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Byrdwell WC, Kalscheur KF. An interactive R-based custom quantification program for semi-quantitative analysis of triacylglycerols in bovine milk. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:5527-5555. [PMID: 39289202 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The R programming language, RStudio, and open-source software solutions for analysis of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) data have been used with user-written R-based custom quantification programs (CQP) for semi-quantification of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in bovine milk lipid extracts. Using the peak-finding capabilities of the package "xcms" in RStudio, peaks were integrated, and retention times aligned, normalized, and then used for semi-quantitative analysis of a custom set of four extraction internal standards (EISs) and 29 TAG regioisomers using the choice of four analytical internal standards (AISs). Alternating stereospecific numbering (sn) 1,3 TAG regioisomers (standards 1, 3, and 5 of six calibration standards) and sn-1,2 TAG regioisomers (standards 2, 4, and 6 of six standards) were used to make a set of six calibration standards, which were used for quantification using a linear fit model, polynomial fit model, power fit model, level-bracketed linear fit, replicate-bracketed polynomial fit, replicate-bracketed power fit, and replicate- and level-bracketed linear fit and response factors. For example, the linear fit for EIS1 gave an unacceptable coefficient of determination (CoD), r2 = 0.9616, whereas the polynomial fit gave r2 = 0.9908 and the power fit gave r2 = 0.9928, while the double-bracketed linear fit gave CoDs of r2 = 0.9960, 0.9848, and 0.9781 for the three brackets, yet gave the least % difference to known calibration concentrations. For unparalleled transparency, the CQP produced webpages that allowed every step in the data processing and quantification sequence to be verified and reproduced, and contained interactive figures. The data are publicly available using a digital object identifier (DOI). The R code can be downloaded and used with the downloadable data to reproduce the results, to modify the code and further customize the results, or to copy and paste and adapt the code to other quantification applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wm Craig Byrdwell
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Lab, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Kenneth F Kalscheur
- U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Madison, WI, USA
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Mangraviti D, Cafarella C, Rigano F, Dugo P, Mondello L. Direct analysis in real time of high-quality extra virgin olive oils for the rapid and automatic identification of origin trademark. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:7643-7652. [PMID: 37421605 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following our previous research on the differentiation of Italian extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs) by rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry coupled to a tandem high resolution mass analyser, the present study deals with the evaluation of another direct mass spectrometry (direct-MS) approach for the rapid and automatic discrimination of EVOOs. In particular, direct analysis in real time (DART-MS) was explored as an ambient MS (AMS) source for the building of a top-quality Italian EVOOs database and fast identification of unknown samples. A single quadrupole detector (QDa) was coupled with DART, taking advantage of a cost-saving, user-friendly and less sophisticated instrumental setup. Particularly, quickstrip cards, located on a moving rail holder, were employed, allowing for the direct analysis of 12 EVOO spots in a total analysis time of 6 min. The aim was to develop a reliable statistical model by applying principal component and linear discriminant analyses to clusterize and classify EVOOs according to geographical origin and cultivar, as main factors determining their nutritional and sensory profiles. RESULTS Satisfactory results were achieved in terms of identification reliability of unknown EVOOs, as well as false positive risk, thus confirming that the use of AMS combined with chemometrics is a powerful tool against fraudulent activities, without the need for mass accuracy data, which would increase the analysis cost. CONCLUSION A DART ionization source with a compact and reliable QDa MS analyser allowed for rapid fingerprinting analysis. Furthermore, MS spectra provided quali-quantitative information successfully related to EVOO differentiation. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Mangraviti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Cinzia Cafarella
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Rigano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Human and Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
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3
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Byrdwell WC, Kotapati HK, Goldschmidt R. Fast chromatography of pulse triacylglycerols. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Craig Byrdwell
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Lab, Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville Maryland USA
| | - Hari Kiran Kotapati
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Lab, Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville Maryland USA
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
| | - Robert Goldschmidt
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Lab, Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville Maryland USA
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Profile of Molecular Species of Triacylglycerides from the Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Chem Nat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-022-03802-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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5
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Regio- and Stereospecific Analysis of Triacylglycerols—A Brief Overview of the Challenges and the Achievements. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The efforts to reveal, in detail, the molecular and intramolecular structures of one of the main lipid classes, namely, triacyl-sn-glycerols, which are now known to affect their specific and important role in all living organisms, are briefly overviewed. Some milestones of significance in the gradual but continuous development and improvement of the analytical methodology to identify the triacylglycerol regio- and stereoisomers in complex lipid samples are traced throughout the years: the use of chromatography based on different separation principles; the improvements in the chromatographic technique; the development and use of different detection techniques; the attempts to simplify and automatize the analysis without losing the accuracy of identification. The spectacular recent achievements of two- and multidimensional methods used as tools in lipidomics are presented.
