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Yang D, Shen J, Tang C, Lu Z, Lu F, Bie X, Meng F, Zhao H. Prevention of high-fat-diet-induced obesity in mice by soluble dietary fiber from fermented and unfermented millet bran. Food Res Int 2024; 179:113974. [PMID: 38342528 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.113974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Obesity-related diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension pose many risks to human health. Thus, mice on a high-fat diet were gavaged with millet bran (unfermented/fermented) soluble dietary fiber (RSDF/FSDF, 500 mg·kg-1) for 10 weeks in current research, and then evaluated the various biological indicators. These findings revealed that RSDF and FSDF supplements could prevent fat synthesis by inhibiting sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c gene expression. The RSDF supplements can also accelerate fat catabolism through enhanced the mRNA expression levels of adipose triglyceride lipase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α. FSDF supplements can prevent obesity by decreasing 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase expression and increasing cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase expression. Moreover, FSDF also controls obesity development by lowering total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the blood, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and bile acid levels in the liver. Notably, FSDF supplements can promote Bacteroides and Prevotella propagation; excretive propionic acid binds to free fatty acid receptor 2/3 and then stimulates intestinal epithelial cells to generate glucagon-like-peptide-1 and peptide YY, which can reduce food and energy intake and ultimately prevent obesity. All evidence suggests that FSDF supplements play a crucial role in preventing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Juan Shen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chao Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fengxia Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaomei Bie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fanqiang Meng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haizhen Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Yao S, Li W, Cai C, Wang C, Kang J, Hu H, Wu P, Cao X, Ye Y. Comparative Study on the Effects of Four Plant Protein Sources on the Liver and Intestinal Health of Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides. AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2024; 2024:6337005. [PMID: 38298207 PMCID: PMC10830314 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6337005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The effects of plant protein sources (PPSs) on the health of the liver and intestine of the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, were compared to verify the potential damaging effects of dietary fiber (DF). A diet containing 55% fish meal (FM) was used as the control. The test diets contained 25% soybean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal (RSM), cottonseed meal, or peanut meal, and the FM content was decreased to 30%. The protein and lipid contents of these five diets were balanced by casein and oil. Fish were raised for 8 weeks. The fish fed the diet containing PPS showed a trend of decreasing growth and apparent digestibility coefficients. The contents of total bile acid, lipid, and collagen in the liver were increased, and the mRNA expression levels of genes encoding inflammatory factors and enzymes involved in de novo fatty acid synthesis and bile acid synthesis were upregulated. Both the lipid and collagen contents in the liver were positively correlated with the DF content in the diet significantly. Morphology and histology showed reduced liver size, hepatic steatosis, and fibrosis in fish fed diets containing PPS. The lowest hepatosomatic index was observed in fish fed the SBM diet, and the most severe damage was observed in fish fed the RSM diet. No obvious histological abnormalities were observed in the hindgut. The bile acid profile in the liver could be used to distinguish the types of PPS very well by Fisher discriminant analysis. These results indicated that 25% of each of the four PPSs in the diet exceeded the tolerance range of largemouth bass and caused liver damage, which might be mediated by bile acid. DF in PPS might be an important agent contributing to liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition of Jiangsu, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wenjian Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition of Jiangsu, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chunfang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition of Jiangsu, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chengrui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition of Jiangsu, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jia Kang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition of Jiangsu, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Honglin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition of Jiangsu, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition of Jiangsu, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiamin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition of Jiangsu, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuantu Ye
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition of Jiangsu, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Massa M, Compari C, Fisicaro E. ITC study on the interaction of some bile salts with tragacanth, Arabic, and guar gums with potential cholesterol-lowering ability. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1258282. [PMID: 37941767 PMCID: PMC10628474 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1258282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The urge of designing new safe and natural functional foods to control blood lipids and dispensable without the need of physician supervision, has increased especially after the coming into effect of the recent EU Commission regulation 2022/860, that regulates the consumption of "red yeast rice," made by fermentation of rice with Monascus purpureus, and perceived as a natural functional food, due to a health risk for frail consumers. The results of the present work are a part of the systematic study we are carrying out of the binding ability of some soluble dietary fibers (SDF) from different natural sources toward selected bile salts (BS). Methods Measurements were carried out by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) with the idea to shed light on the mechanism, if any, by which they show cholesterol-lowering activity. Results and discussion Epidemiological studies are sometimes conflicting and offer only hypothesis about the mechanism of action, the most accredited being the reduction of reabsorption of BS in the gut. Previous measurements done on negatively charged pectin and alginate, showed specific binding interaction with monomer NaDC for pectin and no interaction at all for alginate. Chitosan, positively charged and soluble only at low pH, in 100 mM acetate buffer at pH = 3 shows strong exothermic interactions with NaTC and NaTDC. Here we considered two plant exudates (Arabic gum and tragacanth gum) and guar gum, extracted from guar beans, and their interaction with the same bile salts. ITC measurements do not evidence specific interactions between gums and the studied BS, so that their cholesterol lowering ability, if any, is due to a different mechanism very probably bound to the viscosity increase. Moreover, the addition of NaC, the most abundant BS in the bile, at very low concentration (under the cmc) causes a structural change of the solution. The obtained results seem to corroborate the hypothesis that the cholesterol lowering activity is related to the increase in viscosity of guar solution favored by NaC, the major component of the bile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Massa
