and fraction F3 and F4 with histology. In general, we found that the chondrogenic condition compared with the control condition had a significant effect on the following gene expression levels: NANOG, OCT4, SOX5, SOX9, ACAN, and COL2A1 in all fractions. Furthermore, we found in the chondrogenic condition that NANOG, OCT4, and SOX9 were significantly higher in F4 compared with F3, whereas COL2A1 and the ratio COL2A1:COL1A1 were significantly lower. Additionally, toluidine blue pH 4 stains of pellet cultures of F3 and F4 revealed that cells from F3 were more homogenous in morphology than F4. In conclusion, we propose a simple strategy to obtain more homogenous population of chondrogenically committed cells from hESCs using micromass culture and discontinuous density gradient separation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin Lind
- Sports Trauma Clinic, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Helle Lysdahl
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus, Denmark
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40
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Tong W, Geng Y, Huang Y, Shi Y, Xiang S, Zhang N, Qin L, Shi Q, Chen Q, Dai K, Zhang X. In Vivo Identification and Induction of Articular Cartilage Stem Cells by Inhibiting NF-κB Signaling in Osteoarthritis. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3125-37. [PMID: 26285913 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly prevalent and debilitating joint disorder characterized by the degeneration of articular cartilage. However, no effective medical therapy has been found yet for such condition. In this study, we directly confirmed the existence of articular cartilage stem cells (ACSCs) in vivo and in situ for the first time both in normal and OA articular cartilage, and explored their chondrogenesis in Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) induced inflammation environment and disclose whether the inhibition of NF-κB signaling can induce ACSCs activation thus improve the progression of experimental OA. We found an interesting phenomenon that ACSCs were activated and exhibited a transient proliferative response in early OA as an initial attempt for self-repair. During the in vitro mechanism study, we discovered IL-1β can efficiently activate the NF-κB pathway and potently impair the responsiveness of ACSCs, whereas the NF-κB pathway inhibitor rescued the ACSCs chondrogenesis. The final in vivo experiments further confirmed ACSCs' activation were maintained by NF-κB pathway inhibitor, which induced cartilage regeneration, and protected articular cartilage from injury in an OA animal model. Our results provided in vivo evidence of the presence of ACSCs, and disclosed their action in the early OA stage and gradual quiet as OA process, presented a potential mechanism for both cartilage intrinsic repair and its final degradation, and demonstrated the feasibility of inducing endogenous adult tissue-specific mesenchymal stem cells for articular cartilage repair and OA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxue Tong
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyun Geng
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengnan Xiang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Shi
- Orthopaedics Research Laboratory, Research Center, Sacré-Coeur Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Qian Chen
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Kerong Dai
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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41
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Klumpers DD, Mooney DJ, Smit TH. From Skeletal Development to Tissue Engineering: Lessons from the Micromass Assay. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 21:427-37. [PMID: 25946390 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Damage and degeneration of the skeletal elements due to disease, trauma, and aging lead to a significant health and economical burden. To reduce this burden, skeletal tissue engineering strategies aim to regenerate functional bone and cartilage in the adult body. However, challenges still exist. Such challenges involve the identification of the external cues that determine differentiation, how to control chondrocyte hypertrophy, and how to achieve specific tissue patterns and boundaries. To address these issues, it could be insightful to look at skeletal development, a robust morphogenetic process that takes place during embryonic development and is commonly modeled in vitro by the micromass assay. In this review, we investigate what the tissue engineering field can learn from this assay. By comparing embryonic skeletal precursor cells from different anatomic locations and developmental stages in micromass, the external cues that guide lineage commitment can be identified. The signaling pathways regulating chondrocyte hypertrophy, and the cues required for tissue patterning, can be elucidated by combining the micromass assay with genetic, molecular, and engineering tools. The lessons from the micromass assay are limited by two major differences between developmental and regenerative skeletogenesis: cell type and scale. We highlight an important difference between embryonic and adult skeletal progenitor cells, in that adult progenitors are not able to form mesenchymal condensations spontaneously. Also, the mechanisms of tissue patterning need to be adjusted to the larger tissue engineering constructs. In conclusion, mechanistic insights of skeletal tissue generation gained from the micromass model could lead to improved tissue engineering strategies and constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darinka D Klumpers
- 1 School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts.,2 Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University , Boston, Massachusetts.,3 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, VU University Medical Centre MOVE Research Institute , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David J Mooney
- 1 School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts.,2 Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Theo H Smit
