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Chen Y, Shi T, Li L, Hong R, Lai J, Huang T, Xu R, Zhao Q, Chen X, Dai L, Zhou Y, Liu W, Lin J. Tannic acid and quaternized chitosan mediated puerarin-loaded octacalcium phosphate /sodium alginate scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132632. [PMID: 38797298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Current limitations in mechanical performance and foreign body reactions (FBR) often lead to implant failure, restricting the application of bioceramic scaffolds. This study presents a novel 3D-printed scaffold that combines the release of anti-inflammatory drugs with osteogenic stimulation. Initially, the inorganic and organic phases were integrated to ensure the scaffold's mechanical integrity through catechol chemistry and the electrostatic interactions between tannic acid and quaternary ammonium chitosan. Subsequently, layers of polydopamine-encapsulated puerarin-loaded zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) were self-assembled onto the stent's surface, creating the drug-loaded scaffold that improved drug release without altering the scaffold's structure. Compared with unloaded scaffolds, the puerarin-loaded scaffold demonstrated excellent osteogenic differentiation properties along with superior anti-inflammatory and osteogenic effects in a range of in vitro and in vivo studies. RNA sequencing clarified the role of the TNF and NF/κB signaling pathways in these effects, further supporting the scaffold's osteogenic potential. This study introduces a novel approach for creating drug-loaded scaffolds, providing a unique method for treating cancellous bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemical and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tengbin Shi
- Orthopedics Department, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lan Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemical and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruchen Hong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemical and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun Lai
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemical and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemical and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemical and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemical and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemical and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Dai
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemical and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemical and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenge Liu
- Orthopedics Department, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Jinxin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemical and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China.
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Tong X, Yu G, Liu Q, Zhang X, Bian J, Liu Z, Gu J. Puerarin alleviates cadmium-induced oxidative damage to bone by reducing autophagy in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:720-729. [PMID: 34897960 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a regulatory mechanism involved in cadmium (Cd)-induced bone toxicity and is suppressed by various stimuli, including oxidative stress. Puerarin is an isoflavonoid compound isolated from Pueraria, a plant used in traditional Chinese medicine. The underlying mechanisms of action of puerarin remain unclear. The objective of this study was to explore the mitigating effects of puerarin on cadmium-induced oxidative damage in the bones of rats. Cadmium exposure increased oxidative damage in rat bones; this was markedly decreased by puerarin treatment, as demonstrated by changes in the activity of antioxidative enzymes. Cadmium-induced blockage of the expression of key bone regulatory proteins, autophagy-related markers, and signaling molecules was also alleviated by puerarin treatment. Additionally, cadmium reduced expression of the autophagic protein Rab7 and of late endosomal/lysosomal adaptor and MAPK and mTOR activator 1 (LAMTOR1); the decrease in these proteins was not restored by puerarin treatment. We speculate that puerarin relieves the inhibition of fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes that is induced by cadmium; however, this specific effect of puerarin and downstream effects on bone regulatory mechanisms require further investigation. In conclusion, puerarin alleviates cadmium-induced oxidative damage in the bones of rats by attenuating autophagy, which is likely associated with the antioxidant activity of puerarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xishuai Tong
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Gengsheng Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Qingyang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xueqing Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jianchun Bian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zongping Liu
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jianhong Gu
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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Zhou Y, Lian H, Liu K, Wang D, Xiu X, Sun Z. Puerarin improves graft bone defect through microRNA‑155‑3p‑mediated p53/TNF‑α/STAT1 signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:239-251. [PMID: 32377717 PMCID: PMC7255454 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone graft defects may lead to dysfunction of bone regeneration and metabolic disorders of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Puerarin has demonstrated pharmacological activities in the treatment of human metabolic diseases. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of puerarin and to explore its possible protective mechanism of action in rats with bone grafts. A bone graft rat model was established using bone grafting surgery and the rats received puerarin or PBS. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR, western blot, TUNEL, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry assays were used to analyze the beneficial effects of puerarin on bone repair. The results demonstrated that puerarin effectively ameliorated pathological graft bone defects, decreased bone loss and apoptosis of BMSCs, promoted BMSC proliferation and differentiation, and increased bone mass and the parameters of bone formation in rats with bone grafts. Puerarin decreased the levels of pro‑inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑17A, IL‑6 and transforming growth factor (TGF)‑β1] and increased the levels of anti‑inflammatory cytokines (IL‑2 and IL‑10) in the serum compared with the PBS group. Puerarin treatment was associated with lower serum alanine transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, γ‑glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, direct bilirubin and total bilirubin levels compared with those in the PBS group in experimental rats. The expression of microRNA‑155‑3p (miR‑155‑3p) was upregulated, whereas that of p53, TNF‑α and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1 was downregulated in BMSC cultures of puerarin‑treated rats. In vitro assay demonstrated that knockdown of miR‑155‑3p increased p53, TNF‑α and STAT1 expression in BMSCs, and blocked puerarin‑regulated p53/TNF‑α/STAT1 signaling. Most importantly, miR‑155‑3p knockdown inhibited puerarin‑regulated apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation of BMSCs. Moreover, the results demonstrated that puerarin regulated vascular endothelial growth factor expression via the miR‑155‑3p signaling pathway. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that the upregulation of miR‑155‑3p induced by puerarin promoted BMSC differentiation and bone formation and increased bone mass in rats with bone grafts, thereby supporting the potential application of puerarin in the prevention of bone graft defects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongyu Lian
- Second Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Mudanjiang Medical University, Affiliated Hongqi Hospital
| | - Kexin Liu
- Second Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Mudanjiang Medical University, Affiliated Hongqi Hospital
| | - Deli Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157000, P.R. China
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Anukunwithaya T, Poo P, Hunsakunachai N, Rodsiri R, Malaivijitnond S, Khemawoot P. Absolute oral bioavailability and disposition kinetics of puerarin in female rats. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 19:25. [PMID: 29801513 PMCID: PMC5970530 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-018-0216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pueraria candollei var. mirifica is a medicinal plant that is promoted as a “Champion Product” by the Government of Thailand. This plant has been reported to relieve postmenopausal symptoms, prevent and reverse bone loss, inhibit the growth of breast cancer, and alleviate cardiovascular diseases in preclinical and clinical studies. However, there is little information on the oral bioavailability and tissue distribution of puerarin with respect to its pharmacodynamic activities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of puerarin, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination, in rats. Moreover, this is the first study to examine the tissue distribution of puerarin in the hippocampus, femur, tibia, and mammary gland. Methods Adult female rats were administered puerarin at 1 mg/kg intravenously or 5 and 10 mg/kg orally. Blood, tissue, urine, and feces were collected and analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Results Puerarin reached a maximum concentration in the blood of 140–230 μg/L within 1 h of oral dosing, and had an absolute oral bioavailability of approximately 7%. Following intravenous administration, puerarin was widely distributed in several tissues, including the hippocampus, heart, lung, stomach, liver, mammary gland, kidney, spleen, femur, and tibia. Approximately 50% of the intravenous dose was excreted as glucuronide metabolites via the urinary route. Conclusions The absolute oral bioavailability of puerarin was approximately 7% at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg. Puerarin was widely distributed to several organs related to the diseases of aging, including the hippocampus, femur, tibia, and mammary gland. Glucuronides were the major metabolites of puerarin and were mainly excreted in the urine. These results are useful for the development of puerarin and Pueraria candollei var. mirifica as phytopharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosapol Anukunwithaya
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pilaslak Poo
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Natthaphon Hunsakunachai
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Ratchanee Rodsiri
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Suchinda Malaivijitnond
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Interspecies Scaling for Drug Development Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Phisit Khemawoot
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. .,Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Interspecies Scaling for Drug Development Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Li Y, Hong L, Liu C, Min J, Hong S, Hu M, Zhao Y, Yang Q, Tang J, He S. Effect of puerarin on collagen metabolism of fibroblasts in pelvic tissue of women with pelvic organ prolapse. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:2705-2711. [PMID: 29207080 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of puerarin on pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and the underlying mechanisms that regulate the metabolism of human parametrial ligament fibroblasts (HPLFs). HPLFs obtained from the pelvic tissue of patients with (n=10) or without (n=8) POP during hysterectomy were isolated by enzymatic digestion and subsequently identified by immunocytochemistry in a previous study of the authors. Following this, cultured HPLFs were treated with 0.01, 0.10 or 1.00 mmol/l puerarin, followed by detection of proliferation rate by Cell Counting kit‑8 assay. Following incubation with puerarin for 48 h, mRNA and protein expression levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‑1 (TIMP‑1), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑2 and ‑9, and collagen (COL)I and III in HPLFs were quantified by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and western blot and gelatin zymography analyses, respectively. MMP‑2 and ‑9 expression levels were increased, whereas expression levels of TIMP‑1, and COL I and III were decreased, in patients with POP compared with healthy controls. Following puerarin treatment, the expression levels of TIMP‑1, and COL I and III were enhanced, whereas MMP‑2 and ‑9 were inhibited. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated evidence increased degradation of the extracellular matrix in pelvic tissues of patients with POP compared with controls, and the protective effect of puerarin against POP via its anti‑degradation effect on collagen. These results provide evidence for puerarin as a novel approach for the treatment of POP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Li Hong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Jie Min
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Shasha Hong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Jianming Tang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Songming He
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Yuan SY, Sheng T, Liu LQ, Zhang YL, Liu XM, Ma T, Zheng H, Yan Y, Ishimi Y, Wang XX. Puerarin prevents bone loss in ovariectomized mice and inhibits osteoclast formation in vitro. Chin J Nat Med 2017; 14:265-269. [PMID: 27114313 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(16)30026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed at investigating the effects of Puerarin (PR), a major isoflavonoid isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Puerariae radix, on bone metabolism and the underlying mechanism of action. The in vivo assay, female mice were ovariectomized (OVX), and the OVX mice were fed with a diet containing low, middle, and high doses of PR (2, 4, and 8 mg·d(-1), respectively) or 17β-estradiol (E2, 0.03 μg·d(-1)) for 4 weeks. In OVX mice, the uterine weight declined, and intake of PR at any dose did not affect uterine weight, compared with the control. The total femoral bone mineral density (BMD) was significantly reduced by OVX, which was reversed by intake of the diet with PR at any dose, especially at the low dose. In the in vitro assay, RAW264.7 cells were used for studying the direct effect of PR on the formation of osteoclasts. PR reduced the formation of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multi-nucleated cells in the RAW 264.7 cells induced by receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB Ligand (RANKL). MC3T3-E1 cells were used for studying the effects of PR on the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and RANKL mRNA expression in osteoblasts. The expression of OPG mRNA and RANKL mRNA was detected by RT-PCR on Days of 5, 7, 10, and 12 after PR exposure. PR time-dependently enhanced the expression of OPG mRNA and reduced the expression of RANKL mRNA in MC3T3-E1 cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that PR can effectively prevent bone loss in OVX mice without any hyperplastic effect on the uterus, and the antiosteoporosis activity of PR may be related to its effects on the formation of osteoclasts and the expression of RANKL OPG in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Yuan
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tong Sheng
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lian-Qi Liu
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yun-Ling Zhang
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xue-Mei Liu
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yoshiko Ishimi
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo 163-8001, Japan
| | - Xin-Xiang Wang
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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Türer ÇC, Türer A, Durmuşlar MC, Önger ME. The Local Effect of Puerarin on Critical-Sized Calvarial Defects. J Craniofac Surg 2016; 28:143-146. [PMID: 27922959 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000003271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pueraria, the root of Pueraria lobata, is a commonly used herb in alternative medicine. This study evaluates the effect of puerarin and autogenous graft material combination on bone regeneration in calvarial critical-sized bone defects. Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into 3 groups of 8 rats each. A 5-mm diameter critical-sized defect was created in the calvarium of each animal. In group C, defects were left unfilled and were allowed to heal spontaneously without the use of any grafting material. Critical-sized bone defect created in animals receiving no treatment. In group ABG, defects were filled with autologous bone graft only. In group P-ABG, defects were filled with autologous bone graft and puerarin combination. All animals were euthanized at 28 days postoperative. Stereologic analyses were performed. New bone area and connective tissue volumes were measured. Stereologic analysis showed that the difference between grafted groups (P-ABG and ABG) and group C was statistically significant with a mean bone formation of 1.13 ± 0.09, 1.11 ± 0.11, and 0.31 ± 0.09 mm respectively (P ≤0.05). The connective tissue volumes were also statistically higher in groups P-ABG and ABG (P ≤0.05). Puerarin has positive effect on new bone formation in autogenous grafted critical-sized bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çiğdem Coşkun Türer