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Lin YJ, Chen Y, Guo TL, Kong F. Six weeks effect of different nanocellulose on blood lipid level and small intestinal morphology in mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 228:498-505. [PMID: 36563823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF, or NFC), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC, or NCC), and Tempo (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical) oxidized CNF (Tempo-CNF) were compared for the short-term effect on mice fed with a high-fat and high-sugar (Western diet, WD) to investigate their effect when combined with a sub-optimal diet. SCOPE Thirty C57B/C female mice (10 weeks old; 5-6 mice/group) were given water, cellulose, or three types of nanocellulose once daily in a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight by oral gavage. After six weeks, weight changes, fecal output, glucose homeostasis, and gut permeability showed no significant among groups. Serum analysis including triglycerides, cholesterol and total bile acids and small intestinal morphology including villus length, villus width, crypt depth, goblet cell count and goblet cell density were no difference for all groups. Only CNC group had higher excretion of bile acids in the feces. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that current treated dose using three types of nanocellulose had no detrimental effects on blood lipid level and small intestinal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ju Lin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yingjia Chen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Tai L Guo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Fanbin Kong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Fettig NM, Robinson HG, Allanach JR, Davis KM, Simister RL, Wang EJ, Sharon AJ, Ye J, Popple SJ, Seo JH, Gibson DL, Crowe SA, Horwitz MS, Osborne LC. Inhibition of Th1 activation and differentiation by dietary guar gum ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111328. [PMID: 36103823 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fibers are potent modulators of immune responses that can restrain inflammation in multiple disease contexts. However, dietary fibers encompass a biochemically diverse family of carbohydrates, and it remains unknown how individual fiber sources influence immunity. In a direct comparison of four different high-fiber diets, we demonstrate a potent ability of guar gum to delay disease and neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a T cell-mediated mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Guar gum-specific alterations to the microbiota are limited, and disease protection appears to be independent of fiber-induced increases in short-chain fatty acid levels or regulatory CD4+ T cells. Instead, CD4+ T cells of guar gum-supplemented mice are less encephalitogenic due to reduced activation, proliferation, Th1 differentiation, and altered migratory potential. These findings reveal specificity in the host response to fiber sources and define a pathway of fiber-induced immunomodulation that protects against pathologic neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi M Fettig
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Hannah G Robinson
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jessica R Allanach
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Katherine M Davis
- Department of Botany, University of British Columba, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Rachel L Simister
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Elsie J Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Andrew J Sharon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jiayu Ye
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Sarah J Popple
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jung Hee Seo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Deanna L Gibson
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Sean A Crowe
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Marc S Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lisa C Osborne
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Amelioration of hydrolyzed guar gum on high-fat diet-induced obesity: Integrated hepatic transcriptome and metabolome. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 297:120051. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Lin J, Sun Y, Santos HO, Găman MA, Bhat LT, Cui Y. Effects of guar gum supplementation on the lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:3271-3281. [PMID: 34607737 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Guar gum can be used as an adjuvant in the treatment of dyslipidemia. However, based on data from different studies, the effectiveness of this product is not uniform. Therefore, we conducted a dose-response meta-analysis between guar gum supplementation and lipid profile. METHODS AND RESULTS Five databases (Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar) were searched to identify relevant articles published up to July 2020. The weighted mean difference (WMD) was derived based on the random-effects model. Overall findings were generated from 25 eligible trials. Patients' conditions included hyperlipidemia, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, overweight, carotid endarterectomy, and menopausal women. Prescribed gum dose varied between 100 mg/d and 30 g/d for 1-24 months. Compared with control groups, guar gum supplementation decreased total cholesterol (TC) by -20.41 mg/dL (95% CI: -26.76 to -14.07; P < 0.001) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) by -17.37 mg/dL (95% CI: -23.60 to -11.13; P < 0.001), but did not change triglycerides (TG) (WMD: -6.53 mg/dL, 95% CI: -16.03 to 2.97; P = 0.178) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (WMD: -0.62 mg/dL, 95% CI: -1.68 to 0.44, P = 0.252). CONCLUSIONS Guar gum supplementation significantly reduced serum LDL-C and TC levels in patients with cardiometabolic problems, but had neutral effects on TG and HDL-C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbei Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhenhai District Refining Hospital, Ningbo City, Zhejiang province, 315207, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Departmeng of Internal Medicine,College of Clinical Medicine, QiLu Medical University, Zibocity, Shandong province, 255300, China
| | - Heitor O Santos
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mihnea-Alexandru Găman
- Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Hematology, Center of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Latha T Bhat
- Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, Ankang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ankang City, Shaanxi Province, 725000, China.
