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Shao J, Wang S, Liu L. Maternal omega-3 fatty acid supplementation against prenatal lead exposure induced cognitive impairment in offspring mice. J Toxicol Sci 2022; 47:183-192. [PMID: 35527006 DOI: 10.2131/jts.47.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Maternal lead exposure is associated with poor outcomes in fetal brain development such as cognitive dysfunction. Here, we aimed to reveal the effect and mechanism of omega-3 fatty acids in ameliorating maternal lead exposure-induced cognitive impairment in mouse offspring. The activity levels of locomotor and anxiety, memory and learning capacity, spatial working memory, and cognitive behavioral function were determined using the open field test, Morris water maze, Y-maze, and nest-building test, respectively. The protein levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or Western blot. The mRNA levels of BDNF, tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) and cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) were measured by real-time qPCR. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and anti-oxidants, including SOD, GSH and CAT, were measured using bioassay kits. We found that supplementing omega-3 significantly improved cognitive behavioral function in offspring after prenatal lead exposure. The protein and mRNA levels of BDNF, TrkB and CREB in the prenatal lead exposure group were significantly upregulated by omega-3 supplementation. The MDA level in the prenatal lead exposure group was markedly elevated compared with the control group, which was significantly reduced by omega-3. Omega-3 restored anti-oxidants SOD, GSH and CAT to control levels after prenatal lead exposure. Omega-3 significantly upregulated Nrf2 nuclear expression and HO-1 expression after prenatal lead exposure. Overall, omega-3 supplementation significantly elevated the BDNF/TrkB/CREB pathway and restores anti-oxidants by upregulating the Nrf2/HO-1, thereby improving cognitive function in offspring after prenatal lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shao
- Department of Obstetrics, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, China
| | - Shuli Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, China
| | - Lan Liu
- Department of Gynecology, First Hospital of Qiqihar, Affiliated Qiqihar Hospital,Southern Medical University, China
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2
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Serini S, Calviello G. New Insights on the Effects of Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Impaired Skin Healing in Diabetes and Chronic Venous Leg Ulcers. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102306. [PMID: 34681353 PMCID: PMC8535038 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-chain Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Omega-3 PUFAs) are widely recognized as powerful negative regulators of acute inflammation. However, the precise role exerted by these dietary compounds during the healing process is still largely unknown, and there is increasing interest in understanding their specific effects on the implicated cells/molecular factors. Particular attention is being focused also on their potential clinical application in chronic pathologies characterized by delayed and impaired healing, such as diabetes and vascular diseases in lower limbs. On these bases, we firstly summarized the current knowledge on wound healing (WH) in skin, both in normal conditions and in the setting of these two pathologies, with particular attention to the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved. Then, we critically reviewed the outcomes of recent research papers investigating the activity exerted by Omega-3 PUFAs and their bioactive metabolites in the regulation of WH in patients with diabetes or venous insufficiency and showing chronic recalcitrant ulcers. We especially focused on recent studies investigating the mechanisms through which these compounds may act. Considerations on the optimal dietary doses are also reported, and, finally, possible future perspectives in this area are suggested.
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3
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Chang JPC, Su KP. Nutritional Neuroscience as Mainstream of Psychiatry: The Evidence- Based Treatment Guidelines for Using Omega-3 Fatty Acids as a New Treatment for Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 18:469-483. [PMID: 33124582 PMCID: PMC7609218 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2020.18.4.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (or omega-3 PUFAs, n-3 PUFAs) are essential nutrients throughout the life span. Recent studies have shown the importance of n-3 PUFAs supplementation during prenatal and perinatal period as a potential protective factor of neurodevelopmental disorders. N-3 PUFAs have been reported to be lower in youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). N-3 PUFAs supplementation has shown potential effects in the improvement of clinical symptoms in youth with ADHD, ASD, and MDD, especially those with high inflammation or a low baseline n-3 index. Moreover, it has been suggested that n-3 PUFAs had positive effects on lethargy and hyperactivity symptoms in ASD. For clinical application, the following dosage and duration are recommended in youth according to available randomized controlled trials and systemic literature review: (1) ADHD: a combination of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ≥ 750 mg/d, and a higher dose of EPA (1,200 mg/d) for those with inflammation or allergic diseases for duration of 16−24 weeks; (2) MDD: a combination of a EPA + DHA of 1,000−2,000 mg/d, with EPA:DHA ratio of 2 to 1, for 12−16 weeks; (3) ASD: a combination of EPA + DHA of 1,300−1,500 mg/d for 16−24 weeks as add-on therapy to target lethargy and hyperactivity symptoms. The current review also suggested that n-3 index and inflammation may be potential treatment response markers for youth, especially in ADHD and MDD, receiving n-3 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Pei-Chen Chang
- Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab) and Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab) and Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
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4
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Chanda W, Joseph TP, Guo XF, Wang WD, Liu M, Vuai MS, Padhiar AA, Zhong MT. Effectiveness of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids against microbial pathogens. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2018; 19:253-262. [PMID: 29616501 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1700063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms provide both beneficial and harmful effects to human beings. Beneficial effects come from the symbiotic relationship that exists between humans and microbiota, but then several human illnesses have turned some friendly microbes into opportunistic pathogens, causing several microbial-related diseases. Various efforts have been made to create and utilize antimicrobial agents in the treatment and prevention of these infections, but such efforts have been hampered by the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Despite extensive studies on drug discovery to alleviate this problem, issues with the toxicity and tolerance of certain compounds and continuous microbial evolution have forced researchers to focus on screening various phytochemical dietary compounds for antimicrobial activity. Linolenic acid and its derivatives (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) are omega-3 fatty acids that have been studied due to their role in human health, being important for the brain, the eye, the cardiovascular system, and general human growth. However, their utilization as antimicrobial agents has not been widely appreciated, perhaps due to a lack of understanding of antimicrobial mechanisms, toxicity, and route of administration. Therefore, this review focuses on the efficacy, mechanism, and toxicity of omega-3 fatty acids as alternative therapeutic agents for treating and preventing diseases associated with pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Chanda
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Thomson P Joseph
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xue-Fang Guo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Wen-Dong Wang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Miza S Vuai
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Arshad A Padhiar
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Min-Tao Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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5
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Zuo W, Yan F, Zhang B, Li J, Mei D. Advances in the Studies of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves Extract on Aging-Related Diseases. Aging Dis 2017; 8:812-826. [PMID: 29344418 PMCID: PMC5758353 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of degenerative disorders in public health has promoted in-depth investigations of the underlying pathogenesis and the development of new treatment drugs. Ginkgo biloba leaves extract (EGb) is obtained from Ginkgo biloba leaves and has been used for thousands of years. In recent decades, both basic and clinical studies have established the effects of EGb. It is widely used in various degenerative diseases such as cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, macroangiopathy and more. Here, we reviewed several pharmacological mechanisms of EGb, including its antioxidant properties, prevention of mitochondrial dysfunctions, and effect on apoptosis. We also described some clinical applications of EGb, such as its effect on neuro and cardiovascular protection, and anticancer properties. The above biological functions of EGb are mainly focused on aging-related disorders, but its effect on other diseases remains unclear. Thus, through this review, we aim to encourage further studies on EGb and discover more potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zuo
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiantao Li
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Mei
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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6