- *Department of Periodontology †Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak ‡Department of Histology and Embriology, Ondokuzmayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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Bae WJ, Auh QS, Kim GT, Moon JH, Kim EC. Effects of sodium tri- and hexameta-phosphate in vitro osteoblastic differentiation in Periodontal Ligament and Osteoblasts, and in vivo bone regeneration. Differentiation 2016; 92:257-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Che CT, Wong MS, Lam CWK. Natural Products from Chinese Medicines with Potential Benefits to Bone Health. Molecules 2016; 21:239. [PMID: 26927052 PMCID: PMC6274145 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a progressive, systemic bone disorder characterized by loss of bone mass and microstructure, leading to reduced bone strength and increased risk of fracture. It is often associated with reduced quality of life and other medical complications. The disease is common in the aging population, particularly among postmenopausal women and patients who receive long-term steroidal therapy. Given the rapid growth of the aging population, increasing life expectancy, the prevalence of bone loss, and financial burden to the healthcare system and individuals, demand for new therapeutic agents and nutritional supplements for the management and promotion of bone health is pressing. With the advent of global interest in complementary and alternative medicine and natural products, Chinese medicine serves as a viable source to offer benefits for the improvement and maintenance of bone health. This review summarizes the scientific information obtained from recent literatures on the chemical ingredients of Chinese medicinal plants that have been reported to possess osteoprotective and related properties in cell-based and/or animal models. Some of these natural products (or their derivatives) may become promising leads for development into dietary supplements or therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Tao Che
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Man Sau Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Christopher Wai Kei Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
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Anti-osteoporotic effects of Pueraria candollei var. mirifica on bone mineral density and histomorphometry in estrogen-deficient rats. J Nat Med 2016; 70:225-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-0965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Yu D, Mu S, Zhao D, Wang G, Chen Z, Ren H, Fu Q. Puerarin attenuates glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of hFOB1.19 cells through the JNK- and Akt-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathways. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:345-54. [PMID: 26101183 PMCID: PMC4501663 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Puerarin is an active component of Pueraria lobata, which is a commonly used Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of osteoporosis. The present study aimed to evaluate the osteoprotective effect of puerarin on glucocorticoid (GC)-induced apoptosis of osteoblasts in vitro. The effects of puerarin on dexamethasone (DEX)-induced cell apoptosis were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay, and found that the viability of hFOB1.19 cells was significantly increased following exposure to between 10−6 and 10−10 M puerarin, with a maximal anti-apoptotic effect at a concentration of 10−8 M. In addition, compared with the control group, puerarin upregulated the transcription and protein levels of B-cell lymphoma-2 and downregulated B-cell-associated X protein in the hFOB1.19 cells. Puerarin attenuated the DEX-induced release of cytochrome c and cleavage of caspase-3, and treatment with puerarin inhibited the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway and activated the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway in the hFOB1.19 cells. Furthermore, the Akt inhibitor, LY294002, partly eliminated the protective effect of puerarin on DEX-induced apoptosis, and puerarin combined with the JNK inhibitor, SP600125, suppressed DEX-induced apoptosis to a lesser extent than in the cells treated with SP600125 alone. These results suggested that the JNK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways mediate the inhibitory effects of puerarin on apoptosis in the hFOB1.19 cells. In conclusion, puerarin prevented DEX-induced apoptosis of hFOB1.19 cells via inhibition of the JNK pathway and activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the cells, dependent on the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. These results support puerarin as a promising target in the treatment of GC-induced osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Mu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Danyang Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Guangbin Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Zhiguang Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Hongfei Ren
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Qin Fu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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Wei SY, Chen Y, Xu XY. Progress on the pharmacological research of puerarin: a review. Chin J Nat Med 2015; 12:407-14. [PMID: 24969520 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(14)60064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary pharmacological research has demonstrated that puerarin, the most important phytoestrogen extracted from Pueraria lobata(Willd.) Ohwi, has protecting functions on the cardiovascular system, nervous system, osteoporosis, liver injury, and inflammation in vivo and in vitro. Most of these research studies focused on inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis through regulating various bioactivators and signal pathways. Among these, superoxide dismutase (SOD), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and NF-κB are of great importance. The data cited in this review were mainly obtained from articles listed in PubMed and Elsevier SDOL published from 1959 to 2013, and the search term used was "puerarin".
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yong Wei
- Pharmaceutical College of Southwest University & College of Chinese Medicine; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacodynamics Evaluation, Chongqing 400716, China; Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, Rongchang 402460, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Pharmaceutical College of Southwest University & College of Chinese Medicine; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacodynamics Evaluation, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Xu
- Pharmaceutical College of Southwest University & College of Chinese Medicine; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacodynamics Evaluation, Chongqing 400716, China.