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Dehghani Soltani M, Meftahizadeh H, Barani M, Rahdar A, Hosseinikhah SM, Hatami M, Ghorbanpour M. Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) plant gum: From biological applications to advanced nanomedicine. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1972-1985. [PMID: 34748787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural polymers are an efficient class of eco-friendly and biodegradable polymers, because they are readily available, come from natural sources, inexpensive and can be chemically modified with the correct reagents. Guar gum (GG) is a natural polymer with great potential to be used in pharmaceutical formulations due to its unique composition and lack of toxicity. GG can be designed to suit the needs of the biological and medical engineering sectors. In the development of innovative drug delivery systems, GG is commonly utilized as a rate-controlling excipient. In this review, different properties of GG including chemical composition, extraction methods and its usefulness in diabetes, cholesterol lowering, weight control, tablet formulations as well as its food application were discussed. The other purpose of this study is to evaluate potential use of GG and its derivatives for advanced nanomedicine such as drug delivery, tissue engineering and nanosensing. It should be noted that some applicable patents in medical area have also been included in the rest of this survey to extend knowledge about guar gum and its polymeric nature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heidar Meftahizadeh
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Ardakan University, P.O. Box 184, Ardakan, Iran.
| | - Mahmood Barani
- Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616913555, Iran
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, University of Zabol, Zabol, P. O. Box. 98613-35856, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Maryam Hosseinikhah
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Hatami
- Department of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran
| | - Mansour Ghorbanpour
- Department of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran.
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Wang N, Pan D, Guo Z, Xiang X, Wang S, Zhu J, Sun G. Effects of guar gum on blood lipid levels: A systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized clinical trials. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Role of guar fiber in improving digestive health and function. Nutrition 2019; 59:158-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Katsiki N, Pirro M, Banach M, Rasadi KA, Sahebkar A. Dietary natural products as emerging lipoprotein(a)-lowering agents. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:12581-12594. [PMID: 30637725 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Hitherto, niacin has been the drug of choice to reduce elevated Lp(a) levels in hyperlipidemic patients but its efficacy in reducing CVD outcomes has been seriously questioned by recent clinical trials. Additional drugs may reduce to some extent plasma Lp(a) levels but the lack of a specific therapeutic indication for Lp(a)-lowering limits profoundly reduce their use. An attractive therapeutic option is natural products. In several preclinical and clinical studies as well as meta-analyses, natural products, including l-carnitine, coenzyme Q 10 , and xuezhikang were shown to significantly decrease Lp(a) levels in patients with Lp(a) hyperlipoproteinemia. Other natural products, such as pectin, Ginkgo biloba, flaxseed, red wine, resveratrol and curcuminoids can also reduce elevated Lp(a) concentrations but to a lesser degree. In conclusion, aforementioned natural products may represent promising therapeutic agents for Lp(a) lowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abbas Momtazi-Borojeni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Niki Katsiki
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippocration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.,Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Khalid Al Rasadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Effects of prebiotic inulin addition to low- or high-fat diet on maternal metabolic status and neonatal traits of offspring in a pregnant sow model. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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13
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Mortensen A, Aguilar F, Crebelli R, Di Domenico A, Frutos MJ, Galtier P, Gott D, Gundert-Remy U, Lambré C, Leblanc JC, Lindtner O, Moldeus P, Mosesso P, Oskarsson A, Parent-Massin D, Stankovic I, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Woutersen RA, Wright M, Younes M, Brimer L, Peters P, Wiesner J, Christodoulidou A, Lodi F, Tard A, Dusemund B. Re-evaluation of guar gum (E 412) as a food additive. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04669. [PMID: 32625396 PMCID: PMC7010168 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) provides a scientific opinion re‐evaluating the safety of guar gum (E 412) as a food additive. In the EU, guar gum was evaluated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) in 1970, 1974 and 1975, who allocated an acceptable daily intake (ADI) ‘not specified’. Guar gum has been also evaluated by the Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) in 1977 who endorsed the ADI ‘not specified’ allocated by JECFA. Following the conceptual framework for the risk assessment of certain food additives re‐evaluated under Commission Regulation (EU) No 257/2010, the Panel considered that adequate exposure and toxicity data were available. Guar gum is practically undigested, not absorbed intact, but significantly fermented by enteric bacteria in humans. No adverse effects were reported in subchronic and carcinogenicity studies at the highest dose tested; no concern with respect to the genotoxicity. Oral intake of guar gum was well tolerated in adults. The Panel concluded that there is no need for a numerical ADI for guar gum (E 412), and there is no safety concern for the general population at the refined exposure assessment of guar gum (E 412) as a food additive. The Panel considered that for uses of guar gum in foods intended for infants and young children the occurrence of abdominal discomfort should be monitored and if this effect is observed doses should be identified as a basis for further risk assessment. The Panel considered that no adequate specific studies addressing the safety of use of guar gum (E 412) in food categories 13.1.5.1 and 13.1.5.2 were available. Therefore, the Panel concluded that the available data do not allow an adequate assessment of the safety of guar gum (E 412) in infants and young children consuming these foods for special medical purposes.