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Fasano E, Serini S, Cittadini A, Calviello G. Long-chain n-3 PUFA against breast and prostate cancer: Which are the appropriate doses for intervention studies in animals and humans? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:2245-2262. [PMID: 25897862 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.850060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The potential antineoplastic effect of the long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) remains a highly controversial issue. Numerous animal studies have supported the anticancer role of these dietary fatty acids, whereas conflicting results have been obtained in population studies, and only a few intervention human trials have been so far performed. In view of the possibility that the anticancer effects may be maximally observed within a defined range of EPA and DHA doses, herein we critically review the results and doses used in both animal studies and human clinical trials focusing on the possible n-3 PUFA protective effects against breast and prostate cancer. Our main aim is to identify the EPA and/or DHA ranges of doses needed to obtain clear anticancer effects. This may be of great help in designing future animal studies, and also in understanding the most appropriate dose for further human intervention studies. Moreover, since the healthy effects of these fatty acids have been strictly related to their increased incorporation in plasma and tissue lipids, we also examine and discuss the incorporation changes following the administration of the effective anticancer EPA and/or DHA doses in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fasano
- a Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica S. Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Simona Serini
- a Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica S. Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Achille Cittadini
- a Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica S. Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Gabriella Calviello
- a Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica S. Cuore , Rome , Italy
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7
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Metherel AH, Domenichiello AF, Kitson AP, Lin YH, Bazinet RP. Serum n-3 Tetracosapentaenoic Acid and Tetracosahexaenoic Acid Increase Following Higher Dietary α-Linolenic Acid but not Docosahexaenoic Acid. Lipids 2016; 52:167-172. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam H. Metherel
- ; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; University of Toronto; 150 College St., Room 307, Fitzgerald Building Toronto ON M5S 3E2 Canada
| | - Anthony F. Domenichiello
- ; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; University of Toronto; 150 College St., Room 307, Fitzgerald Building Toronto ON M5S 3E2 Canada
| | - Alex P. Kitson
- ; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; University of Toronto; 150 College St., Room 307, Fitzgerald Building Toronto ON M5S 3E2 Canada
| | - Yu-Hong Lin
- ; Section of Nutritional Neurosciences, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD USA
| | - Richard P. Bazinet
- ; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; University of Toronto; 150 College St., Room 307, Fitzgerald Building Toronto ON M5S 3E2 Canada
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8
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Dietary Crude Lecithin Increases Systemic Availability of Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid with Combined Intake in Rats. Lipids 2016; 51:833-46. [PMID: 27038174 PMCID: PMC4903106 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Crude lecithin, a mixture of mainly phospholipids, potentially helps to increase the systemic availability of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Nevertheless, no clear data exist on the effects of prolonged combined dietary supplementation of DHA and lecithin on RBC and plasma PUFA levels. In the current experiments, levels of DHA and choline, two dietary ingredients that enhance neuronal membrane formation and function, were determined in plasma and red blood cells (RBC) from rats after dietary supplementation of DHA-containing oils with and without concomitant dietary supplementation of crude lecithin for 2–3 weeks. The aim was to provide experimental evidence for the hypothesized additive effects of dietary lecithin (not containing any DHA) on top of dietary DHA on PUFA levels in plasma and RBC. Dietary supplementation of DHA-containing oils, either as vegetable algae oil or as fish oil, increased DHA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and total n-3 PUFA, and decreased total omega-6 PUFA levels in plasma and RBC, while dietary lecithin supplementation alone did not affect these levels. However, combined dietary supplementation of DHA and lecithin increased the changes induced by DHA supplementation alone. Animals receiving a lecithin-containing diet also had a higher plasma free choline concentration as compared to controls. In conclusion, dietary DHA-containing oils and crude lecithin have synergistic effects on increasing plasma and RBC n-3 PUFA levels, including DHA and EPA. By increasing the systemic availability of dietary DHA, dietary lecithin may increase the efficacy of DHA supplementation when their intake is combined.
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9
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Cutuli D, Pagani M, Caporali P, Galbusera A, Laricchiuta D, Foti F, Neri C, Spalletta G, Caltagirone C, Petrosini L, Gozzi A. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Cognitive Functions and Neural Substrates: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study in Aged Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:38. [PMID: 26973513 PMCID: PMC4777728 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and experimental studies have revealed putative neuroprotective and pro-cognitive effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) in aging, evidencing positive correlations between peripheral n-3 PUFA levels and regional grey matter (GM) volume, as well as negative correlations between dietary n-3 PUFA levels and cognitive deficits. We recently showed that n-3 PUFA supplemented aged mice exhibit better hippocampal-dependent mnesic functions, along with enhanced cellular plasticity and reduced neurodegeneration, thus supporting a role of n-3 PUFA supplementation in preventing cognitive decline during aging. To corroborate these initial results and develop new evidence on the effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation on brain substrates at macro-scale level, here we expanded behavioral analyses to the emotional domain (anxiety and coping skills), and carried out a fine-grained regional GM volumetric mapping by using high-resolution MRI-based voxel-based morphometry. The behavioral effects of 8 week n-3 PUFA supplementation were measured on cognitive (discriminative, spatial and social) and emotional (anxiety and coping) abilities of aged (19 month-old at the onset of study) C57B6/J mice. n-3 PUFA supplemented mice showed better mnesic performances as well as increased active coping skills. Importantly, these effects were associated with enlarged regional hippocampal, retrosplenial and prefrontal GM volumes, and with increased post mortem n-3 PUFA brain levels. These findings indicate that increased dietary n-3 PUFA intake in normal aging can improve fronto-hippocampal GM structure and function, an effect present also when the supplementation starts at late age. Our data are consistent with a protective role of n-3 PUFA supplementation in counteracting cognitive decline, emotional dysfunctions and brain atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Cutuli
- Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy; University of Rome "Sapienza"Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Pagani
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaRovereto, Italy; Center for Mind and Brain Sciences, University of TrentoRovereto, Italy
| | - Paola Caporali
- Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy; University of Rome "Sapienza"Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Galbusera
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Rovereto, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Foti
- Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy; University of Rome "Sapienza"Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy; University of Rome "Tor Vergata"Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Petrosini
- Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy; University of Rome "Sapienza"Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gozzi
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Rovereto, Italy
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10
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Bernard M, Maixent JM, Gerbi A, Lan C, Cozzone PJ, Pieroni G, Armand M, Coste TC. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid-enriched glycerophospholipids exert cardioprotective effects in ouabain-treated rats via physiological and metabolic changes. Food Funct 2015; 7:798-804. [PMID: 26662260 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01300c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) might prevent heart failure or optimise drug treatments by improving cardiac contraction. We investigated whether DHA-enriched avian glycerophospholipids (GPL-DHA) exert cardioprotection in ouabain-treated rats after 4 weeks of dietary supplementation with 10, 35 or 60 mg DHA per kg body weight versus none (DHA10, DHA35, DHA60 and control groups, respectively). The contractile responsiveness to different doses of ouabain (10(-7) to 10(-4) M), ouabain intoxication (at 3 × 10(-4) M), and relative variations in cardiac energy metabolism were determined using (31)P NMR in isolated perfused rat hearts. The fatty acid composition of cardiac membranes was analysed by gas chromatography. DHA accretion in the heart was dose-dependent (+8%, +30% and +45% for DHA10, DHA35 and DHA60, respectively). The cardiac phosphocreatine content significantly increased at the baseline in DHA35 (+45%) and DHA60 groups (+85%), and at the different doses of ouabain in the DHA60 group (+73% to 98%). The maximum positive inotropy achieved at 10(-4) M ouabain was significantly increased in all DHA groups versus control (+150%, +122.5% and +135% for DHA10, DHA35 and DHA60, respectively), and ouabain intoxication was delayed. The increase in myocardial phosphocreatine content and the improved efficacy of ouabain on myocardial contraction without toxicity suggest the potential of GPL-DHA as a dietary supplement or ingredient for functional food, and possibly as a co-treatment with digitalis drugs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Bernard
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, F-13385 Marseille, France.
| | | | - Alain Gerbi
- RDVC Produits Santé, F-76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Carole Lan
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, F-13385 Marseille, France.
| | | | - Gérard Pieroni
- Application Santé des Lipides, ASL, Bioparc de Vichy, F-03270 Hauterive, France
| | - Martine Armand
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, F-13385 Marseille, France.