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13
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Effects of ginsenoside Rg-1 on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells. Chin J Integr Med 2014; 21:676-81. [PMID: 25491536 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-014-1856-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of ginsenoside Rg-1 on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) and to explore the possible application on the alveolar bone regeneration. METHODS To determine the optimum concentration, the effects of ginsenoside Rg-1 ranging from 10 to 100 μmol/L were evaluated by 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide, alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition. Expressions of runt-related transcription factor 2, collagen alpha-2(I) chain, osteopontin, osteocalcin protein were examined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Compared with the control group, a certain concentration (10 μmol/L) of the Rg-1 solution significantly enhanced the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs (P<0.05). However, concentrations that exceeds 100 μmol/L led to cytotoxicity whereas concentrations below 10 nmol/L showed no significant effect as compared with the control. CONCLUSION Ginsenoside Rg-1 can enhance the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs at an optimal concentration of 10 μmol/L.
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Lu Q, Xiang DX, Yuan HY, Xiao Y, Yuan LQ, Li HB. Puerarin attenuates calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2014; 42:337-47. [PMID: 24707866 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x14500220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several studies demonstrate that estradiol can prevent arterial calcification. However, little is known regarding the effect of puerarin, a phytoestrogen extracted from Radix Puerariae, on arterial calcification. The aim of the present study was to determine whether puerarin reduced osteoblastic differentiation of calcifying vascular smooth muscle cells (CVSMCs). The CVSMCs were isolated from mice aorta and treated with different concentrations of puerarin. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osteocalcin secretion and Runx2 expression were determined. To examine whether estrogen receptors (ERs) PI3K and Akt play a role in this effect, ICI182789, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002, or the Akt inhibitor, 1L-6-hydroxymethyl-chiro-inositol 2-(R)-2-O-methyl-3-O-octadecylcarbonate (HIMO) was used. Our results showed puerarin could inhibit ALP activity, osteocalcin secretion and Runx2 expression in CVSMCs. Puerarin could induce the activation of Akt. Furthermore, pretreatment of ICI182780, LY294002, HIMO could abolish the effect of puerarin on ALP activity in CVSMCs. Our experiment demonstrated that puerain could attenuate the osteoblastic differentiation of VSMCs through the ER/PI3K-Akt signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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Zhang WG, Liu XF, Meng KW, Hu SY. Puerarin inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in SMMC-7721 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2752-8. [PMID: 25175767 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Puerarin, a predominant isoflavonoid compound extracted from the Chinese medicinal herb Radix Puerariae, is considered to exhibit an antitumor effect. In the present study, the effects of puerarin on SMMC-7721 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells were investigated. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry with Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyante staining and morphological observation of nuclear changes by Hoechst staining. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was monitored using rhodamine 123. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was quantified using dichloro‑dihydro‑fluorescein diacetate. Polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were used to detect the expression levels of apoptosis‑associated genes. The results revealed that high concentrations of puerarin (500, 1,000 and 1,500 µg/ml) significantly inhibited the proliferation of SMMC-7721 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Simultaneously, apoptotic rates were increased and cell morphology was changed following puerarin treatment. Furthermore, puerarin‑induced apoptosis of SMMC-7721 cells was associated with loss of MMP and generation of ROS. Puerarin treatment increased caspase‑3,8,9 and apoptosis‑inducing factor (AIF) mRNA expression levels in SMMC‑7721 cells, while the phosphorylation levels of P38, extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK1) and c-Jun N‑terminal kinase were also increased. Furthermore, caspase-9 and AIF protein expression was upregulated. In conclusion, puerarin inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in SMMC‑7721 cells via the mitochondria‑dependent pathway; however, the specific mechanisms require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Guo Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Fang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Wei Meng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - San-Yuan Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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Li B, Liu H, Jia S. Puerarin Enhances Bone Mass by Promoting Osteoblastogenesis and Slightly Lowering Bone Marrow Adiposity in Ovariectomized Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2014; 37:1919-25. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology
| | - Hao Liu
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology
| | - Shengnan Jia
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology