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Grundy MML, Edwards CH, Mackie AR, Gidley MJ, Butterworth PJ, Ellis PR. Re-evaluation of the mechanisms of dietary fibre and implications for macronutrient bioaccessibility, digestion and postprandial metabolism. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:816-33. [PMID: 27385119 PMCID: PMC4983777 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516002610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The positive effects of dietary fibre on health are now widely recognised; however, our understanding of the mechanisms involved in producing such benefits remains unclear. There are even uncertainties about how dietary fibre in plant foods should be defined and analysed. This review attempts to clarify the confusion regarding the mechanisms of action of dietary fibre and deals with current knowledge on the wide variety of dietary fibre materials, comprising mainly of NSP that are not digested by enzymes of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These non-digestible materials range from intact cell walls of plant tissues to individual polysaccharide solutions often used in mechanistic studies. We discuss how the structure and properties of fibre are affected during food processing and how this can impact on nutrient digestibility. Dietary fibre can have multiple effects on GI function, including GI transit time and increased digesta viscosity, thereby affecting flow and mixing behaviour. Moreover, cell wall encapsulation influences macronutrient digestibility through limited access to digestive enzymes and/or substrate and product release. Moreover, encapsulation of starch can limit the extent of gelatinisation during hydrothermal processing of plant foods. Emphasis is placed on the effects of diverse forms of fibre on rates and extents of starch and lipid digestion, and how it is important that a better understanding of such interactions with respect to the physiology and biochemistry of digestion is needed. In conclusion, we point to areas of further investigation that are expected to contribute to realisation of the full potential of dietary fibre on health and well-being of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam M.-L. Grundy
- Biopolymers Group, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Cathrina H. Edwards
- Biopolymers Group, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Alan R. Mackie
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Michael J. Gidley
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Qsd, Australia
| | - Peter J. Butterworth
- Biopolymers Group, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Peter R. Ellis
- Biopolymers Group, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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15
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Stamataki NS, Yanni AE, Karathanos VT. Non-cereal ingredients for the attenuation of glycaemic response to bread: a review of the clinical evidence. Food Funct 2016; 7:2926-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00440g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enrichment of bread with non-cereal ingredients could favourably influence postprandial glucose response to bread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta S. Stamataki
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
- Harokopio University of Athens
- Athens
- Greece
| | - Amalia E. Yanni
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
- Harokopio University of Athens
- Athens
- Greece
| | - Vaios T. Karathanos
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
- Harokopio University of Athens
- Athens
- Greece
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16
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Soumya RS, Vineetha VP, Salin Raj P, Raghu KG. Beneficial properties of selenium incorporated guar gum nanoparticles against ischemia/reperfusion in cardiomyoblasts (H9c2). Metallomics 2014; 6:2134-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00241e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Hypolipidemic effect of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) extracts via fecal lipid excretion in C57BL/6 mice fed an atherogenic diet. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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18
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Enes P, Pousão-Ferreira P, Salmerón C, Capilla E, Navarro I, Gutiérrez J, Oliva-Teles A. Effect of guar gum on glucose and lipid metabolism in white sea bream Diplodus sargus. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:159-169. [PMID: 22763699 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-012-9687-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the role of soluble non-starch polysaccharide (guar gum) on white sea bream Diplodus sargus, glucose and lipid metabolism. A control diet was formulated to contain 40 % crude protein, 14 % crude lipids and 35 % pregelatinized maize starch, and three other diets were formulated similar to the control diet except for guar gum, which was included at 4 % (diet GG4), 8 % (diet GG8) or 12 % (diet GG12). Diets were fed to the fish for 9 weeks on a pair-feeding scheme. Guar gum had no effect on growth performance, feed efficiency, glycaemia, cholesterolaemia and plasma triacylglyceride levels. Hepatic glucokinase and pyruvate kinase activities, liver glycogen content and liver insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression were not affected by dietary guar gum, while fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activity was lower in fish fed guar gum-supplemented diets. Hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was higher in fish fed diets GG4 and GG8 than in the control group. Overall, data suggest that in contrast to mammals guar gum had no effect on white sea bream glucose utilization and in lowering plasma cholesterol and triacylglyceride levels. However, it seems to contribute to lower endogenous glucose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Enes
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
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19
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Pande S, Srinivasan K. Potentiation of the hypolipidemic influence of dietary tender cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) by garlic in cholesterol fed rats. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Kim H, Turowski M, Anderson WHK, Young SA, Kim Y, Yokoyama W. Supplementation of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose into yeast leavened all-whole grain barley bread potentiates cholesterol-lowering effect. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:7672-7678. [PMID: 21671634 DOI: 10.1021/jf104821b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We investigated in Syrian Golden hamsters the biological impact and its underlying mechanism of single whole grain breads supplemented with 2-3% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), a semisynthetic viscous soluble dietary fiber (SDF) as a substitute for gluten. Hamsters were fed high-fat diets supplemented with 48-65% (w/w) differently ground, freeze-dried single grain breads including whole grain wheat, barley, barley supplemented with HPMC, debranned oat, and oat supplemented with HPMC which were compared to a diet containing microcrystalline cellulose (control). All single grain breads significantly lowered plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations compared to the control. Enrichment with HPMC further lowered plasma and hepatic cholesterol concentrations. Despite the reduced molecular weight of naturally occurring soluble (1--->3),(1--->4)-β-d-glucan (β-glucan) caused by the bread-making process, whole grain barley breads downregulated hepatic expression of CYP7A1 and HMG-CoAR genes that are responsible for bile acid and cholesterol synthesis, suggesting a possible role of bioactive compounds such as short-chain fatty acids and phenolic compounds from barley bread. Barley bread enriched with HPMC downregulated expression of ABCG5 gene. Taken together, it appears that distinctive modulation of synthesis and excretion of hepatic cholesterol and bile acid contributes to the cholesterol-lowering properties of whole grain barley breads and breads enriched with HPMC. These data suggests that alternative whole grain breads supplemented with HPMC may provide consumers with a staple food that can assist in cholesterol management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsook Kim
