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Mogotsi MT, Ogunbayo AE, Bester PA, O'Neill HG, Nyaga MM. Longitudinal analysis of the enteric virome in paediatric subjects from the Free State Province, South Africa, reveals early gut colonisation and temporal dynamics. Virus Res 2024; 346:199403. [PMID: 38776984 PMCID: PMC11169482 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The gut of healthy neonates is devoid of viruses at birth, but rapidly becomes colonised by normal viral commensals that aid in important physiological functions like metabolism but can, in some instances, result in gastrointestinal illnesses. However, little is known about how this colonisation begins, its variability and factors shaping the gut virome composition. Thus, understanding the development, assembly, and progression of enteric viral communities over time is key. To explore early-life virome development, metagenomic sequencing was employed in faecal samples collected longitudinally from a cohort of 17 infants during their first six months of life. The gut virome analysis revealed a diverse and dynamic viral community, formed by a richness of different viruses infecting humans, non-human mammals, bacteria, and plants. Eukaryotic viruses were detected as early as one week of life, increasing in abundance and diversity over time. Most of the viruses detected are commonly associated with gastroenteritis and include members of the Caliciviridae, Picornaviridae, Astroviridae, Adenoviridae, and Sedoreoviridae families. The most common co-occurrences involved asymptomatic norovirus-parechovirus, norovirus-sapovirus, sapovirus-parechovirus, observed in at least 40 % of the samples. Majority of the plant-derived viruses detected in the infants' gut were from the Virgaviridae family. This study demonstrates the first longitudinal characterisation of the gastrointestinal virome in infants, from birth up to 6 months of age, in sub-Saharan Africa. Overall, the findings from this study delineate the composition and variability of the healthy infants' gut virome over time, which is a significant step towards understanding the dynamics and biogeography of viral communities in the infant gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Tshidiso Mogotsi
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Ayodeji Emmanuel Ogunbayo
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Phillip Armand Bester
- Division of Virology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Hester Gertruida O'Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Martin Munene Nyaga
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
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Nicze M, Dec A, Borówka M, Krzyżak D, Bołdys A, Bułdak Ł, Okopień B. Molecular Mechanisms behind Obesity and Their Potential Exploitation in Current and Future Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8202. [PMID: 39125772 PMCID: PMC11311839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease caused primarily by the imbalance between the amount of calories supplied to the body and energy expenditure. Not only does it deteriorate the quality of life, but most importantly it increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, leading to reduced life expectancy. In this review, we would like to present the molecular pathomechanisms underlying obesity, which constitute the target points for the action of anti-obesity medications. These include the central nervous system, brain-gut-microbiome axis, gastrointestinal motility, and energy expenditure. A significant part of this article is dedicated to incretin-based drugs such as GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g., liraglutide and semaglutide), as well as the brand new dual GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonist tirzepatide, all of which have become "block-buster" drugs due to their effectiveness in reducing body weight and beneficial effects on the patient's metabolic profile. Finally, this review article highlights newly designed molecules with the potential for future obesity management that are the subject of ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Nicze
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland (A.B.); (B.O.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Łukasz Bułdak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland (A.B.); (B.O.)