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Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: The Way Forward in Times of Mixed Evidence. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:143109. [PMID: 26301240 PMCID: PMC4537707 DOI: 10.1155/2015/143109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Almost forty years ago, it was first hypothesized that an increased dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from fish fat could exert protective effects against several pathologies. Decades of intense preclinical investigation have supported this hypothesis in a variety of model systems. Several clinical cardiovascular studies demonstrated the beneficial health effects of omega-3 PUFA, leading medical institutions worldwide to publish recommendations for their increased intake. However, particularly in recent years, contradictory results have been obtained in human studies focusing on cardiovascular disease and the clinical evidence in other diseases, particularly chronic inflammatory and neoplastic diseases, was never established to a degree that led to clear approval of treatment with omega-3 PUFA. Recent data not in line with the previous findings have sparked a debate on the health efficacy of omega-3 PUFA and the usefulness of increasing their intake for the prevention of a number of pathologies. In this review, we aim to examine the controversies on the possible use of these fatty acids as preventive/curative tools against the development of cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases, as well as several kinds of cancer.
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12
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Margaritelis NV, Veskoukis AS, Paschalis V, Vrabas IS, Dipla K, Zafeiridis A, Kyparos A, Nikolaidis MG. Blood reflects tissue oxidative stress: a systematic review. Biomarkers 2015; 20:97-108. [PMID: 25582635 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2014.1002807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers measured in blood reflect the tissue redox status. Data from studies that measured redox biomarkers in blood, heart, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle were analyzed. In seven out of nine investigated redox biomarkers (malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, vitamin C and E) there was generally good qualitative and quantitative agreement between the blood and tissues. In contrast, oxidized glutathione and the reduced to oxidized glutathione ratio showed poor agreement between the blood and tissues. This study suggests that most redox biomarkers measured in blood adequately reflect tissue redox status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos V Margaritelis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Serres , Greece
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13
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O'Connor-Robison CI, Spencer JD, Orth MW. The impact of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on bone and cartilage in gilts and sows. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:4607-15. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M. W. Orth
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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14
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Cutuli D, De Bartolo P, Caporali P, Laricchiuta D, Foti F, Ronci M, Rossi C, Neri C, Spalletta G, Caltagirone C, Farioli-Vecchioli S, Petrosini L. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation enhances hippocampal functionality in aged mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:220. [PMID: 25202271 PMCID: PMC4142709 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As major components of neuronal membranes, omega-3 polyunsaturated acids (n-3 PUFA) exhibit a wide range of regulatory functions, modulating from synaptic plasticity to neuroinflammation, from oxidative stress to neuroprotection. Recent human and animal studies indicated the n-3 PUFA neuroprotective properties in aging, with a clear negative correlation between n-3 PUFA levels and hippocampal deficits. The present multidimensional study was aimed at associating cognition, hippocampal neurogenesis, volume, neurodegeneration and metabolic correlates to verify n-3 PUFA neuroprotective effects in aging. To this aim 19 month-old mice were given n-3 PUFA mixture, or olive oil or no dietary supplement for 8 weeks during which hippocampal-dependent mnesic functions were tested. At the end of behavioral testing morphological and metabolic correlates were analyzed. n-3 PUFA supplemented aged mice exhibited better object recognition memory, spatial and localizatory memory, and aversive response retention, without modifications in anxiety levels in comparison to controls. These improved hippocampal cognitive functions occurred in the context of an enhanced cellular plasticity and a reduced neurodegeneration. In fact, n-3 PUFA supplementation increased hippocampal neurogenesis and dendritic arborization of newborn neurons, volume, neuronal density and microglial cell number, while it decreased apoptosis, astrocytosis and lipofuscin accumulation in the hippocampus. The increased levels of some metabolic correlates (blood Acetyl-L-Carnitine and brain n-3 PUFA concentrations) found in n-3 PUFA supplemented mice also pointed toward an effective neuroprotection. On the basis of the present results n-3 PUFA supplementation appears to be a useful tool in health promotion and cognitive decline prevention during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Cutuli
- Department of Psychology, University Sapienza of Rome Rome, Italy ; Lab of Experimental and Behavioral Neurophysiology, Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy
| | - Paola De Bartolo
- Department of Psychology, University Sapienza of Rome Rome, Italy ; Lab of Experimental and Behavioral Neurophysiology, Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Caporali
- Department of Psychology, University Sapienza of Rome Rome, Italy ; Lab of Experimental and Behavioral Neurophysiology, Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Laricchiuta
- Department of Psychology, University Sapienza of Rome Rome, Italy ; Lab of Experimental and Behavioral Neurophysiology, Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Foti
- Department of Psychology, University Sapienza of Rome Rome, Italy ; Lab of Experimental and Behavioral Neurophysiology, Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ronci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti, Pescara, Italy ; Division of Information Technology, Engineering and the Environment, Mawson Institute, University of South Australia Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia
| | - Claudia Rossi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti, Pescara, Italy
| | - Cristina Neri
- Lab of Proteomic and metabonomic, Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy ; Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University Tor Vergata of Rome Rome, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Lab of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy ; Department of Neuroscience, University Tor Vergata of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Farioli-Vecchioli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Petrosini
- Department of Psychology, University Sapienza of Rome Rome, Italy ; Lab of Experimental and Behavioral Neurophysiology, Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy
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15
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Martins MA, Moss MB, Mendes IKS, Águila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Brunini TMC, Mendes-Ribeiro AC. Role of dietary fish oil on nitric oxide synthase activity and oxidative status in mice red blood cells. Food Funct 2014; 5:3208-15. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00055b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from fish oil is associated with cardiovascular benefits, which may result from the participation of nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela A. Martins
- Department of Pharmacology and Psychobiology
- Biomedical Center
- Institute of Biology
- State University of Rio de Janeiro
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Monique B. Moss
- Discipline of Pharmacology
- Department of Physiology
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Iara K. S. Mendes
- Department of Pharmacology and Psychobiology
- Biomedical Center
- Institute of Biology
- State University of Rio de Janeiro
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcia B. Águila
- Laboratory of Morphometry
- Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease
- Biomedical Center
- Institute of Biology
- State University of Rio de Janeiro
| | | | - Tatiana M. C. Brunini
- Department of Pharmacology and Psychobiology
- Biomedical Center
- Institute of Biology
- State University of Rio de Janeiro
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antônio Cláudio Mendes-Ribeiro
- Department of Pharmacology and Psychobiology
- Biomedical Center
- Institute of Biology
- State University of Rio de Janeiro
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Su KP, Wang SM, Pae CU. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for major depressive disorder. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:1519-34. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.836487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Hirako S, Kim HJ, Iizuka Y, Nakasatomi M, Matsumoto A. Fish oil prevents excessive hepatic lipid accumulation without inducing oxidative stress. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:365-71. [PMID: 23478025 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of fish oil (FO) on high-cholesterol diet-induced hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress. Female C57BL/6J mice were fed diets consisting of safflower oil (SO), 1 en% FO (1FO), 2 en% FO (2FO), or 20 en% FO (20FO) with or without 2 weight% (wt%) cholesterol (SO/CH, 1FO/CH, 2FO/CH, and 20FO/CH groups, respectively) for 8 weeks. The hepatic triacylglyceride levels were significantly lower in the 2FO/CH and 20FO/CH groups than in the SO/CH group. The hepatic mRNAs of fatty acid oxidation-related genes were upregulated and the fatty acid synthesis-related genes were downregulated by the FO feeding. Adverse effects were not observed in the plasma levels of indicators of oxidative stress in response to the consumption of FO up to 20 en%. These results suggest that FO consumption in the range of 2-20 en% prevents hepatic lipid accumulation, thus improving lipid metabolism without causing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hirako
- Department of Clinical Dietetics & Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Japan
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18
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The janus face of lipids in human breast cancer: how polyunsaturated Fatty acids affect tumor cell hallmarks. Int J Breast Cancer 2012; 2012:712536. [PMID: 22811918 PMCID: PMC3395128 DOI: 10.1155/2012/712536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For several years, lipids and especially n - 3 and n - 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) receive much attention in human health. Epidemiological studies tend to correlate a PUFA-rich diet with a reduced incidence of cancer, including breast cancer. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms supporting the effect of PUFAs in breast cancer cells remain relatively unknown. Here, we review some recent progress in understanding the impact that PUFA may have on breast cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. While most of the results obtained with docosahexaenoic acid and/or eicosapentaenoic acid show a decrease of tumor cell proliferation and/or aggressivity, there is some evidence that other lipids, which accumulate in breast cancer tissues, such as arachidonic acid may have opposite effects. Finally, lipids and especially PUFAs appear as potential adjuvants to conventional cancer therapy.