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Byrdwell WC, Kotapati HK, Goldschmidt R, Jakubec P, Nováková L. Three-dimensional liquid chromatography with parallel second dimensions and quadruple parallel mass spectrometry for adult/infant formula analysis. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1661:462682. [PMID: 34863062 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Three dimensions of chromatographic separation, using split-flow two-dimensional liquid chromatography (SF-2D-LC) with two parallel second dimensions, LC × 2LC, combined with quadruple parallel mass spectrometry (LC3MS4) is demonstrated for analysis of NIST SRM 1849a adult/infant formula. The first dimension, 1D, was a conventional non-aqueous reversed-phase (NARP) HPLC separation using two C18 columns in series, followed by detection using an ultraviolet (UV) detector, a fluorescence detector (FLD), with flow then split to a corona charged aerosol detector (CAD), and then dual parallel mass spectrometry (MS), conducted in atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) modes. The first second dimension, 2D(1), UHPLC was conducted on a 50.0 mm C30 column using a NARP-UHPLC parallel gradient for separation of short-chain triacylglycerols (TAGs) from long-chain TAGs, with detection by UV and ESI-MS. The second dimension, 2D(2), UHPLC was conducted using a 100.0 mm C30 column with a NARP-UHPLC parallel gradient for improved separation of TAG isomers, with detection by UV, an evaporative light scattering detector, and high-resolution, accurate-mass (HRAM) ESI-MS. Transferred eluent dilution was used to refocus peaks and keep them sharp during elution in both 2Ds. The separation space in the 2D(2) was optimized using multi-cycle (aka, "constructive wraparound") elution, which employed flow rate programming. In the 1D, calibration lines for quantification of fat-soluble vitamins were constructed. A lipidomics approach to TAG identification and quantification by HRAM-ESI-MS was applied to the 2D(2). These experiments can be represented: LC1MS2 × (LC1MS1 + LC1MS1) = LC3MS4, or three-dimensional liquid chromatography with quadruple parallel mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Craig Byrdwell
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Lab, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Hari K Kotapati
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Lab, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Robert Goldschmidt
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Lab, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Pavel Jakubec
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dept. of Analytical Chemistry, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dept. of Analytical Chemistry, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Sikorskaya TV. Composition of Triacylglycerides and Monoalkyldiacylglycerides of the Hydrocoral Millepora platyphylla. Chem Nat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-021-03484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sikorskaya TV, Efimova KV, Imbs AB. Lipidomes of phylogenetically different symbiotic dinoflagellates of corals. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 181:112579. [PMID: 33166751 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The structural base of all membranes of symbiotic dinoflagellates (SD) is composed of glycolipids and betaine lipids, whereas triacylglycerols (TG) constitute an energy reserve and are involved in biosynthesis of glycolipids. Since data on the SD lipidome and the host's influence on symbionts' lipidome are scanty, we analyzed and compared the lipidomes of SD isolated from the zoantharian Palythoa tuberculosa and the alcyonarian Sinularia heterospiculata. A sequencing of nuclear gene regions showed that both cnidarians hosted the dinoflagellates Cladocopium sp. (subclades C1 and C3), but the zoantharian also contained the dinoflagellates Durusdinium trenchii (clade D). The presence of the thermotolerant D. trenchii resulted in a higher unsaturation of mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDG and DGDG), but a lower unsaturation of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG). The same features were earlier described for same SD from a reef-building coral. Hence, the profile of glycolipid molecules, which form SD thylakoid membranes, seems to be species-specific and does not depend on the host's taxonomic position. In contrast, the betaine lipid molecular species profile of diacylglyceryl-3-O-carboxyhydroxymethylcholine (DGCC), which forms SD cell membranes, can be influenced by the host. The profiles of the TG molecular species from freshly isolated SD have been determined for the first time. These molecular species can be divided on the basis of the acyl group in sn-2 position. The TG with 16:0 acyl group in sn-2 position may enrich total TG of a cnidarian colony and originate from SD cytoplasm. In contrast, TG 18:3/18:4/18:3 may be biosynthetically related with DGDG and concentrated in SD plastoglobules. Our data may be useful for further investigations of natural and technogenic variations in microalgal lipids and symbiont-host interactions in marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V Sikorskaya
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russian Federation.