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3
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Song L, Ji W, Cao X. Integrated analysis of gut microbiome and its metabolites in ACE2-knockout and ACE2-overexpressed mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1404678. [PMID: 39086603 PMCID: PMC11288824 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1404678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant activation of the classic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and intestinal micro dysbiosis adversely affect insulin resistance (IR), dyslipidemia, and other metabolic syndrome markers. However, the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and gut health in systemic homeostasis vary, and their interaction is not completely understood. Methods We adopted a combinatory approach of metabolomics and fecal 16S rRNA analysis to investigate gut microbiota and metabolite in two different mouse models, ACE2 knockout (ACE2 KO) mice and the ACE2-overexpressing obese mice. Results 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that ACE2 influences microbial community composition and function, and ACE2 KO mice had increased Deferribacteres, Alcaligenaceae, Parasutterella, Catenibacterium, and Anaerotruncus, with decreased short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria (Marvinbryantia and Alistipes). In contrast, ACE2-overexpressed mice exhibited increased anti-inflammatory probiotic (Oscillospiraceae, Marinifilaceae, and Bifidobacteriaceae) and SCFA-producing microbes (Rikenellaceae, Muribaculaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Odoribacter, and Alistipes) and decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, and Lachnospiraceae. Metabolome analysis indicated differential metabolites in ACE2 KO and ACE2-overexpression mice, especially the glucolipid metabolism-related compounds. Furthermore, correlation analysis between gut microbiota and metabolites showed a dynamic mutual influence affecting host health. Conclusion Our study confirms for the first time a significant association between ACE2 status and gut microbiome and metabolome profiles, providing a novel mechanism for the positive effect of ACE2 on energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xi Cao
- Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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4
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Bock PM, Martins AF, Schaan BD. Understanding how pre- and probiotics affect the gut microbiome and metabolic health. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 327:E89-E102. [PMID: 38809510 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00054.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiome, a complex assembly of microorganisms, significantly impacts human health by influencing nutrient absorption, the immune system, and disease response. These microorganisms form a dynamic ecosystem that is critical to maintaining overall well-being. Prebiotics and probiotics are pivotal in regulating gut microbiota composition. Prebiotics nourish beneficial bacteria and promote their growth, whereas probiotics help maintain balance within the microbiome. This intricate balance extends to several aspects of health, including maintaining the integrity of the gut barrier, regulating immune responses, and producing metabolites crucial for metabolic health. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in the gut microbiota, has been linked to metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Impaired gut barrier function, endotoxemia, and low-grade inflammation are associated with toll-like receptors influencing proinflammatory pathways. Short-chain fatty acids derived from microbial fermentation modulate anti-inflammatory and immune system pathways. Prebiotics positively influence gut microbiota, whereas probiotics, especially Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains, may improve metabolic outcomes, such as glycemic control in diabetes. It is important to consider strain-specific effects and study variability when interpreting these findings, highlighting the need for further research to optimize their therapeutic potential. The aim of this report is therefore to review the role of the gut microbiota in metabolic health and disease and the effects of prebiotics and probiotics on the gut microbiome and their therapeutic role, integrating a broad understanding of physiological mechanisms with a clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Bock
- Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Andreza F Martins
- Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Beatriz D Schaan
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Busch CBE, Bergman JJGHM, Nieuwdorp M, van Baar ACG. Role of the Intestine and Its Gut Microbiota in Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity. Am J Gastroenterol 2024; 119:1038-1046. [PMID: 38372280 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) is currently one of the biggest global health challenges because of its impact on public health. MetSyn includes the cluster of metabolic disorders including obesity, high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, high triglyceride levels, and hepatic steatosis. Together, these abnormalities increase the cardiovascular risk of individuals and pose a threat to healthcare systems worldwide. To better understand and address this complex issue, recent research has been increasingly focusing on unraveling the delicate interplay between metabolic disorders and the intestines and more specifically our gut microbiome. The gut microbiome entails all microorganisms inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract and plays a pivotal role in metabolic processes and overall health of its host. Emerging evidence proves an association between the gut microbiome composition and aspects of MetSyn, such as obesity. Understanding these relationships is crucial because they offer valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying development and progression of metabolic disorders and possible treatment options. Yet, how should we interpret this relationship? This review focuses on the interplay between the gut and MetSyn. In addition, we have reviewed the existing evidence of the gut microbiome and its association with and impact on metabolic disorders, in an attempt to understand the complex interactions and nature of this association. We also explored potential therapeutic options targeting the gut to modify metabolic disorders and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine B E Busch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacques J G H M Bergman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annieke C G van Baar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Peng Y, Zhao L, Li M, Liu Y, Shi Y, Zhang J. Plasticity of Adipose Tissues: Interconversion among White, Brown, and Beige Fat and Its Role in Energy Homeostasis. Biomolecules 2024; 14:483. [PMID: 38672499 PMCID: PMC11048349 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity, characterized by the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue, has emerged as a major public health concern worldwide. To develop effective strategies for treating obesity, it is essential to comprehend the biological properties of different adipose tissue types and their respective roles in maintaining energy balance. Adipose tissue serves as a crucial organ for energy storage and metabolism in the human body, with functions extending beyond simple fat storage to encompass the regulation of energy homeostasis and the secretion of endocrine factors. This review provides an overview of the key characteristics, functional differences, and interconversion processes among white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), and beige adipose tissue. Moreover, it delves into the molecular mechanisms and recent research advancements concerning the browning of WAT, activation of BAT, and whitening of BAT. Although targeting adipose tissue metabolism holds promise as a potential approach for obesity treatment, further investigations are necessary to unravel the intricate biological features of various adipose tissue types and elucidate the molecular pathways governing their interconversion. Such research endeavors will pave the way for the development of more efficient and targeted therapeutic interventions in the fight against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jian Zhang
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai 519000, China; (Y.P.); (L.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.)