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Hajjaji N, Besson P, Bougnoux P. Tumor and non-tumor tissues differential oxidative stress response to supplemental DHA and chemotherapy in rats. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2012; 70:17-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-012-1884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Tuzun F, Kumral A, Ozbal S, Dilek M, Tugyan K, Duman N, Ozkan H. Maternal prenatal omega-3 fatty acid supplementation attenuates hyperoxia-induced apoptosis in the developing rat brain. Int J Dev Neurosci 2012; 30:315-23. [PMID: 22342579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Supraphysiologic amounts of oxygen negatively influences brain maturation and development. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether maternal ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 FA) supplementation during pregnancy protects the developing brain against hyperoxic injury. Thirty-six rat pups from six different dams were divided into six groups according to the diet modifications and hyperoxia exposure. The groups were: a control group (standard diet+room air), a hyperoxia group (standard diet+80% O₂ exposure), a hyperoxia+high-dose ω-3 FA-supplemented group, a hyperoxia+low-dose ω-3 FA-supplemented group, a room air+low-dose ω-3 FA-supplemented+group, and a room air+high dose ω-3 FA-supplemented group. The ω-3 FA's were supplemented as a mixture of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) from the second day of pregnancy until birth. Rat pups in the hyperoxic groups were exposed to 80% oxygen from birth until postnatal day 5 (P5). At P5, all animals were sacrificed. Neuronal cell death and apoptosis were evaluated by cell count, TUNEL, and active Caspase-3 immunohistochemistry. Histopathological examination showed that maternally ω-3 FA deficient diet and postnatal hyperoxia exposure were associated with significantly lower neuronal counts and significantly higher apoptotic cell death in the selected brain regions. Ω-3 FA treatment significantly diminished apoptosis, in the selected brain regions, in a dose dependent manner. Our results suggest that the maternal ω-3 FA supply may protect the developing brain against hyperoxic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funda Tuzun
- Department of Neonatology, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
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21
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Mil-Homens D, Bernardes N, Fialho AM. The antibacterial properties of docosahexaenoic omega-3 fatty acid against the cystic fibrosis multiresistant pathogen Burkholderia cenocepacia. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 328:61-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 11/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Mil-Homens
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Center for Biological and Chemical Engineering; Instituto Superior Técnico; Lisbon; Portugal
| | - Nuno Bernardes
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Center for Biological and Chemical Engineering; Instituto Superior Técnico; Lisbon; Portugal
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Tou JC, Altman SN, Gigliotti JC, Benedito VA, Cordonier EL. Different sources of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids affects apparent digestibility, tissue deposition, and tissue oxidative stability in growing female rats. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:179. [PMID: 21999902 PMCID: PMC3216256 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous health benefits associated with increased omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) consumption has lead to an increasing variety of available n-3 PUFA sources. However, sources differ in the type, amount, and structural form of the n-3 PUFAs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of different sources of ω-3 PUFAs on digestibility, tissue deposition, eicosanoid metabolism, and oxidative stability. Methods Female Sprague-Dawley rats (age 28 d) were randomly assigned (n = 10/group) to be fed a high fat 12% (wt) diet consisting of either corn oil (CO) or n-3 PUFA rich flaxseed (FO), krill (KO), menhaden (MO), salmon (SO) or tuna (TO) oil for 8 weeks. Rats were individually housed in metabolic cages to determine fatty acid digestibility. Diet and tissue fatty acid composition was analyzed by gas chromatography and lipid classes using thin layer chromatography. Eicosanoid metabolism was determined by measuring urinary metabolites of 2-series prostaglandins (PGs) and thromoboxanes (TXBs) using enzyme immunoassays. Oxidative stability was assessed by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) using colorimetric assays. Gene expression of antioxidant defense enzymes was determined by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results Rats fed KO had significantly lower DHA digestibility and brain DHA incorporation than SO and TO-fed rats. Of the n-3 PUFA sources, rats fed SO and TO had the highest n-3 PUFAs digestibility and in turn, tissue accretion. Higher tissue n-3 LC-PUFAs had no significant effect on 2-series PG and TXB metabolites. Despite higher tissue n-3 LC-PUFA deposition, there was no increase in oxidation susceptibility indicated by no significant increase in TBARS or decrease in TAC and gene expression of antioxidant defense enzymes, in SO or TO-fed rats. Conclusions On the basis that the optimal n-3 PUFA sources should provide high digestibility and efficient tissue incorporation with the least tissue lipid peroxidation, TO and SO appeared to be the most beneficial of the n-3 PUFAs sources evaluated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet C Tou
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 6108, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Tuzun F, Kumral A, Dilek M, Ozbal S, Ergur B, Yesilirmak DC, Duman N, Yılmaz O, Ozkan H. Maternal omega-3 fatty acid supplementation protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced white matter injury in the neonatal rat brain. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011; 25:849-54. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2011.587917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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24
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Popović T, Borozan S, Arsić A, Martačić JD, Vučić V, Trbović A, Mandić L, Glibetić M. Fish oil supplementation improved liver phospholipids fatty acid composition and parameters of oxidative stress in male wistar rats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 96:1020-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Mariee AD, Abd-Ellah MF. Protective effect of docosahexaenoic acid against cyclosporine A-induced nephrotoxicity in rats: a possible mechanism of action. Ren Fail 2011; 33:66-71. [PMID: 21219208 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2010.541584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this experimental study was to investigate whether, and how then, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) could alleviate the cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced nephrotoxicity. Three main groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were treated orally with CsA (25 mg/kg), DHA (100 mg/kg), and CsA along with DHA. A corresponding control group was also used. DHA administration significantly reduced CsA-induced nephrotoxicity and associated hyperlipidemia and proteinuria as assessed by estimating serum triacylglycerol, serum total cholesterol, serum total protein, serum urea, and creatinine clearance. Furthermore, urinary excretions of protein and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase were significantly inhibited following DHA administration. DHA supplementation slightly attenuated the oxidative damage in kidney tissues as evaluated by the levels of thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances and protein carbonyl content in the kidney homogenate, although there were no significant differences between CsA-intoxicated and DHA-treated animals. Moreover, DHA treatment significantly restored total nitric oxide (NO) levels in both renal tissues and urine. This study demonstrates the ability of DHA to ameliorate CsA-induced renal dysfunction, which might be beneficial to enhance the therapeutic index of CsA. The data suggest that the protective potential of DHA in the prevention of CsA nephrotoxicity in rats was mainly associated with the increase of total NO bioavailability in renal tissues. Nevertheless, the exact independent mechanism in which DHA exerts its beneficial effect is yet to be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Darwish Mariee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
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26