| | - Kseniya V Efimova
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russian Federation; Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology of Aquatic Organisms, Far Eastern Federal University, 690091, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey B Imbs
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
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A Detailed Look at the Saturate Fractions of Different Crude Oils Using Direct Analysis by Ultrahigh Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHRMS). ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12183455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
SARA (Saturates, Aromatics, Resins, Asphaltenes) fractionation is a common simplification technique used for decades in petrochemical analysis. A large number of studies are dealing with the different fractions, but overall, the saturate fraction is strongly neglected. Of the very few available studies on the saturates fraction, almost all have been performed using gas chromatographic (GC) techniques. This discriminates the results of the saturate fraction especially since non-volatile, high molecular weight and polar constituents are mostly excluded. Here, for the first time, saturate fractions of different crude oils from different origins are analyzed using direct infusion ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (UHRMS), to study the compositions on a molecular level. Electrospray (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) are used in positive mode. The observed results show the presence of different heteroatom containing classes, with different chemical identities (i.e., presence of thiophenes, mercaptans and cyclic-sulfides in case of S-containing compounds). These results show the high affinity of some specific compounds towards different ionization techniques. Finally, the saturate fraction is shown to include much more than only volatile, saturated and aliphatic compounds. The detected compounds in this fraction present a very wide variety, not only in terms of their carbon atoms per molecule and their aromaticity, but also with regard to their functional groups and structural arrangements.
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11
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Sikorskaya TV, Imbs AB. Study of Total Lipidome of the Sinularia siaesensis Soft Coral. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162019010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Fast non-aqueous reversed-phase liquid chromatography separation of triacylglycerol regioisomers with isocratic mobile phase. Application to different oils and fats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1041-1042:151-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Fodran P, Das NJLC, Eisink NNHM, Welleman IM, Kloek W, Minnaard AJ. An efficient catalytic three‐step synthesis of enantiopure triacylglycerols. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Šala M, Lísa M, Campbell JL, Holčapek M. Determination of triacylglycerol regioisomers using differential mobility spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:256-264. [PMID: 27071217 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Triacylglycerols (TG) contain three fatty acyls attached to the glycerol backbone in stereochemically numbered positions sn-1, 2 and 3. Isobaric TG with exchanged fatty acyl chains in positions sn-1/3 vs. sn-2 are referred to as regioisomers and the determination of their regioisomeric ratios is important for nutrition purposes. METHODS Differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is applied for the separation of simple unsaturated TG regioisomers extracted from porcine adipose tissue using their silver-ion molecular adducts. RESULTS Four pairs of TG regioisomers containing combinations of unsaturated and saturated fatty acyl chains are successfully separated using DMS with 1-butanol or 1-propanol as the chemical modifier. Various experimental parameters are carefully optimized, such as the separation and compensation voltages applied to DMS electrodes, the type and flow rate of chemical modifier and the dwell time of analyte ions in the DMS cell. The optimized DMS approach is used for the characterization of TG regioisomers in less than one minute, compared to tens of minutes typical for silver-ion or reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry approaches. CONCLUSIONS The application of this method for the characterization of TG regioisomers in porcine adipose tissue shows the method suitability for analyses of other animal fats.
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Byrdwell WC. The Simulacrum System as a Construct for Mass Spectrometry of Triacylglycerols and Others. Lipids 2015; 51:211-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Craig Byrdwell
- ; Food Composition and Methods Development Lab; U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service; 10300 Baltimore Ave., Bldg. 161 Beltsville MD 20705 USA
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Byrdwell WC. Critical Ratios for structural analysis of triacylglycerols using mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/lite.201500054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Craig Byrdwell
- Food Composition and Methods Development Lab, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service; U.S. Dept. of Agriculture; Beltsville MD 20705
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Byrdwell WC. The Updated Bottom Up Solution Applied to Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-015-2735-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Byrdwell WC. The Updated Bottom Up Solution applied to mass spectrometry of soybean oil in a dietary supplement gelcap. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5143-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8590-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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NARP-HPLC/MS5 and silver cationization fingerprinting of triacylglycerols in wild and cultivar Tunisian peanut kernels. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Quadruple parallel mass spectrometry for analysis of vitamin D and triacylglycerols in a dietary supplement. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1320:48-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Linderborg KM, Kalpio M, Mäkelä J, Niinikoski H, Kallio HP, Lagström H. Tandem mass spectrometric analysis of human milk triacylglycerols from normal weight and overweight mothers on different diets. Food Chem 2013; 146:583-90. [PMID: 24176384 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The composition and structures of TAGs in the human milk from mothers with different food choices and prepregnancy body mass index were determined with two tandem mass spectrometric methods (negative APCI-MS/MS and positive UHPLC/ESI-MS/MS) at the infant's age of three months. The normal weight mothers with recommended food choices had more 18:3n-3 and less 18:0 in their milk than normal weight mothers with non-recommended food choices. A significant difference between the normal weight mothers on the non-recommended food choices and the other groups was seen in acyl carbon number: number of double bond (ACN:DB)-groups 54:6, 54:5, 54:3 and 54:2. In ACN:DB 52:7 and 52:6 the two recommended food choices-groups differed significantly from the two non-recommended food choices-groups. The regioisomerism of TAGs varied little despite differences in mother's weight and diet with sn-18:1-16:0-18:1 as the most prevalent regioisomer in the milk (13.8±2.7%). The results of this study highlight the importance of structure specific human milk substitutes and the careful selection of the MS/MS methods for analysis of mixtures of several isobaric TAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa M Linderborg
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
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Bhuiyan M, Tucker D, Watson K. Determination and differentiation of triacylglycerol molecular species in Antarctic and non-Antarctic yeasts by atmospheric pressure-chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 94:249-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Versatile lipid profiling by liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry using all ion fragmentation and polarity switching. Preliminary application for serum samples phenotyping related to canine mammary cancer. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 796:75-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Analysis of Triacylglycerols and Free Fatty Acids in Algae Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-012-2138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ratios of Regioisomers of Minor Acylglycerols Less Polar than Triricinolein in Castor Oil Estimated by Mass Spectrometry. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-012-2083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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On-line two dimensional liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for the analysis of triacylglycerides in peanut oil and mouse tissue. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 895-896:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Leveque NL, Acheampong A, Heron S, Tchapla A. Determination of triacylglycerol regioisomers using electrospray ionization-quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry with a kinetic method. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 722:80-6. [PMID: 22444537 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The kinetic method was applied to differentiate and quantify mixtures of regioisomeric triacylglycerols (TAGs) by generating and mass selecting alkali ion bound metal dimeric clusters with a TAG chosen as reference (ref) and examining their competitive dissociations in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. This methodology readily distinguished pairs of regioisomers (AAB/ABA) such as LLO/LOL, OOP/OPO and SSP/SPS and consequently distinguished sn-1/sn-3, sn-2 substituents on the glycerol backbone. The dimeric complex ions [ref, Li, TAG((AAB and/or ABA))](+) generated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry were subjected to collision induced dissociation causing competitive loss of either the neutral TAG reference (ref) leading to [Li(AAB and/or ABA)](+) or the neutral TAG molecule (TAG((AAB and/or ABA))) leading to [ref, Li](+). The ratio of the two competitive dissociation rates, defined by the product ion branching ratio (R(iso)), was related via the kinetic method to the regioisomeric composition of the investigated TAG mixture. In this work, a linear correlation was established between composition of the mixture of each TAG regioisomer and the logarithm of the branching ratio for competitive fragmentation. Depending on the availability of at least one TAG regioisomer as standard, the kinetic method and the standard additions method led to the quantitative analysis of natural TAG mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie L Leveque
- Université de Paris Sud, Groupe de Chimie Analytique Paris Sud, LETIAM (EA 4041), IUT d'Orsay, Plateau de Moulon, F 91400 Orsay, France.
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Farwanah H, Kolter T, Sandhoff K. Mass spectrometric analysis of neutral sphingolipids: Methods, applications, and limitations. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:854-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Byrdwell WC. “Dilute-and-shoot” triple parallel mass spectrometry method for analysis of vitamin D and triacylglycerols in dietary supplements. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:3317-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Oxidative stress and inflammation in renal patients and healthy subjects. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22360. [PMID: 21829457 PMCID: PMC3145638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The first goal of this study was to measure the oxidative stress (OS) and relate it to lipoprotein variables in 35 renal patients before dialysis (CKD), 37 on hemodialysis (HD) and 63 healthy subjects. The method for OS was based on the ratio of cholesteryl esters (CE) containing C18/C16 fatty acids (R2) measured by gas chromatography (GC) which is a simple, direct, rapid and reliable procedure. The second goal was to investigate and identify a triacylglycerol peak on GC, referred to as TG48 (48 represents the sum of the three fatty acids carbon chain lengths) which was markedly increased in renal patients compared to healthy controls. We measured TG48 in patients and controls. Mass spectrometry (MS) and MS twice in tandem were used to analyze the fatty acid composition of TG48. MS showed that TG48 was abundant in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) that were known for their pro-inflammatory property. TG48 was significantly and inversely correlated with OS. Renal patients were characterized by higher OS and inflammation than healthy subjects. Inflammation correlated strongly with TG, VLDL-cholesterol, apolipoprotein (apo) C-III and apoC-III bound to apoB-containing lipoproteins, but not with either total cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol. In conclusion, we have discovered a new inflammatory factor, TG48. It is characterized with TG rich in saturated fatty acids. Renal patients have increased TG48 than healthy controls.