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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21
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Bartley GE, Yokoyama W, Young SA, Anderson WHK, Hung SC, Albers DR, Langhorst ML, Kim H. Hypocholesterolemic effects of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose are mediated by altered gene expression in hepatic bile and cholesterol pathways of male hamsters. J Nutr 2010; 140:1255-60. [PMID: 20444951 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.118349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), a semisynthetic, nonfermentable soluble dietary fiber, is not absorbed by the body, but its presence in the intestinal lumen increases fecal fat, sterol, and bile acid excretions and decreases intestinal cholesterol absorption, all of which may indirectly affect hepatic lipid metabolism. We measured the expression of hepatic genes involved in cholesterol, bile acid, and fatty acid metabolism in hamsters fed diets containing 39% of energy as fat and 5% of weight as HPMC or microcrystalline cellulose (control) for 4 wk. HPMC-fed hamsters gained significantly less body weight than the control group but did not differ in food intake. They had significantly lower plasma triglyceride and total-, VLDL-, HDL-, and LDL-cholesterol concentrations and hepatic total lipid, total and free cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations than controls. Compared with controls, HPMC-fed hamsters had greater levels of mRNA for CYP7A1 (cytochrome P450 7A1; 8-fold of control; P < 0.05), CYP51 (lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase; 5.3-fold of control; P < 0.05), and HMG-CoAR (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase; 1.8-fold of control; P < 0.05). The plasma total cholesterol concentrations from both the control and HPMC groups were inversely correlated with expression of hepatic CYP7A1 (r = -0.54; P < 0.05), CYP51 (r = -0.79; P < 0.005), and HMG-CoAR (r = -0.75; P < 0.005) genes. This suggests that HPMC supplementation affected both cholesterol and bile acid synthesis. Our data confirm that altered hepatic expression of lipid metabolism-related genes, possibly due to modulation of fecal bile acid excretion and intestinal cholesterol absorption, contributes to the lipid-lowering effects of HPMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn E Bartley
- Processed Foods Research, Western Regional Research Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA 94710, USA
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22
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Rideout TC, Harding SV, Jones PJ, Fan MZ. Guar gum and similar soluble fibers in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism: current understandings and future research priorities. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2009; 4:1023-33. [PMID: 19183750 PMCID: PMC2605338 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s3512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypocholesterolemic effects associated with soluble fiber consumption are clear from animal model and human clinical investigations. Moreover, the modulation of whole-body cholesterol metabolism in response to dietary fiber consumption, including intestinal cholesterol absorption and fecal sterol and bile acid loss, has been the subject of many published reports. However, our understanding of how dietary fibers regulate molecular events at the gene/protein level and alter cellular cholesterol metabolism is limited. The modern emphasis on molecular nutrition and rapid progress in 'high-dimensional' biological techniques will permit further explorations of the role of genetic polymorphisms in determining the variable interindividual responses to soluble fibers. Furthermore, with traditional molecular biology tools and the application of 'omic' technology, specific insight into how fibers modulate the expression of genes and proteins that regulate intestinal cholesterol absorption and alter hepatic sterol balance will be gained. Detailed knowledge of the molecular mechanisms by which soluble fibers reduce plasma cholesterol concentrations is paramount to developing novel fiber-based "cocktails" that target specific metabolic pathways to gain maximal cholesterol reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd C Rideout
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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23
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Partially hydrolyzed guar gum supplement reduces high-fat diet increased blood lipids and oxidative stress and ameliorates FeCl3-induced acute arterial injury in hamsters. J Biomed Sci 2009; 16:15. [PMID: 19272178 PMCID: PMC2653517 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-16-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hyperlipidemia can promote arterial thrombus. We evaluated the potential of a partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) as dietary fiber on lipid profiles and FeCl3-induced arterial thrombosis in the high fat-diet fed hamsters. Our in vitro results found that PHGG is efficient to scavenge O2-•, H2O2, and HOCl. High fat-diet increased plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, methylguanidine and dityrosine level and accelerated FeCl3-induced arterial thrombosis formation (from 463 ± 51 to 303 ± 45 sec). Low dose PHGG supplement significantly decreased the total cholesterol, LDL, methylguanidine and dityrosine level and delayed the time for arterial thrombosis formation (528 ± 75 sec). High dose PHGG supplement decreased the level in triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL and VLDL and further delayed the time for arterial thrombus (671 ± 36 sec). The increased Bax protein and decreased Bcl-2 and HSP-70 protein expression was found in the carotid and femoral arteries of high fat-diet hamsters. Low and high dose of PHGG supplement decreased Bax expression and increased Bcl-2 and HSP-70 protein expression. We found that FeCl3 significantly enhanced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and 4-hydroxynonenal expression in the endothelial site of damaged artery after 150-sec FeCl3 stimulation. PHGG supplement decreased the endothelial ICAM-1 and 4-hydroxynonenal expression after 150-sec FeCl3 stimulation. Based on these results, we conclude that PHGG supplement can increase antioxidant protein expression and thus decrease oxidative stress induced arterial injury.