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Manda K, Kriesen S, Hildebrandt G, Fietkau R, Klautke G. Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in Cancer Therapy. Strahlenther Onkol 2011; 187:127-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00066-010-2166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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27
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Sengupta A, Ghosh M. Integrity of erythrocytes of hypercholesterolemic and normocholesterolemic rats during ingestion of different structured lipids. Eur J Nutr 2010; 50:411-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-010-0150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Leonardi F, Attorri L, Di Benedetto R, Di Biase A, Sanchez M, Nardini M, Salvati S. Effect of arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on the oxidative status of C6 glioma cells. Free Radic Res 2009; 39:865-74. [PMID: 16036367 DOI: 10.1080/10715760500145069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been described to have beneficial effects on brain development and in the prevention and treatment of brain damage. C6 glioma cells were incubated with 100 microM of either C20:4n-6 (ARA), or C20:5n-3 (EPA), or C22:6n-3 (DHA) for different time periods to assess whether these acids altered the cellular oxidative state. The ARA and EPA were promptly metabolised to C22:4n-6 and C22:5n-3, respectively, whereas DHA treatment simply increased the amount of DHA in the cells. Cell viability was not affected by ARA, while a cytotoxic effect was observed 72 h after n-3 PUFAs supplementation. The levels of reactive oxygen species and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were significantly higher in DHA-treated cells than in EPA- and ARA-treated groups. This modification in the oxidative cellular status was also highlighted by a significant increase in catalase activity and a decrease in glutathione content in DHA-supplemented cells. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, an enzyme involved in redox regulation, and O2*- release were significantly increased both in EPA and DHA groups. The effect of DHA was more severe than that of EPA. No significant changes were observed in the ARA group with respect to untreated cells. These data show that EPA and DHA induce alterations in the oxidative status that could affect the glial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Leonardi
- Food Science, Nutrition and Health Department, Intituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Delibas N, Altuntas I, Sutcu R, Yonden Z, Koylu H. EFFECTS OF DIETARY LONG CHAIN PUFAs ON HIPPOCAMPAL LIPID PEROXIDATION AND NMDA RECEPTOR SUBUNITS A AND B CONCENTRATION IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-DIABETIC RATS. Int J Neurosci 2009; 114:1353-64. [PMID: 15370192 DOI: 10.1080/00207450490476147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetes and dietary long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) on hippocampal N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit expression and lipid peroxidation. MDA level was significantly increased after 8 weeks of STZ-diabetes. LC-PUFAs administration significantly reduced MDA levels in diabetic rats. NR2A and NR2B protein concentrations were significantly decreased by about 30% in diabetic rats. Dietary LC-PUFAs partially restored NR2A and NR2B in diabetic rats whereas the most significant increase was seen in nondiabetic rats. Consequently, dietary LC-PUFAs can partially restore hippocampal NMDA receptors and decrease lipid peroxidation in diabetes. LC-PUFAs are thus a possible prophylactic means for preventing the cognitive deficiencies of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namik Delibas
- Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Isparta, Turkey.
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Leonardi F, Attorri L, Benedetto RD, Biase AD, Sanchez M, Tregno FP, Nardini M, Salvati S. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation induces dose and time dependent oxidative changes in C6 glioma cells. Free Radic Res 2009; 41:748-56. [PMID: 17577735 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701324067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In view of the promising use of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the prevention and treatment of neurological diseases, it is necessary to ascertain the lack of detrimental oxidative effects. We evaluated short- and long-term effects of 25, 50 and 75 muM docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation on the oxidative status of C6 glial cells. DHA was incorporated into cells dose and time dependently without any cytotoxic effect. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was related to DHA dose and supplementation time. At the lowest dose no significant increase in ROS values was observed at hour 24. Low doses of DHA strengthened the cellular antioxidant defence system as highlighted by a raise in both GPX and catalase activity, and the decreased levels of lipid peroxidation. This effect was pronounced at 24 h of supplementation, almost disappeared at hour 48, while after 72 h an opposite effect was observed: lipid peroxidation increased concomitantly with DHA doses. Therefore, the final effect of DHA on cellular redox status is dependent on dose and time supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Leonardi
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.Ie Regina Elena, Roma, Italy
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Barceló-Coblijn G, Murphy EJ, Othman R, Moghadasian MH, Kashour T, Friel JK. Flaxseed oil and fish-oil capsule consumption alters human red blood cell n-3 fatty acid composition: a multiple-dosing trial comparing 2 sources of n-3 fatty acid. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88:801-9. [PMID: 18779299 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/88.3.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increase in plasma n-3 fatty acid content, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3; EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; DHA), is observed after consumption of fish oil-enriched supplements. Because alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3; ALA) is the direct precursor of EPA and DHA, ALA-enriched supplements such as flax may have a similar effect, although this hypothesis has been challenged because of reported low conversion of ALA into DHA. OBJECTIVE To address this question, we designed a clinical trial in which flax oil, fish-oil, and sunflower oil (placebo group) capsules were given to firefighters (n = 62), a group traditionally exposed to cardiovascular disease risk factors. DESIGN Firefighters were randomly divided into 6 experimental groups receiving 1.2, 2.4, or 3.6 g flax oil/d; 0.6 or 1.2 g fish oil/d; or 1 g sunflower oil/d for 12 wk. Blood was drawn every 2 wk, and the total phospholipid fatty acid composition of red blood cells was determined. RESULTS As expected, fish oil produced a rapid increase in erythrocyte DHA and total n-3 fatty acids. The consumption of either 2.4 or 3.6 g flax oil/d (in capsules) was sufficient to significantly increase erythrocyte total phospholipid ALA, EPA, and docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3) fatty acid content. There were no differences among groups in plasma inflammatory markers or lipid profile. CONCLUSIONS The consumption of ALA-enriched supplements for 12 wk was sufficient to elevate erythrocyte EPA and docosapentaenoic acid content, which shows the effectiveness of ALA conversion and accretion into erythrocytes. The amounts of ALA required to obtain these effects are amounts that are easily achieved in the general population by dietary modification.
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Magnusardottir AR, Skuladottir GV. Effects of storage time and added antioxidant on fatty acid composition of red blood cells at -20 degrees C. Lipids 2006; 41:401-4. [PMID: 16808155 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-5112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The stability of PUFA in venous red blood cells (RBC) of women aged 25 to 55 years (n = 12) was investigated during storage at -20 degrees C. The RBC sample from each participant was divided into seven portions: one baseline with the antioxidant BHT, another without BHT, samples without BHT stored for 2, 4, 9, or 17 wk, and samples with BHT stored for 17 wk. No difference was found in proportions of PUFA at baseline and after storage for 2 and 4 wk without BHT, and 17 wk with BHT. After 9 wk without BHT the proportion of 22:6n-3 in RBC was lower, and after 17 wk without BHT proportions of all PUFA were lower than at baseline. High proportion of 22:6n-3 in RBC at baseline was associated with more stable concentration of total FA in RBC without BHT during 17 wk. The findings indicate that PUFA in RBC from healthy women are stable at -20 degrees C for 4 wk without BHT and for at least 17 wk with BHT.