- 3 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, VU University Medical Centre MOVE Research Institute , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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42
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Millan C, Cavalli E, Groth T, Maniura-Weber K, Zenobi-Wong M. Engineered Microtissues Formed by Schiff Base Crosslinking Restore the Chondrogenic Potential of Aged Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:1348-58. [PMID: 25866187 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A universal method for reproducibly directing stem cell differentiation remains a major challenge for clinical applications involving cell-based therapies. The standard approach for chondrogenic induction by micromass pellet culture is highly susceptible to interdonor variability. A novel method for the fabrication of condensation-like engineered microtissues (EMTs) that utilizes hydrophilic polysaccharides to induce cell aggregation is reported here. Chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in EMTs is significantly enhanced compared to micromass pellets made by centrifugation measured by type II collagen gene expression, dimethylmethylene blue assay, and histology. MSCs from aged donors that fail to differentiate in pellet culture are successfully induced to synthesize cartilage-specific matrix in EMTs under identical media conditions. Furthermore, the EMT polysaccharides support the loading and release of the chondroinduction factor transforming growth factor β3 (TGF-β3). TGF-β-loaded EMTs (EMT(+TGF) ) facilitate cartilaginous tissue formation during culture in media not supplemented with the growth factor. The clinical potential of this approach is demonstrated in an explant defect model where EMT(+TGF) from aged MSCs synthesize de novo tissue containing sulfated glycosaminoglycans and type II collagen in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Millan
- Cartilage Engineering + Regeneration Laboratory; ETH Zürich; Otto-Stern-Weg 7 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Emma Cavalli
- Cartilage Engineering + Regeneration Laboratory; ETH Zürich; Otto-Stern-Weg 7 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Thomas Groth
- Biomedical Materials Group; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Katharina Maniura-Weber
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa; Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 9014 St. Gallen Switzerland
| | - Marcy Zenobi-Wong
- Cartilage Engineering + Regeneration Laboratory; ETH Zürich; Otto-Stern-Weg 7 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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43
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Brown JP, Galassi TV, Stoppato M, Schiele NR, Kuo CK. Comparative analysis of mesenchymal stem cell and embryonic tendon progenitor cell response to embryonic tendon biochemical and mechanical factors. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:89. [PMID: 25956970 PMCID: PMC4425922 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0043-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Advances in tendon engineering with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are hindered by a need for cues to direct tenogenesis, and markers to assess tenogenic state. We examined the effects of factors involved in embryonic tendon development on adult MSCs, and compared MSC responses to that of embryonic tendon progenitor cells (TPCs), a model system of tenogenically differentiating cells. Methods Murine MSCs and TPCs subjected to cyclic tensile loading, transforming growth factor-β2 (TGFβ2), and fibroblast growth factor-4 (FGF4) in vitro were assessed for proliferation and mRNA levels of scleraxis, TGFβ2, tenomodulin, collagen type I and elastin. Results Before treatment, scleraxis and elastin levels in MSCs were lower than in TPCs, while other tendon markers expressed at similar levels in MSCs as TPCs. TGFβ2 alone and combined with loading were tenogenic based on increased scleraxis levels in both MSCs and TPCs. Loading alone had minimal effect. FGF4 downregulated tendon marker levels in MSCs but not in TPCs. Select tendon markers were not consistently upregulated with scleraxis, demonstrating the importance of characterizing a profile of markers. Conclusions Similar responses as TPCs to specific treatments suggest MSCs have tenogenic potential. Potentially shared mechanisms of cell function between MSCs and TPCs should be investigated in longer term studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University, Science and Technology Center, 4 Colby Street , Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
| | - Thomas V Galassi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University, Science and Technology Center, 4 Colby Street , Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
| | - Matteo Stoppato
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University, Science and Technology Center, 4 Colby Street , Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
| | - Nathan R Schiele
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University, Science and Technology Center, 4 Colby Street , Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
| | - Catherine K Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University, Science and Technology Center, 4 Colby Street , Medford, MA, 02155, USA. .,Cell, Molecular & Developmental Biology Program Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, 145 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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44