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Murphy RC, Axelsen PH. Mass spectrometric analysis of long-chain lipids. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:579-99. [PMID: 21656842 PMCID: PMC3117083 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization generate abundant molecular ion species from all known lipids that have long chain fatty acyl groups esterified or amidated to many different polar headgroup features. Molecular ion species include both positive ions from proton addition [M+H](+) and negative ions from proton abstraction [M-H](-) as well as positive ions from alkali metal attachment and negative ions from acetate or chloride attachment. Collisional activation of both MALDI and ESI behave very similarly in that generated molecular species yield product ions that reveal many structural features of the fatty acyl lipids that can be detected in tandem mass spectrometric experiments. For many lipid species, collision induced dissociation of the positive [M+H](+) reveals information about the polar headgroup, while collision induced dissociation of the negative [M-H](-) provides information about the fatty acyl chain. The mechanisms of formation of many of these lipid product ions have been studied in detail and many established pathways are reviewed here. Specific examples of mass spectrometric behavior of several molecular species are presented, including fatty acids, triacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol, ceramide, and sphingomeylin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, MSC 8303, University of Colorado Denver, 12801 E. 17 Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Paul H. Axelsen
- Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Room 105 Johnson Pavilion, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6084
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Murphy RC, Leiker TJ, Barkley RM. Glycerolipid and cholesterol ester analyses in biological samples by mass spectrometry. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:776-83. [PMID: 21757029 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Neutral lipids are a diverse family of hydrophobic biomolecules that have important roles in cellular biochemistry of all living species but have in common the property of charge neutrality. A large component of neutral lipids is the glycerolipids composed of triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, and monoacylglycerols that can serve as cellular energy stores as well as signaling molecules. Another abundant lipid class in many cells is the cholesterol esters that are on one hand sterols and the other fatty acyl lipids, but in either case are neutral lipids involved in cholesterol homeostasis and transport in the blood. The analysis of these molecules in the context of lipidomics remains challenging because of their charge neutrality and the complex mixtures of molecular species present in cells. Various techniques have been used to ionize these neutral lipids prior to mass spectrometric analysis including electron ionization, atmospheric chemical ionization, electrospray ionization and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization. Various approaches to deal with the complex mixture of molecular species have been developed including shotgun lipidomics and chromatographic-based separations such as gas chromatography, reversed phase liquid chromatography, and normal phase liquid chromatography. Several applications of these approaches are discussed. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA.
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Horn PJ, Ledbetter NR, James CN, Hoffman WD, Case CR, Verbeck GF, Chapman KD. Visualization of lipid droplet composition by direct organelle mass spectrometry. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:3298-306. [PMID: 21118810 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.186353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An expanding appreciation for the varied functions of neutral lipids in cellular organisms relies on a more detailed understanding of the mechanisms of lipid production and packaging into cytosolic lipid droplets (LDs). Conventional lipid profiling procedures involve the analysis of tissue extracts and consequently lack cellular or subcellular resolution. Here, we report an approach that combines the visualization of individual LDs, microphase extraction of lipid components from droplets, and the direct identification of lipid composition by nanospray mass spectrometry, even to the level of a single LD. The triacylglycerol (TAG) composition of LDs from several plant sources (mature cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) embryos, roots of cotton seedlings, and Arabidopsis thaliana seeds and leaves) were examined by direct organelle mass spectrometry and revealed the heterogeneity of LDs derived from different plant tissue sources. The analysis of individual LDs makes possible organellar resolution of molecular compositions and will facilitate new studies of LD biogenesis and functions, especially in combination with analysis of morphological and metabolic mutants. Furthermore, direct organelle mass spectrometry could be applied to the molecular analysis of other subcellular compartments and macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Horn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
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Bou Khalil M, Hou W, Zhou H, Elisma F, Swayne LA, Blanchard AP, Yao Z, Bennett SAL, Figeys D. Lipidomics era: accomplishments and challenges. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:877-929. [PMID: 20931646 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipid mediators participate in signal transduction pathways, proliferation, apoptosis, and membrane trafficking in the cell. Lipids are highly complex and diverse owing to the various combinations of polar headgroups, fatty acyl chains, and backbone structures. This structural diversity continues to pose a challenge for lipid analysis. Here we review the current state of the art in lipidomics research and discuss the challenges facing this field. The latest technological developments in mass spectrometry, the role of bioinformatics, and the applications of lipidomics in lipid metabolism and cellular physiology and pathology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroun Bou Khalil