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Lina BAR, Wolterbeek APM, Suwa Y, Fujikawa S, Ishikura Y, Tsuda S, Dohnalek M. Subchronic (13-week) oral toxicity study, preceded by an in utero exposure phase, with arachidonate-enriched triglyceride oil (SUNTGA40S) in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:326-35. [PMID: 16168548 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Revised: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are natural constituents found in human milk, fish oil or egg yolk. Until recently, infant formulas, though providing the essential fatty acid precursors for these PUFAs, did not contain preformed ARA or DHA. In this study the safety of SUNTGA40S as source of ARA, not only for use in infant formulas but also for nutritional products or food supplements, was evaluated in a subchronic study in Wistar rats, preceded by a 4-week pretreatment period of parental (F(0)) rats and exposure of the F(0) dams throughout mating, gestation and lactation. SUNTGA40S was administered at dietary levels of 0.5%, 1.5% and 5% (wt/wt) adjusted with corn oil to 5.76% added fat. An additional group received 3.65% (wt/wt) SUNTGA40S in conjunction with 2.11% (wt/wt) high DHA Tuna oil, providing an ARA:DHA ratio of 2.7:1. High-fat and low-fat controls received basal diet with or without 5.76% corn-oil supplement. The content, stability and homogeneous distribution of the test substances in the diet were confirmed under study conditions. The administration of SUNTGA40S, with or without DHA oil, did not affect health, growth, fertility or reproductive performance of the parental rats, nor pup characteristics (condition, weight gain, viability, number per litter or sex ratio). In the subchronic study with the offspring (F(1)) rats, no significant differences were found in condition, neurobehavioural observations, ophthalmoscopy, growth, urinalysis or macroscopic and microscopic findings between the test groups and the low-fat or the high-fat controls. In males of the 5% SUNTGA40S and the SUNTGA40S/DHA group, red blood cell counts, haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume were lower and reticulocytes were slightly higher than in the high-fat and low-fat control groups. Cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids in plasma were lower than in the high-fat controls in both sexes in the 5% SUNTGA40S and the SUNTGA40S/DHA group and (for triglycerides only) in the 1.5% SUNTGA group. Due to the administration of extra dietary fat, food intake and prothrombin time (males only) were lower and alkaline phosphatase activity was higher in all the high-fat groups, including the corn-oil controls, as compared to the low-fat controls. The weight of the spleen was higher in males of the 5% SUNTGA40S and the SUNTGA40S/DHA group compared to both the low-fat and the high-fat controls. The effects noted in this study at high dose levels of SUNTGA40S are consistent with previously reported physiological responses to dietary intake of high PUFA containing oils. The present results provide evidence that SUNTGA40S is a safe source of arachidonic acid. Except during lactation when the intake in dams doubled, 5% Suntga40S in the diet was equivalent to an overall intake of approximately 3g/kg body weight/day in F(0) and F(1) animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A R Lina
- TNO Quality of Life, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Zeist, The Netherlands.
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Kilian M, Heukamp I, Gregor JI, Bretthauer C, Walz MK, Jacobi CA, Lochs H, Schimke I, Guski H, Wenger FA. n-3, n-6, and n-9 polyunsaturated fatty acids--which composition in parenteral nutrition decreases severity of acute hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis in rats? Int J Colorectal Dis 2006; 21:57-63. [PMID: 15864609 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-004-0724-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2004] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Acute pancreatitis often requires parenteral nutrition. Thus, we analyzed, using a randomized trial, whether different fatty acids in parenteral nutrition influence lipidperoxidation and histopathology in acute pancreatitis in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into five groups (gr.) (n=15). Gr. 1 underwent a laparotomy followed by saline infusion, gr. 2-5 received intraductal glycodeoxycholic acid (GDOC) followed by intravenous cerulein. Six hours after induction of pancreatitis (IOP), gr. 2 received saline infusion, while gr. 3 was infused with standard lipovenous (rich in [n-6] polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)), gr. 4 received ClinOleic (rich in [n-9] PUFA), while gr. 5 was infused with Omegaven (rich in [n-3] PUFA) for 18 h. After 24 h, all animals were sacrificed and the pancreas was determined histopathologically according to the severity of pancreatitis. Furthermore, pancreatic lipidperoxidation (TBARS) and activity of lipid production protective enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and gluthationperoxidase (GSHPx) were analyzed. RESULTS Omegaven infusion reduced the severity of histopathologic changes in acute pancreatitis and decreased lipidperoxidation (TBARS) in pancreatic tissue samples. Furthermore, pancreatic activity of SOD was increased. However, standard PUFA and ClinOleic infusion did not influence the severity of pancreatitis and lipidperoxidation. CONCLUSION Parenteral nutrition high in n-3 PUFA seems to be superior to compositions of n-6 or n-9 PUFA in the treatment of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis in rats.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/pharmacology
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6/pharmacology
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/pharmacology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Infusions, Intravenous
- Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects
- Male
- Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing/drug therapy
- Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing/mortality
- Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing/pathology
- Parenteral Nutrition, Total
- Random Allocation
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reference Values
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Survival Rate
- Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kilian
- Clinic of General, Visceral, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Charité Campus Mitte, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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35
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Owen AJ, Peter-Przyborowska BA, Hoy AJ, McLennan PL. Dietary fish oil dose- and time-response effects on cardiac phospholipid fatty acid composition. Lipids 2005; 39:955-61. [PMID: 15691017 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-004-1317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fish consumption is associated with reduced cardiovascular mortality, and elevated myocardial long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) content is implicated in this cardioprotection. This study examined the dose and time responses for incorporation of n-3 PUFA into cellular membranes in rats fed fish oil (FO)-containing diets. For the time course study, rats were fed a 10% FO diet for periods ranging from 0 to 42 d, after which myocardial and erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition was determined. For the dose response study, rats (n = 3) were fed 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, or 10% FO for 4 wk, with myocardial, erythrocyte, and skeletal muscle membrane FA determined. Myocardial DHA (22:6n-3) levels doubled in 2 d, stabilizing at levels approximately 200% higher than control after 28 d feeding with 10% FO. By comparison, DHA levels doubled after 4 wk of 1.25% FO feeding. In myocardium and skeletal muscle, EPA (20:5n-3) levels remained low, but in erythrocytes EPA levels reached 50% of DHA levels. The n-3 PUFA were incorporated at the expense of n-6 PUFA in myocardium and skeletal muscle, whereas erythrocytes maintained arachidonic acid levels, and total n-3 PUFA incorporation was lower. This study shows that low doses of FO produce marked changes in myocardial DHA levels; maximal incorporation takes up to 28 d to occur; and while erythrocytes are a good indicator of tissue n-3 incorporation in stable diets, they vary greatly in their time course and pattern of incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice J Owen
- Smart Foods Center, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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36
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Glen I, Glen A. Free radicals don't freeze: why red cell membrane phospholipids stored at low temperatures from schizophrenic patients show increased peroxidation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2004; 71:217-9. [PMID: 15301791 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2004.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iain Glen
- Ness Foundation, UHI Millennium Institute, Dochfour Business Park, Inverness IV3 8 GY, UK
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37