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Buchtova M, Oralova V, Aklian A, Masek J, Vesela I, Ouyang Z, Obadalova T, Konecna Z, Spoustova T, Pospisilova T, Matula P, Varecha M, Balek L, Gudernova I, Jelinkova I, Duran I, Cervenkova I, Murakami S, Kozubik A, Dvorak P, Bryja V, Krejci P. Fibroblast growth factor and canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling cooperate in suppression of chondrocyte differentiation in experimental models of FGFR signaling in cartilage. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:839-50. [PMID: 25558817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling disturbs chondrocyte differentiation in skeletal dysplasia, but the mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. Recently, FGF was found to activate canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway in chondrocytes via Erk MAP kinase-mediated phosphorylation of WNT co-receptor Lrp6. Here, we explore the cellular consequences of such a signaling interaction. WNT enhanced the FGF-mediated suppression of chondrocyte differentiation in mouse limb bud micromass and limb organ cultures, leading to inhibition of cartilage nodule formation in micromass cultures, and suppression of growth in cultured limbs. Simultaneous activation of the FGF and WNT/β-catenin pathways resulted in loss of chondrocyte extracellular matrix, expression of genes typical for mineralized tissues and alteration of cellular shape. WNT enhanced the FGF-mediated downregulation of chondrocyte proteoglycan and collagen extracellular matrix via inhibition of matrix synthesis and induction of proteinases involved in matrix degradation. Expression of genes regulating RhoA GTPase pathway was induced by FGF in cooperation with WNT, and inhibition of the RhoA signaling rescued the FGF/WNT-mediated changes in chondrocyte cellular shape. Our results suggest that aberrant FGF signaling cooperates with WNT/β-catenin in suppression of chondrocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Buchtova
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics AS CR, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Oralova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics AS CR, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anie Aklian
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jan Masek
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Vesela
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zhufeng Ouyang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tereza Obadalova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zaneta Konecna
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Spoustova
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Pospisilova
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Matula
- Centre for Biomedical Image Analysis, Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Varecha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Balek
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Gudernova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Jelinkova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Duran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Iveta Cervenkova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Shunichi Murakami
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alois Kozubik
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dvorak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vitezslav Bryja
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.
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45
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Chonanant C, Bambery KR, Jearanaikoon N, Chio-Srichan S, Limpaiboon T, Tobin MJ, Heraud P, Jearanaikoon P. Discrimination of micromass-induced chondrocytes from human mesenchymal stem cells by focal plane array-Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy. Talanta 2014; 130:39-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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46
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Cheng X, Chen JL, Ma ZL, Zhang ZL, Lv S, Mai DM, Liu JJ, Chuai M, Lee KKH, Wan C, Yang X. Biphasic influence of dexamethasone exposure on embryonic vertebrate skeleton development. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 281:19-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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47
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Toh WS, Cao T. Derivation of Chondrogenic Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Methods Mol Biol 2014:263-279. [PMID: 25015039 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2014_89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into any cell lineage of the three germ layers, therefore holding great promise for regenerative applications in dentistry and medicine. We previously described a micromass culture system as a model system to induce and study the chondrogenic commitment of hESCs. Using this system, chondrogenic cells can be further isolated and expanded under specific growth factor conditions. When encapsulated in hyaluronic acid (HA)-based hydrogels and cultured under appropriate growth factor and medium conditions, these chondrogenic cells synthesized and deposited extracellular matrix (ECM) characteristic of neocartilage. Here, we describe the micromass culture of hESCs, the isolation and expansion of hESC-derived chondrogenic cells, and the three-dimensional (3-D) culture of the chondrogenic cells in hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering. We will also describe the various tools and techniques used for characterizing the tissue-engineered cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Seong Toh
- Discipline of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, 11 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119083, Singapore,
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48