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5
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Holčapek M, Dvořáková H, Lísa M, Girón AJ, Sandra P, Cvačka J. Regioisomeric analysis of triacylglycerols using silver-ion liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry: comparison of five different mass analyzers. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:8186-94. [PMID: 21075380 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) is used for the regioisomeric analysis of triacylglycerols (TGs). Standard mixtures of TG regioisomers are prepared by the randomization reaction from 8 mono-acid TG standards (tripalmitin, tristearin, triarachidin, triolein, trielaidin, trilinolein, trilinolenin and tri-gamma-linolenin). In total, 32 different regioisomeric doublets and 11 triplets are synthesized, separated by silver-ion HPLC using three serial coupled chromatographic columns giving a total length of 75cm. The retention of TGs increases strongly with the double bond (DB) number and slightly for regioisomers having more DBs in sn-1/3 positions. DB positional isomers (linolenic vs. γ-linolenic acids) are also separated and their reverse retention order in two different mobile phases is demonstrated. APCI mass spectra of all separated regioisomers are measured on five different mass spectrometers: single quadrupole LC/MSD (Agilent Technologies), triple quadrupole API 3000 (AB SCIEX), ion trap Esquire 3000 (Bruker Daltonics), quadrupole time-of-flight micrOTOF-Q (Bruker Daltonics) and LTQ Orbitrap XL (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The effect of different types of mass analyzer on the ratio of [M+H-R(i)COOH](+) fragment ions in APCI mass spectra is lower compared to the effect of the number of DBs, their position on the acyl chain and the regiospecific distribution of acyl chains on the glycerol skeleton. Presented data on [M+H-R(i)COOH](+) ratios measured on five different mass analyzers can be used for the direct regioisomeric determination in natural and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Holčapek
- University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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Gerbig S, Takáts Z. Analysis of triglycerides in food items by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:2186-92. [PMID: 20583323 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The triglyceride composition and oxidation behavior of edible oil and margarine samples were analyzed by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS). For the characterization of the lipids, the chain length and the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids were determined. The measurements were carried out in positive ion mode; the triglycerides were detected as alkali metal or ammonium adducts. The DESI solvent was water/methanol 1:1 (v/v); measurements were carried out both with and without the addition, as an ionizing agent, of ammonium acetate that enhances the signal intensity of the ammonium adduct ions. The spectra were interpreted for both cases and intensities were compared. Triglyceride monomers and dimers were observed in the spectra. Tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) measurements were carried out to determine the structure of the triglycerides. It was demonstrated that the terminal fatty acids in the sn1- or sn3-position are more likely to be cleaved than the internal fatty acid (sn2-position). Characteristic triglyceride patterns were obtained using a simple and rapid sample preparation protocol comprising the simple deposition of samples onto a glass carrier surface. The triglyceride data was analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA). The different edible oils were clearly separated and the hydrogenated derivatives were identified by their triglyceride spectra. The oxidation of the oil samples was observed and the oxidation products were detected and identified. This method provides a fast and simple technique for the detection and analysis of triglycerides in oil- or fat-containing samples ranging from food items to tissue samples. The potential application areas include nutritional studies, the food industry and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Gerbig
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Schubertstrasse 60, Giessen, D-35392 Germany
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38
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Optimization and application of methods of triacylglycerol evaluation for characterization of olive oil adulteration by soybean oil with HPLC–APCI-MS–MS. Talanta 2010; 81:1116-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lévêque NL, Héron S, Tchapla A. Regioisomer characterization of triacylglycerols by non-aqueous reversed-phase liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using silver nitrate as a postcolumn reagent. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2010; 45:284-296. [PMID: 20049691 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols (TAGs) provide a challenge for mass spectrometry (MS) analysis because of their complexity. In particular, for dietary, nutritional and metabolic purposes, the positional placement of fatty acids on the glycerol backbone of TAGs is a crucial aspect. To solve this problem, we have investigated the TAGs' fragmentation patterns using an ion trap mass spectrometer. A series of pure regioisomeric pairs of TAGs (POP/PPO, POO/OPO and OSO/SOO) were cationized by Ag(+) after their separation by non-aqueous reversed-phase liquid chromatography (NARP-LC) before MS to improve MS sensitivity. Electrospray ionization-MS (ESI-MS) conditions were optimized in order to produce characteristic [M + Ag + AgNO(3)](+) ions from each TAG, which were then fragmented to produce MS/MS spectra and then fragmented further to produce up to MS(5) spectra. The observation of ions produced by LC-MS(5) of on-line Ag(+)-cationized TAG provided unambiguous information on the fatty acid distribution on the glycerol backbone. These strategies of MS to MS(5) experiments were applied to identify components and to determine the regiospecificity of TAG within a complex mixture of lipids in natural oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie L Lévêque
- Groupe de Chimie Analytique de Paris Sud EA 4041, LETIAM, IUT d'Orsay (Université Paris Sud), Plateau de Moulon, F 91400 Orsay, France.