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24
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Shahzadi N, Butt MS, Sharif MK, Nasir M. Effect of guar gum on the serum lipid profile of Sprague Dawley rats. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Butt MS, Shahzadi N, Sharif MK, Nasir M. Guar Gum: A Miracle Therapy for Hypercholesterolemia, Hyperglycemia and Obesity. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2007; 47:389-96. [PMID: 17457723 DOI: 10.1080/10408390600846267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The number of hypercholesterolemic and hyperglycemic people is increasing rapidly in the world. The prevention against these health problems is related to a complex management of conventional and non-conventional risk factors. The inclusion of dietary fiber in the diet is the right approach to reduce these risks. Cholesterol and glucose lowering effects are most often associated with gelling, mucilaginous, and viscous fibers such as guar gum, an edible thickening agent. It has widespread applications in the food industry due to its ability to hydrate without heating. The demand for guar gum is still growing rapidly because in addition to its indispensable role in lowering serum cholesterol and glucose levels, it is also considered helpful in weight loss programs. The main thrust of therapeutic and medicinal properties lies in the soluble dietary fiber content of guar gum to improve the serum biochemical profile of human and non-human primates, reducing total serum cholesterol, triglycerides, increasing the high density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and the management of glycemic indices and obesity. Among the various intervention strategies, diet diversification is the right approach to overcome these problems. Composite flours containing wheat and legumes have proven practical uses and are being utilized in many parts of the world to improve the nutritional and functional properties of flour. The main focus of this manuscript is to review the available information on various aspects of guar gum with special reference to its effectiveness in reducing the cardiovascular disease risk, diabetes and weight loss programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood Sadiq Butt
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
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26
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Abstract
Viscosity is a physicochemical property associated with dietary fibers, particularly soluble dietary fibers. Viscous dietary fibers thicken when mixed with fluids and include polysaccharides such as gums, pectins, psyllium, and beta-glucans. Although insoluble fiber particles may affect viscosity measurement, viscosity is not an issue regards insoluble dietary fibers. Viscous fibers have been credited for beneficial physiological responses in human, animal, and animal-alternative in vitro models. The following article provides a review of viscosity as related to dietary fiber including definitions and instrumentation, factors affecting viscosity of solutions, and effects of viscous polysaccharides on glycemic response, blood lipid attenuation, intestinal enzymatic activity, digestibility, and laxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Dikeman
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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27
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Chai YM, Lim BK, Lee JY, Kim MN, Park MR, Rhee SJ. Effects of manufactured soluble dietary fiber from Quercus mongolica on hepatic HMG-CoA reductase and lipoprotein lipase activities in epididymal adipose tissue of rats fed high cholesterol diets. J Med Food 2004; 6:329-36. [PMID: 14977441 DOI: 10.1089/109662003772519886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of a manufactured soluble dietary fiber on lipid metabolism in rats fed high cholesterol diets. Soluble dietary fiber was prepared from wood chips of oak (Quercus mongolica). Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 100 +/- 10 g were randomly assigned to either a normal diet or five high cholesterol diets containing 1% cholesterol and different fiber supplements. The high cholesterol groups were subdivided into fiber-free diet (FF), 5% pectin (5P), 10% pectin (10P), 5% manufactured soluble dietary fiber (5QM), and 10% manufactured soluble dietary fiber (10QM) groups. Total serum cholesterol concentrations in all soluble dietary fiber-supplemented groups were lower than in the FF group. The high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration in the FF group was significantly lower, compared with the normal group, but was increased in groups supplemented with soluble dietary fiber. Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and the atherogenic index had the same tendency as total cholesterol concentration. Compared with the FF group, in the 5P, 5QM, 10P, and 10QM groups hepatic triglyceride concentrations were 12%, 16%, 20%, and 24% lower, respectively, and hepatic cholesterol concentrations were 48%, 52%, 52%, and 58% lower, respectively. Hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity in the soluble fiber groups was significantly higher than in the FF groups, but lower than the normal group. When hepatic tissue was observed under a light microscope, the FF group had completely formed lipomas in the hepatic tissue, which led to fat deposits and then a fatty liver. The size and number of lipomas were lower in the soluble dietary fiber-fed groups, as compared with the group not fed dietary fiber. In conclusion, improvements in lipid metabolism were observed as a result of the manufactured soluble dietary fiber from the oak chips, and were similar to that seen for pectin. The preparation method for the soluble dietary fiber from oak chips successfully produced a functional soluble fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Chai