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Alexander PG, Gottardi R, Lin H, Lozito TP, Tuan RS. Three-dimensional osteogenic and chondrogenic systems to model osteochondral physiology and degenerative joint diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1080-95. [PMID: 24994814 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214539232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineered constructs have the potential to function as in vitro pre-clinical models of normal tissue function and disease pathogenesis for drug screening and toxicity assessment. Effective high throughput assays demand minimal systems with clearly defined performance parameters. These systems must accurately model the structure and function of the human organs and their physiological response to different stimuli. Musculoskeletal tissues present unique challenges in this respect, as they are load-bearing, matrix-rich tissues whose functionality is intimately connected to the extracellular matrix and its organization. Of particular clinical importance is the osteochondral junction, the target tissue affected in degenerative joint diseases, such as osteoarthritis (OA), which consists of hyaline articular cartilage in close interaction with subchondral bone. In this review, we present an overview of currently available in vitro three-dimensional systems for bone and cartilage tissue engineering that mimic native physiology, and the utility and limitations of these systems. Specifically, we address the need to combine bone, cartilage and other tissues to form an interactive microphysiological system (MPS) to fully capture the biological complexity and mechanical functions of the osteochondral junction of the articular joint. The potential applications of three-dimensional MPSs for musculoskeletal biology and medicine are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Alexander
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15219 USA
| | - Riccardo Gottardi
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15219 USA Ri.MED Foundation, Palermo, I-90133 Italy
| | - Hang Lin
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15219 USA
| | - Thomas P Lozito
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15219 USA
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15219 USA Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Diaz-Mendoza MJ, Lorda-Diez CI, Montero JA, Garcia-Porrero JA, Hurle JM. Reelin/DAB-1 Signaling in the Embryonic Limb Regulates the Chondrogenic Differentiation of Digit Mesodermal Progenitors. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:1397-404. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Juan M. Hurle
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IFIMAV; Universidad de Cantabria; Santander Spain
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50
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Haupt J, Deichsel A, Stange K, Ast C, Bocciardi R, Ravazzolo R, Di Rocco M, Ferrari P, Landi A, Kaplan FS, Shore EM, Reissner C, Seemann P. ACVR1 p.Q207E causes classic fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva and is functionally distinct from the engineered constitutively active ACVR1 p.Q207D variant. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:5364-77. [PMID: 24852373 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a disabling genetic disorder of progressive heterotopic ossification (HO). Here, we report a patient with an ultra-rare point mutation [c.619C>G, p.Q207E] located in a codon adjacent to the most common FOP mutation [c.617G>A, p.R206H] of Activin A Receptor, type 1 (ACVR1) and that affects the same intracellular amino acid position in the GS activation domain as the engineered constitutively active (c.a.) variant p.Q207D. It was predicted that both mutations at residue 207 have similar functional effects by introducing a negative charge. Transgenic p.Q207D-c.a. mice have served as a model for FOP HO in several in vivo studies. However, we found that the engineered ACVR1(Q207D-c.a.) is significantly more active than the classic FOP mutation ACVR1(R206H) when overexpressed in chicken limbs and in differentiation assays of chondrogenesis, osteogenesis and myogenesis. Importantly, our studies reveal that the ACVR1(Q207E) resembles the classic FOP receptor in these assays, not the engineered ACVR1(Q207D-c.a.). Notably, reporter gene assays revealed that both naturally occurring FOP receptors (ACVR1(R206H) and ACVR1(Q207E)) were activated by BMP7 and were sensitive to deletion of the ligand binding domain, whereas the engineered ACVR1(Q207D-c.a.) exhibited ligand independent activity. We performed an in silico analysis and propose a structural model for p.Q207D-c.a. that irreversibly relocates the GS domain into an activating position, where it becomes ligand independent. We conclude that the engineered p.Q207D-c.a. mutation has severe limitations as a model for FOP, whereas the naturally occurring mutations p.R206H and p.Q207E facilitate receptor activation, albeit in a reversible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Haupt
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Alexandra Deichsel
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany, Berlin Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Stange
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany, Berlin Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cindy Ast
- Research Group Development and Disease, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Genetik, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Renata Bocciardi
- Medical Genetics Unit, G. Gaslini Institute, and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Ravazzolo
- Medical Genetics Unit, G. Gaslini Institute, and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Maja Di Rocco
- Unit of Rare Diseases, G. Gaslini Institute, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Ferrari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Antonio Landi
- Hand Surgery and Microsurgery Unit, Policlinico of Modena, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Frederick S Kaplan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Eileen M Shore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104 PA, USA
| | - Carsten Reissner
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Universitätsklinikum Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Petra Seemann
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany, Berlin Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany Research Group Development and Disease, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Genetik, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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