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40
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Loutelier-Bourhis C, Zovi O, Lecamp L, Bunel C, Lange CM. Contribution of two approaches using electrospray ionization with multi-stage mass spectrometry for the characterization of linseed oil. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:3743-3752. [PMID: 19908212 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A detailed characterization of triacylglycerols (TAGs) present in linseed oil samples from a local producer was performed using electrospray ionization and two mass spectrometric approaches; direct infusion multi-stage mass spectrometry (MS(n)) experiments and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) using non-aqueous reversed-phase chromatographic conditions. The combination of both approaches permitted the identification of 26 TAGs. Comparison of the two analytical approaches showed that discrimination of regioisomers was achieved from MS3 data while other isobaric species were separated and identified by LC/MS/MS analysis. The results we obtained were also compared with those previously reported. The TAG composition of the studied linseed oil is qualitatively identical to that of linseed oils from various sources in Europe, Canada, Argentina or India. However, a few differences were observed with regard to the proportions of some TAGs; these can be explained by variations in the culture conditions, climate, and variety of the seeds.
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41
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Lin JT. Regiospecific Quantification of Triacylglycerols by Mass Spectrometry and Its Use in Olive Oil Analysis. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420077070.ch21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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42
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Lin JT, Arcinas A. Analysis of regiospecific triacylglycerols by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry(3) of lithiated adducts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:4909-4915. [PMID: 18553882 DOI: 10.1021/jf072837k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A method of regiospecific analysis of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in vegetable oils and animal fats is reported here using the electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (MS(3)) of TAG-lithiated adducts. The fragment ions of the MS(3) from the loss of fatty acids at the sn-2 position as alpha,beta-unsaturated fatty acids were used for regiospecific identification and quantification. The ratio of the regiospecific TAGs, ABA and AAB, in an oil sample usually fraction collected by high-performance liquid chromatography can be determined by the abundance of the fragment ions of [ABA + Li-ACOOH-B'CH=CHCOOH]+ and [AAB + Li-ACOOH-A'CH=CHCOOH]+. The method was used to analyze regiospecific TAGs in extra virgin olive oil. The results showed that the saturated fatty acids, palmitic and stearic acids, were mostly located at the sn-1,3 positions and unsaturated fatty acids, oleic and linoleic acids, were mostly located at the sn-2 position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiann-Tsyh Lin
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA.
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Murphy RC, Fitzgerald M, Barkley RM. Neutral Lipidomics and Mass Spectrometry. METABOLOMICS, METABONOMICS AND METABOLITE PROFILING 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/9781847558107-00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Murphy
- University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Department of Pharmacology Mail Stop 8303 12801 E. 17th Avenue P.O. Box 6511 Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Mark Fitzgerald
- University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Department of Pharmacology Mail Stop 8303 12801 E. 17th Avenue P.O. Box 6511 Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Robert M. Barkley
- University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Department of Pharmacology Mail Stop 8303 12801 E. 17th Avenue P.O. Box 6511 Aurora, CO 80045 USA
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Lin JT, Arcinas A. Regiospecific analysis of diricinoleoylacylglycerols in castor (Ricinus communis L.) oil by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:2209-16. [PMID: 17311402 DOI: 10.1021/jf063105f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
HPLC fractions of diricinoleoylacylglycerols containing one non-ricinoleoyl chain from castor oil were used to identify the regiospecific location of this non-ricinoleoyl chain on the glycerol backbone using electrospray ionization-MS3 of lithium adducts. The regiospecific ions used were from the loss of alpha,beta-unsaturated fatty acid specific at the sn-2 position. The content of 1,3-diricinoleoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerols (ROR) among the three stereospecific isomers, RRO, ROR and ORR, was about 91%. The contents of other 1,3-diricinoleoyl-2-acyl-glycerols among the three stereospecific isomers were as follows: 1,3-diricinoleoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycerol, 95%; 1,3-diricinoleoyl-2-linolenoyl-sn-glycerol, 96%; 1,3-diricinoleoyl-2-stearoyl-sn-glycerol, 96%; 1,3-diricinoleoyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycerol, 78%; and 1,3-diricinoleoyl-2-lesqueroloyl-sn-glycerol, 31%. These non-hydroxyl fatty acids were mostly at the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols in castor oil. These results suggest that phospholipase A2 hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) containing non-hydroxyl fatty acid at the sn-2 position is either blocked or partially blocked in vivo. Phospholipase A2 hydrolysis of 2-lesqueroloyl-PC is not blocked and is similar to that of 2-ricinoleoyl-PC. Transgenic inhibition of phospholipase C hydrolysis of PC might be used to block the incorporation of non-hydroxyl fatty acids into triacylglycerols, thus increasing the content of ricinoleate in seed oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiann-Tsyh Lin
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA.