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Calviello G, Di Nicuolo F, Gragnoli S, Piccioni E, Serini S, Maggiano N, Tringali G, Navarra P, Ranelletti FO, Palozza P. n-3 PUFAs reduce VEGF expression in human colon cancer cells modulating the COX-2/PGE2 induced ERK-1 and -2 and HIF-1alpha induction pathway. Carcinogenesis 2004; 25:2303-10. [PMID: 15358633 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgh265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) inhibit the development of microvessels in mammary tumors growing in mice. Human colorectal tumors produce vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) whose expression is up-regulated in tumor cells by both cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and PGE(2) and directly correlated to neoangiogenesis and clinical outcome. The goal of this study was to examine the capability of n-3 PUFAs to regulate VEGF expression in HT-29 human colorectal cells in vitro and in vivo. Constitutive VEGF expression was augmented in cultured HT-29 cells by serum starvation and the effects of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on VEGF, COX-2, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1 and -2 and hypoxia-inducible-factor 1-alpha (HIF-1alpha) expression and PGE(2) levels were assessed. Tumor growth, VEGF, COX and PGE(2) analysis were carried out in tumors derived from HT-29 cells transplanted in nude mice fed with either EPA or DHA. Both EPA and DHA reduced VEGF and COX-2 expression and PGE(2) levels in HT-29 cells cultured in vitro. Moreover, they inhibited ERK-1 and -2 phosphorylation and HIF-1alpha protein over-expression, critical steps in the PGE(2)-induced signaling pathway leading to the augmented expression of VEGF in colon cancer cells. EPA always showed higher efficacy than DHA in vitro. Both fatty acids decreased the growth of the tumors obtained by inoculating HT-29 cells in nude mice, microvessel formation and the levels of VEGF, COX-2 and PGE(2) in tumors. The data provide evidence that these n-3 PUFAs are able to inhibit VEGF expression in colon cancer cells and suggest that one possible mechanism involved may be the negative regulation of the COX-2/PGE(2) pathway. Their potential clinical application as anti-angiogenic compounds in colon cancer therapy is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Calviello
- Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University, L.go F. Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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38
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Maranesi M, Bochicchio D, Zambonin L, Tolomelli B, Cabrini L. Effects of different dietary amounts of LCPUFA n3 and vitamin B6 on lipid composition and antioxidant defences in rat kidney. J Nutr Biochem 2004; 15:396-401. [PMID: 15219924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2003.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Our previous report demonstrated that, when vitamin deficiency is associated with high contents of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) n3, lipid peroxidation susceptibility in rat heart and liver increases. In this paper, we evaluated the effect of the same dietary administration on lipid composition and antioxidant defenses of rat kidney. Results showed that vitamin B(6) deficiency, when associated with a fish oil diet, as compared to vegetable oil condition, increased relative kidney weight and decreased pyridoxal-5P contents. The different LCPUFA n3 dietary contents produced, on kidney phospholipids, effects interlaced with those of vitamin B(6) deficiency; in particular fish oil and vitamin B(6) deficient diet caused a significant decrease of arachidonic acid showing that the processes of elongation and desaturation of linoleic acid were slowed. Also, peroxidation susceptibility was higher, as demonstrated both by increased TBARS formation and glutathione peroxidase activity, and by decreased vitamin E contents and reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Maranesi
- Dipartimento di Biochimica G.Moruzzi, Università degli Studi di Bologna, via Irnerio 48 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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39
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Poornima K, Cariappa M, Asha K, Kedilaya HP, Nandini M. Oxidant and antioxidant status in vegetarians and fish eaters. Indian J Clin Biochem 2003; 18:197-205. [PMID: 23105412 PMCID: PMC3453877 DOI: 10.1007/bf02867387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An adequate antioxidant reserve which is usually present in a vegetarian diet is associated with higher life expectancy. On the other hand habitual consumption of fish is associated with lower risk of cardiovascular diseases which is attributed to the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) present in it. However the PUFA are readily susceptible to oxidation leading to the formation of free radicals which is known to be involved in the causation of several diseases.The oxidant-antioxidant status of 23 vegetarians and 22 fish eaters was studied by determining the plasma lipid peroxides measured as malondialdehyde (MDA) and the antioxidants, viz. glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid, ceruloplasmin and uric acid.Results show that the ascorbic acid values were significantly higher in vegetarians. In addition, MDA correlated negatively with ascorbic acid only in vegetarians. However, correlation of MDA with glutathione showed a significant negative correlation only in fish eaters. There was no statistically significant difference in the MDA, GSH, ceruloplasmin and uric acid levels. The mechanism behind these findings are not clear and needs to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Poornima
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre For Basic Sciences, Kasturba Medical College, 575001 Mangalore
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40
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Mawatari S, Ohnishi Y, Kaji Y, Maruyama T, Murakami K, Tsutsui K, Fujino T. High-cholesterol diets induce changes in lipid composition of rat erythrocyte membrane including decrease in cholesterol, increase in alpha-tocopherol and changes in fatty acids of phospholipids. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2003; 67:1457-64. [PMID: 12913287 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.67.1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Effects of high dietary cholesterol on erythrocyte membrane lipids were studied. Feeding rats with a diet containing 0.5% cholesterol and 0.15% sodium cholate for two weeks induced changes in erythrocyte membrane lipids including a decrease in cholesterol, an increase in alpha-tocopherol (alpha-Toc) and changes in the fatty acid composition of phospholipids. Oleic acid and linoleic acid increased, while arachidonic acid decreased in phosphatidylcholine. Saturated fatty acids decreased and unsaturated fatty acids increased in phosphatidylethanolamine. Almost the same changes in membrane lipids were also noted after six weeks of feeding rats with the diet. A diet containing 0.5% cholesterol but without sodium cholate caused a decrease in erythrocyte cholesterol and an increase in erythrocyte alpha-Toc after two weeks of feeding, as compared to the basal diet, indicating that high dietary cholesterol, but not sodium cholate, was responsible for these changes in the erythrocyte membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Mawatari
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Faculty of Human Environmental Science, Fukuoka Women's University, Japan.
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41
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Farkas E, de Wilde MC, Kiliaan AJ, Luiten PGM. Systemic effects of dietary n-3 PUFA supplementation accompany changes of CNS parameters in cerebral hypoperfusion. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 977:77-86. [PMID: 12480735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has become an attractive possibility to alleviate or prevent cerebrovascular pathophysiology. To characterize the potentially beneficial cerebrovascular action of n-3 PUFAs that predominantly occur in fish oil, we set up an experimental paradigm where rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion were supplied with n-3 PUFA-enriched diets. Cerebral hypoperfusion was created by a permanent, bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries (2VO) of rats at the age of 4 months, with a survival of 3 months. Simultaneously, the rats were provided with experimental diets from the time of weaning until the termination of the experiments. The control diet was comparable to standard rat chow, while diet 1 contained additional n-3 PUFAs and diet 2 was further enriched with structural phospholipids and neurotransmitter precursors. In summary, the data show that diet 2 improved spatial learning of 2VO rats in the Morris water maze. Both diet 1 and diet 2 augmented blood-brain barrier parameters and increased the density of the M1-type muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the hippocampus independent of the rate of cerebral perfusion. In addition to an overview of these results, changes that were supportive or accompanying those described in the CNS are also presented. Briefly, plasma corticosterone concentration was elevated most explicitly by 2VO, while the relative weight of the liver and spleen increased due to the diets. The data draw attention to changes not only in the CNS, but also in the periphery as a consequence of chronic supplementation with n-3 PUFA-enriched diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Farkas
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Haren, the Netherlands.