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Zhou YX, Zhang H, Peng C. Puerarin: a review of pharmacological effects. Phytother Res 2013; 28:961-75. [PMID: 24339367 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Puerarin is the major bioactive ingredient isolated from the root of the Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, which is well known as Gegen (Chinese name) in traditional Chinese medicine. As the most abundant secondary metabolite, puerarin was isolated from Gegen in the late 1950s. Since then, its pharmacological properties have been extensively investigated. It is available in common foods and is used in alternative medicine. It has been widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes and diabetic complications, osteonecrosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, endometriosis, and cancer. The beneficial effects of puerarin on the various medicinal purposes may be due to its wide spectrum of pharmacological properties such as vasodilation, cardioprotection, neuroprotection, antioxidant, anticancer, antiinflammation, alleviating pain, promoting bone formation, inhibiting alcohol intake, and attenuating insulin resistance. However, the direct molecular mechanisms and targets remain unclear. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the pharmacological effects of puerarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicines of Ministry of Education, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, PR China; Department of Medicinal Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
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Wang N, Wang X, Cheng W, Cao H, Zhang P, Qin L. Puerarin promotes osteogenesis and inhibits adipogenesis in vitro. Chin Med 2013; 8:17. [PMID: 23965299 PMCID: PMC3765709 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-8-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Puerarin (daidzein 8-C-glucoside) has potential on preventing osteoporosis. This study aims to investigate the effects of puerarin on osteogenesis and adipogenesis in vitro. METHODS CCK-8 assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and Alizarin Red S were used to measure the effects of puerarin on proliferation, osteoblastic differentiation, and mineralization in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. The effects of puerarin on adipogenesis were measured by Oil Red O staining and intracellular triglyceride level in preadipocyte 3T3-L1 cells. The mRNA and protein levels of osteogenesis- and adiopogenesis-related factors were detected by qRT-PCR and western blot, respectively. Further, the secreted osteocalcin levels and nuclear translocation of β-catenin were detected by ELISA and immunofluorescence assay, respectively. RESULTS As to osteogenesis, puerarin could stimulate proliferation (1 μM, P = 0.012; 10 μM, P = 0.015; 20 μM, P = 0.050), ALP activity (20 μM, P = 0.008) and calcium nodule formation (20 μM, P = 0.011) in a dose-dependent manner. Puerarin (20 μM) promoted osteocalcin secretion (P = 0.004) and the protein expression of both osteopontin (P = 0.001) and osteoprotegerin (P = 0.003). As to adipogenesis, puerarin suppressed adipocytes formation and intracellular triglyceride level (P = 0.001). In addition, puerarin (20 μM) decreased the mRNA and protein levels of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (P = 0.001, P = 0.002), proliferator-activated receptor γ (P = 0.005, P = 0.003), and adipocyte lipid-binding protein 4 (P = 0.001, P = 0.001). Moreover, phosphorylation of AKT1-Ser437 (10 μM, P = 0.003; 20 μM, P = 0.007) and GSK-Ser9 (10 μM, P = 0.005; 20 μM, P = 0.003), and the nuclear translocation of β-catenin (10 μM, P = 0.006; 10 μM, P = 0.002) were increased in 3T3-L1 cells treated by puerarin. CONCLUSION Puerarin promoted osteogenesis and inhibited adipogenesis in vivo, and Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway was involved in the suppression of adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
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Liu LJ, Liu LQ, Bo T, Li SJ, Zhu Z, Cui RR, Mao DA. Puerarin Suppress Apoptosis of Human Osteoblasts via ERK Signaling Pathway. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:786574. [PMID: 23843790 PMCID: PMC3694486 DOI: 10.1155/2013/786574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Puerarin, the main isoflavone glycoside extracted from Radix Puerariae, is an isoflavone traditional Chinese herb. Previous studies have demonstrated that puerarin could regulate osteoblast proliferation and differentiation to promote bone formation. However, the effect of puerarin on the process of human osteoblasts (hOBs) apoptosis is still unclear. In this study, we detected the function of puerarin on serum-free-induced cell apoptosis using ELISA and TUNEL arrays and then found that the mortality of hOBs was significantly decreased after exposure to 10(-10)-10(-6) M puerarin and reached the maximal antiapoptotic effect at the concentration of 10(-8) M. In addition, compared with the control group, puerarin notably increased the Bcl-2 protein levels while it decreased the Bax protein levels in the hOBs in a dose-dependent way. 10(-7) M puerarin decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio with a maximal decrease to 0.08. Moreover, puerarin activated ERK signaling pathways in hOBs, and the antiapoptotic effect induced by puerarin was abolished by incubation of ERK inhibitor PD98059. Similarly, the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI182780 also suppressed the inhibitory effect of puerarin on hOBs apoptosis. In conclusion, puerarin could prevent hOBs apoptosis via ERK signaling pathway, which might be effective in providing protection against bone loss and bone remolding associated with osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-juan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Li-qun Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Tao Bo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Shi-jun Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Rong-rong Cui
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- *Rong-rong Cui: and
| | - Ding-an Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- *Ding-an Mao:
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