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Malmberg P, Börner K, Chen Y, Friberg P, Hagenhoff B, Månsson JE, Nygren H. Localization of lipids in the aortic wall with imaging TOF-SIMS. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1771:185-95. [PMID: 17240191 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Revised: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary-ion-mass-spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) was utilized to address the issue of localization of lipids and inorganic ions in healthy rat aorta and human atherosclerotic plaque. Pieces of rat aorta were high pressure frozen, freeze-fractured and freeze dried. The samples were analyzed by imaging TOF-SIMS equipped with a Bi(1-7)(+)-source. Reference lipid samples were analyzed and compared to data obtained by analysis of the rat aorta samples. Fatty acids, cholesterol, oxysterol and diacylglycerols were detected and localized. A heterogeneous lipid distribution could be shown in the aorta, where the lamellae of the aorta, distinguished by imaging of CN(-), appeared enriched in cholesterol, oxysterol and diacylglycerols, while the smooth muscle tissue, identified by imaging of PO(3), appeared enriched in phosphocholine. Palmitic/palmitoleic acid and stearic/oleic acid appeared to be heterogeneously distributed over the aorta with high concentration areas located especially in the tunica media region of the aorta. Human atherosclerotic plaque showed an irregular cholesterol distribution mainly located in spots in the intima region with elongated diacylglycerol regions located mainly in the media region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Malmberg
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Göteborg University, P.O. Box 420, SE - 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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46
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Cai SS, Syage JA. Atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry for analysis of fatty acid and acylglycerol lipids. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1110:15-26. [PMID: 16472815 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Revised: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we optimize parameters and conditions for analysis of fatty acid ester and acylglycerol lipids by atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry (APPI-MS). The investigated parameters include atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) nebulizer/vaporizer physical orientation and APPI lamp face position, solvent selections, mobile phase compositions and flow rates, cone voltages and probe temperatures. APPI sensitivity is found to be highly dependent on mobile phase compositions. Normal phase solvents offer much higher sensitivity and better peak shape than reversed phase for nonpolar lipids. Hexane and isooctane are found to be two solvents generating highest S/N for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) methyl ester. The effects of mobile phase flow rates on sensitivity are found to be target analytes and target ions specific. However, the flow rate changes do not significantly affect the sensitivity of three out of four tested analytes under normal phase conditions over tested flow rates of 50-500muL/min. Cone voltage is found to be one of key parameters affecting sensitivity. Optimum probe temperature is found to be more dependent on mobile phase compositions than on the specific target analytes. Aqueous reversed-phase mobile phase requires higher probe temperature than normal phase for better sensitivity. More volatile mobile phase solvents require lower probe temperature for analyte desolvation. APPI offers four to five decades of linear ranges under normal phase condition. Full scan mass spectra of individual lipid standards, custom lipid mixtures and natural fish oil show that APPI spectra are clean and very easy to interpret. APPI also gives stable, reproducible peak responses with good peak shape. Limits of detection (LODs) by FIA (S/N=3) are estimated to be 12pg for EPA methyl ester and monoarachidin, 19pg for diarachidin and 7pg for trielaidin. LODs on-column are estimated to be 94pg for EPA methyl ester, 90pg for monoarachidin and diarachidin and 24pg for trielaidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Suan Cai
- Syagen Technology, Inc., 1411 Warner Ave., Tustin, CA 92780, USA
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Nagy K, Jakab A, Pollreisz F, Bongiorno D, Ceraulo L, Averna MR, Noto D, Vékey K. Analysis of sterols by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry combined with chemometrics. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:2433-40. [PMID: 16841361 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A newly developed high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) method has been successfully used to analyze plasma concentrations of various phytosterols (cholestanol and beta-sitosterol) and cholesterol metabolites (desmosterol and lathosterol). This was based on an unusual solvent combination of water/methanol vs. methanol/acetone/n-hexane applied on a Purospher Star RP-18e (125 x 2 mm, 3 microm) column, which proved excellent for the separation, identification and quantification of plasma sterols. Simple solid-phase extraction preparation of plasma samples was performed, followed by the developed fast and robust HPLC separation. Results on four groups of people were compared, those with low, normal and high plasma cholesterol levels and those with high cholesterol levels on statin therapy, and the results were evaluated using linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Variable selection for LDA was achieved using backward removal selection. Highly discriminatory variables were the ratios of desmosterol to sitosterol and of lathosterol to total plasma cholesterol. The latter ratio was also excellent for distinguishing subjects on statin therapy. The success rate of classification was 100%. The present pilot study shows the potential of HPLC/MS analysis and chemometrics for studying cholesterol-related disorders and warrants future full-scale medical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornél Nagy
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Structural Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Pusztaszeri ut 59-67, H-1025 Budapest, Hungary
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:128-39. [PMID: 16402416 DOI: 10.1002/jms.948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
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