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongbuk, Korea
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28
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Krzeminski R, Gorinstein S, Leontowicz H, Leontowicz M, Gralak M, Czerwinski J, Lojek A, Cíz M, Martin-Belloso O, Gligelmo-Miguel N, Trakhtenberg S. Effect of different olive oils on bile excretion in rats fed cholesterol-containing and cholesterol-free diets. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:5774-5779. [PMID: 12952432 DOI: 10.1021/jf030088a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of the hypocholesterolemic effect of olive oils was investigated in 60 Wistar rats adapted to cholesterol-containing and cholesterol-free diets. The rats were divided in six diet groups of 10. The control group was fed only basal diet (BD), which contained wheat starch, casein, cellulose, and mineral and vitamin mixtures. For the five other groups, 10 g/100 g virgin (virgin group) or lampante (lampante group) olive oils, 1 g/100 g cholesterol (chol group), or both cholesterol and oil (chol/virgin and chol/lampante groups) were added to the BD. The experiment lasted 4 weeks. Before and after the experiment the bile was collected, and its flow and biliary bile acids and cholesterol concentrations were registered. Plasma lipids, liver cholesterol, plasma antioxidative potential (TRAP), fecal output, fecal bile acids, and fecal cholesterol excretion were measured. Groups did not differ before the experiment. After the experiment significant hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant effects were registered mainly in groups of rats fed cholesterol-containing diets supplemented with both olive oils (chol/virgin and chol/lampante). Significant increases in the bile flow and in the bile cholesterol and bile acids concentrations were observed (19.2% and 16.9%, 30.5% and 18.2%, and 79.6% and 45.6% for the chol/virgin and chol/lampante groups, respectively). Also, significant increases of the fecal output and fecal excretion of bile acids and cholesterol in rats of these groups were found. In conclusion, olive oils positively affect plasma lipid metabolism. The hypocholesterolemic effect of olive oils is genuine and is most likely mediated through increases in bile flow and biliary cholesterol and bile acids concentrations and subsequent increases in their fecal excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Krzeminski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw Agricultural University, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
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Aprikian O, Duclos V, Guyot S, Besson C, Manach C, Bernalier A, Morand C, Rémésy C, Demigné C. Apple pectin and a polyphenol-rich apple concentrate are more effective together than separately on cecal fermentations and plasma lipids in rats. J Nutr 2003; 133:1860-5. [PMID: 12771330 DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.6.1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of apple components on cecal fermentations and lipid metabolism, rats were fed diets containing 5 g/100 g apple pectin (PEC), 10 g/100 g high polyphenol freeze-dried apple (PL) or both (PEC + PL). The cecal pH was slightly acidic (6.49) only in rats fed the PEC + PL diet (controls, 7.02). The cecal short-chain fatty acid pool was enlarged by all the apple fractions, with a peak of 560 micromol in rats fed the PEC + PL diet compared with 189 micromol in controls. Butyrate concentrations were 2-fold greater in rats fed the PL diet than in controls. Substantial concentrations of galacturonate and succinate (approximately 40 mmol/L) were found in the cecum of rats fed the PEC diet and, to a lesser extent, the PEC + PL diet. The PEC + PL diet significantly lowered plasma cholesterol, whereas both the PL and PEC + PL diets lowered plasma triglycerides. Liver cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were lower in rats fed the PEC and PEC + PL diets. Fecal bile acid excretion was markedly reduced, whereas sterol excretion was significantly increased by dietary PEC. Rats fed the PEC and PEC + PL diets also had lower apparent cholesterol absorption than controls (30 compared with 43%). In conclusion, apple pectin and the polyphenol-rich fraction were more effective when fed combined together than when fed separately on large intestine fermentations and lipid metabolism, suggesting interactions between fibers and polyphenols of apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Aprikian
- Unité des Maladies Métaboliques et Micronutriments, INRA de Clermont-Ferrand/Theix, 63122 St-Genes-Champanelle, France
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Kishida T, Nogami H, Ogawa H, Ebihara K. The hypocholesterolemic effect of high amylose cornstarch in rats is mediated by an enlarged bile acid pool and increased fecal bile acid excretion, not by cecal fermented products. J Nutr 2002; 132:2519-24. [PMID: 12221203 DOI: 10.1093/jn/132.9.2519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sham-operated and cecectomized rats were fed for 21 d a cholesterol-free purified diet containing (200 g/kg) either normal cornstarch (CS) or high amylose cornstarch (HACS). In both types of rats, those fed the HACS diet had a significantly lower plasma total cholesterol concentration and a significantly larger intestinal bile acid pool than those fed the CS diet. In cecectomized rats, those fed the HACS diet had significantly lower plasma HDL and LDL cholesterol concentrations, a significantly greater fecal bile acid excretion and a significantly lower hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase mRNA concentration than those fed the CS diet. The plasma triglyceride concentration and LDL-receptor mRNA concentration were not affected by the diet or cecectomy. In sham-operated rats, the propionate concentration in the cecal contents was significantly greater in those fed the HACS diet than in those fed the CS diet. Compared with sham-operated rats, cecectomized rats had significantly enhanced cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity. In intact rats, biliary bile acid flux into the small intestine was significantly greater in those fed the HACS diet than in those fed the CS diet. Thus, the hypocholesterolemic effect of HACS appears to be mediated by accelerated fecal excretion of bile acids and increases in the intestinal pool and biliary flux of bile acids, and not by cecal fermentation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Kishida
- Department of Biological Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
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31
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Aprikian O, Busserolles J, Manach C, Mazur A, Morand C, Davicco MJ, Besson C, Rayssiguier Y, Rémésy C, Demigné C. Lyophilized apple counteracts the development of hypercholesterolemia, oxidative stress, and renal dysfunction in obese Zucker rats. J Nutr 2002; 132:1969-76. [PMID: 12097678 DOI: 10.1093/jn/132.7.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apples may have selective effects on abnormalities associated with the plurimetabolic syndrome. Therefore, the effects of 20% lyophilized apple supplementation on plasma and tissue lipids and on protection against susceptibility to oxidative stress and renal dysfunction were investigated in Zucker lean (Fa/-) or obese (fa/fa) rats. The experimental diets were equilibrated for sugar supply, contained 0.25 g/100 g cholesterol and provided only one third of the vitamin E requirement. Obese Zucker rats were hypercholesterolemic with cholesterol accumulation in LDL and HDL fractions. The apple diet lowered plasma and LDL cholesterol (-22 and -70%, respectively, P < 0.01) in obese Zucker rats and, in parallel, reduced triglyceride accumulation in heart and liver. Zucker rats fed the apple diet also had a larger intestinal pool and greater fecal excretion of bile acids. The heart concentration and urinary excretion of malondialdehyde were reduced by apple consumption in obese Zucker rats, suggesting better protection against peroxidation. Glucosuria and proteinuria in obese Zucker rats were also suppressed by the apple diet. In conclusion, despite their moderate fiber content, apples improve substantially the lipid status and peroxidative parameters in obese Zucker rats, suggesting that other plant constituents such as polyphenols are involved in these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Aprikian
- Unité des Maladies Métaboliques et Micronutriments, INRA de Clermont-Ferrand/Theix and CRNH d'Auvergne, 63122 St-Genes-Champanelle, France
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32
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Ebihara K, Nakamoto Y. Effect of the particle size of corn bran on the plasma cholesterol concentration, fecal output and cecal fermentation in rats. Nutr Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(01)00380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Adam A, Levrat-Verny MA, Lopez HW, Leuillet M, Demigné C, Rémésy C. Whole wheat and triticale flours with differing viscosities stimulate cecal fermentations and lower plasma and hepatic lipids in rats. J Nutr 2001; 131:1770-6. [PMID: 11385066 DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.6.1770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole flours from oat, rye or barley effectively modify digestive fermentation and lipid metabolism, whereas the effectiveness of whole wheat flour has not been established. To address this question, cecal digestion, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) metabolism and cholesterol metabolism were investigated in four groups of rats fed the following semipurified diets differing in their carbohydrate source: a control diet (purified wheat starch) and three whole cereal flour diets [Valoris wheat (Wv), Soissons wheat (Ws), or Carnac triticale (Tc)]. Wv is particularly viscous and rich in arabinoxylans, and Tc is richer in hemicellulose than wheat. Compared with controls, rats fed the whole-flour diets had enlarged ceca and a moderate acidification of the bulk pH ( approximately 6.4). In these rats, the cecal SCFA pool size was enhanced (P < 0.05), and the SCFA molar ratio reflected propionic/butyric acid-rich fermentations, especially in those fed TC: The portal SCFA concentrations reflected the rise of the acetic and propionic acid pools in the cecum, whereas portal butyric acid remained relatively low, probably reflecting extensive metabolism by the cecal wall. The fecal excretion of total steroids (bile acids + sterols) was markedly enhanced by all of the whole-flour diets, with Wv (+78%) > Tc (+64%) > Ws (+47%). In parallel, there was a significant plasma cholesterol-lowering effect for rats fed Wv (-27%) and Tc (-32%) and a plasma triglyceride-lowering effect (approximately -40%) in all rats fed whole-flour diets (P < 0.05). This effect was observed mainly for triglyceride-rich lipoprotein-cholesterol, whereas HDL cholesterol was unaffected. These results indicate that whole wheat flours can strikingly affect cecal SCFA, especially butyrate, and are effective plasma cholesterol-lowering agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Adam
- Institut Technique des Céréales et des Fourrages (ITCF), Laboratoire Qualité des Céréales, 75013 Paris, France.
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