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42
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de Wilde MC, Farkas E, Gerrits M, Kiliaan AJ, Luiten PGM. The effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich diets on cognitive and cerebrovascular parameters in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Brain Res 2002; 947:166-73. [PMID: 12176157 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02695-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Western diets consist to a large part of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). These n-6 PUFAs and their conversion products favor immune and inflammatory reactions and compromise vasoregulation, which can contribute to the development of dementia. Recent epidemiological studies associated dementia, particularly the type accompanied by a vascular component, with high, saturated dietary fat intake. Conversely, high fish consumption (a source of long chain n-3 PUFAs) was related to a reduced risk for cognitive decline. Therefore we studied the effects of long chain n-3 PUFAs in rats with bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries (2VO), which mimics cerebral hypoperfusion, a risk factor for dementia. Male Wistar rats received experimental diets with a decreased (n-6)/(n-3) ratio from weaning on. At the age of 3 months, the animals underwent 2VO surgery. The rats were tested in the elevated plus maze, an active avoidance paradigm and the Morris water maze (at different survival times). Following behavioral testing, the animals were sacrificed at the age of 7 months. The frontoparietal cortex was analyzed for capillary ultrastructure with electron microscopy. No effects of cerebral hypoperfusion or diet were found on elevated plus maze and active avoidance, while spatial memory in the Morris maze was compromised due to cerebral hypoperfusion under placebo dietary conditions. n-3 PUFA supplementation in combination with extra additives improved the performance of the 2VO animals. The number of endothelial mitochondria, as well as the ratio of microvessels with degenerative pericytes appeared to be lower due to long chain n-3 PUFAs. These results may indicate an improved condition of the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn C de Wilde
- Department of Animal Physiology, Workgroup of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
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43
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Wax Esters of n -3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A New Stable Formulation as a Potential Food Supplement. 1 — Digestion and Absorption in Rats. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1006/fstl.2001.0888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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44
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Yavin E, Brand A, Green P. Docosahexaenoic acid abundance in the brain: a biodevice to combat oxidative stress. Nutr Neurosci 2002; 5:149-57. [PMID: 12041873 DOI: 10.1080/10284150290003159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (22:6) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid of the n - 3 series which is believed to be a molecular target for lipid peroxides (LPO) formation. Its ubiquitous nature in the nervous tissue renders it particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress, which is high in brain during normal activity because of high oxygen consumption and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Under steady state conditions potentially harmful ROS and LPO are maintained at low levels due to a strong antioxidant defense mechanism, which involves several enzymes and low molecular weight reducing compounds. The present review emphasizes a paradox: a discrepancy between the expected high oxidability of the DHA molecule due to its high degree of unsaturation and certain experimental results which would indicate no change or even decreased lipid peroxidation when brain tissue is supplied or enriched with DHA. The following is a critical review of the experimental data relating DHA levels in the brain to lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage there. A neuroprotective role for DHA, possibly in association with the vinyl ether (VE) linkage of plasmalogens (pPLs) in combating free radicals is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephraim Yavin
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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45
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α-tocopherol concentrations, lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in rat heart and liver after feeding stabilized and unstabilized fish oil. Nutr Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(01)00387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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46
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Cabrini L, Bergami R, Maranesi M, Carloni A, Marchetti M, Tolomelli B. Effects of short-term dietary administration of marginal levels of vitamin B(6)and fish oil on lipid composition and antioxidant defences in rat tissues. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2001; 64:265-71. [PMID: 11418022 DOI: 10.1054/plef.2001.0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports have shown that vitamin B(6)deficiency leads to peroxidative stress in rat organs. In this paper, we evaluated the effects on lipid peroxidation of short-term (six weeks) dietary administration of marginal contents of vitamin B(6). A further risk factor of susceptibility to peroxidation was the presence of fish oil with higher contents of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA). The contemporaneous vitamin B(6)deficiency and presence of fish oil caused a C18:2 increase, a C20:4 decrease, and replacement of some n-6 LCPUFA with n-3 LCPUFA, without changes in the unsaturation index. In liver, TBARS production did not show any differences between dietary conditions, whereas the activities of glutathione-dependent enzymes were stimulated. In heart, fish oil increased lipid peroxidation, especially in the vitamin B(6)-deficient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cabrini
- Dipartimento di Biochimica "G. Moruzzi", via Irnerio 48, Bologna, 40126, Italy
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47
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Higgins S, Carroll YL, McCarthy SN, Corridan BM, Roche HM, Wallace JM, O'Brien NM, Morrissey PA. Susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in healthy volunteers supplemented with low doses of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Br J Nutr 2001; 85:23-31. [PMID: 11227030 DOI: 10.1079/bjn2000220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the oxidative susceptibility of LDL in human volunteers following supplementation with various low doses (<1 g/d) of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Sixty-two healthy volunteers (thirty-seven males and twenty-five females, aged 19-63 years) were recruited to take part in a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Volunteers were required to take 0.9, 0.6 or 0.3 g n-3 PUFA as fish oil or placebo capsules daily for 16 weeks. Susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification was assessed by measuring the production of conjugated dienes and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in LDL oxidised by Cu2+ (15 microM) or 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (1 mM) for 5 h. Plasma fatty acid and LDL-fatty acid composition, cholesterol levels and antioxidant concentrations were also measured. While post-treatment n-3 PUFA compositions of plasma and LDL reflected the capsule contents, no meaningful differences in antioxidant concentrations or cholesterol levels were observed between the groups. Supplementation with low doses of n-3 PUFA as fish oil did not influence the oxidative susceptibility of LDL. The results of the present study suggest that moderate dietary intakes of n-3 PUFA do not significantly influence the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Higgins
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Food Science and Technology, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
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48
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Drieu K, Vranckx R, Benassayad C, Haourigi M, Hassid J, Yoa RG, Rapin JR, Nunez EA. Effect of the extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) on the circulating and cellular profiles of polyunsaturated fatty acids: correlation with the anti-oxidant properties of the extract. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2000; 63:293-300. [PMID: 11090256 DOI: 10.1054/plef.2000.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) has beneficial effects on cognitive functions in aging patients, and on various pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases. Although the extract is known to have antioxidant properties and improve membrane fluidity, the cellular mechanisms underlying these effects have not been determined. Here, we examined the in vivo effects of EGb 761 on circulating and cellular lipids. EGb 761 treatment induced significant increases in the levels of circulating polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and a decrease in the saturation index SI (saturated/polyunsaturated species). Plasma triglycerides and cholesterol were not affected, while phospholipids were slightly increased at the higher dose of EGb 761. EGb 761 treatment also induced a significant increase in the levels of PUFAs in erythrocyte membranes, especially for the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA omega 3), and a decrease in the saturation index. Moreover, the response of erythrocytes to oxidative stress was improved in EGb 761-treated animals (H(2)O(2)-induced cell lysis decreased by 50%). Considering that PUFAs are known to improve membrane fluidity and response to oxidative damage, and are precursors of signaling molecules such as prostaglandins, the effects of EGb 761 on circulating and cellular PUFAs may explain some of the pharmacological properties of Ginkgo biloba.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Drieu
- Institut Henri Beaufour-Ipsen, 24 rue Erlanger, 75781, Paris Cedex 16, France.
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49
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Wander RC, Du SH. Oxidation of plasma proteins is not increased after supplementation with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72:731-7. [PMID: 10966891 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/72.3.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is generally thought that as the intake of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids increases, so should that of alpha-tocopherol, to protect the polyunsaturated fatty acids from increased in vivo peroxidation. However, there are little quantitative data about the concentration of alpha-tocopherol that is necessary when eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are consumed. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to measure changes produced in 2 indexes of lipid oxidation after supplementation with EPA and DHA from fish oil and 3 doses of RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate in postmenopausal women. DESIGN Daily supplements of fish oil providing 2.5 g EPA and 1.8 g DHA and 0, 100, 200, or 400 mg alpha-tocopheryl acetate were given to 46 postmenopausal women in a 4-treatment, 4-period crossover design. RESULTS The supplements increased plasma concentrations of EPA, DHA, and alpha-tocopherol. The fish-oil supplement increased the plasma concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) (P: = 0.0001) but not that of oxidatively modified protein, as indicated by the carbonyl content. The alpha-tocopheryl acetate and fish-oil supplements had no significant effect on plasma concentrations of TBARS or oxidized protein. CONCLUSIONS Although these data show a small but statistically significant increase in oxidative stress on the basis of plasma TBARS concentrations after the consumption of EPA and DHA, the clinical relevance of this change is questionable. In addition, as supplements of alpha-tocopheryl acetate were added to the diet, neither the plasma TBARS concentration nor the protein oxidation changed. Consequently, the results of this study indicate that there is no basis for vitamin E supplementation after consumption of EPA and DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Wander
- Department of Nutrition and Food Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA.
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50
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Youdim KA, Martin A, Joseph JA. Essential fatty acids and the brain: possible health implications. Int J Dev Neurosci 2000; 18:383-99. [PMID: 10817922 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(00)00013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid are essential for normal cellular function, and act as precursors for the synthesis of longer chained polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as arachidonic (AA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA), which have been shown to partake in numerous cellular functions affecting membrane fluidity, membrane enzyme activities and eicosanoid synthesis. The brain is particularly rich in PUFAs such as DHA, and changes in tissue membrane composition of these PUFAs reflect that of the dietary source. The decline in structural and functional integrity of this tissue appears to correlate with loss in membrane DHA concentrations. Arachidonic acid, also predominant in this tissue, is a major precursor for the synthesis of eicosanoids, that serve as intracellular or extracellular signals. With aging comes a likely increase in reactive oxygen species and hence a concomitant decline in membrane PUFA concentrations, and with it, cognitive impairment. Neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease also appear to exhibit membrane loss of PUFAs. Thus it may be that an optimal diet with a balance of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids may help to delay their onset or reduce the insult to brain functions which these diseases elicit.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Youdim
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, United States Department of Agriculture, Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
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