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Zuo G, Chen M, Zuo Y, Liu F, Yang Y, Li J, Zhou X, Li M, Huang JA, Liu Z, Lin Y. Tea Polyphenol Epigallocatechin Gallate Protects Against Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Associated Endotoxemia in Rats via Modulating Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Alleviating Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Related Inflammation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38607257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by fat accumulation and inflammation. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has been proven to be effective against NAFLD, but its hepatoprotective mechanisms based on the "gut microbiota-barrier-liver axis" are still not fully understood. Herein, the results demonstrated that EGCG effectively ameliorated NAFLD phenotypes and metabolic disorders in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD), and inhibited intestinal barrier dysfunction and inflammation, which is also supported in the experiment of Caco-2 cells. Moreover, EGCG could restore gut microbiota diversity and composition, particularly promoting beneficial microbes, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) producers, such as Lactobacillus, and suppressing Gram-negative bacteria, such as Desulfovibrio. The microbial modulation raised SCFA levels, decreased lipopolysaccharide levels, inhibited the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, and strengthened intestinal barrier function via Nrf2 pathway activation, thereby alleviating liver steatosis and inflammation. Spearman's correlation analysis showed that 24 key OTUs, negatively or positively associated with NAFLD and metabolic disorders, were also reshaped by EGCG. Our results suggested that a combinative improvement of EGCG on gut microbiota dysbiosis, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and inflammation might be a potential therapeutic target for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaolong Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Meiyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Yingpeng Zuo
- National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Fen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Yuzhu Yang
- National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Jie Li
- Co-Innovation Centre of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Xirui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Menghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Jian-An Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
- National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
- National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
- Co-Innovation Centre of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Yong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
- National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
- Co-Innovation Centre of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
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Wu L, Ye S, Deng X, Fu Z, Li J, Yang C. Conjugated Linoleic Acid Ameliorates High Fat-Induced Insulin Resistance via Regulating Gut Microbiota-Host Metabolic and Immunomodulatory Interactions. Nutrients 2024; 16:1133. [PMID: 38674824 PMCID: PMC11053735 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Interaction between gut microbiota, host immunity and metabolism has been suggested to crucially affect the development of insulin resistance (IR). This study aims to investigate how gut microbiota, inflammatory responses and metabolism in individuals with IR are affected by the supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and how this subsequently affects the pathophysiology of IR by using a high-fat diet-induced IR mouse model. Serum biochemical indices showed that 400 mg/kg body weight of CLA effectively attenuated hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, glucose intolerance and IR, while also promoting antioxidant capacities. Histomorphology, gene and protein expression analysis revealed that CLA reduced fat deposition and inflammation, and enhanced fatty acid oxidation, insulin signaling and glucose transport in adipose tissue or liver. Hepatic transcriptome analysis confirmed that CLA inhibited inflammatory signaling pathways and promoted insulin, PI3K-Akt and AMPK signaling pathways, as well as linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, arginine and proline metabolism. Gut microbiome analysis further revealed that these effects were highly associated with the enriched bacteria that showed positive correlation with the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as well as the improved SCFAs production simultaneously. This study highlights the therapeutic actions of CLA on ameliorating IR via regulating microbiota-host metabolic and immunomodulatory interactions, which have important implications for IR control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjun Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (L.W.); (S.Y.); (X.D.)
| | - Shijie Ye
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (L.W.); (S.Y.); (X.D.)
| | - Xiangfei Deng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (L.W.); (S.Y.); (X.D.)
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (L.W.); (S.Y.); (X.D.)
| | - Jinjun Li
- Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Vegetables (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Chunlei Yang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (L.W.); (S.Y.); (X.D.)
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Li W, Hakkak R. Soy Protein Concentrate Diets Inversely Affect LPS-Binding Protein Expression in Colon and Liver, Reduce Liver Inflammation, and Increase Fecal LPS Excretion in Obese Zucker Rats. Nutrients 2024; 16:982. [PMID: 38613016 PMCID: PMC11013665 DOI: 10.3390/nu16070982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary soy protein and soy isoflavones have anti-inflammatory properties. Previously, we reported that feeding soy protein concentrate diet (SPC) with low or high isoflavone (LIF or HIF) to young (seven-week-old) obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS) translocation and decreases liver inflammation compared to a casein control (CAS) diet. The current study investigated whether SPC-LIF and SPC-HIF diets would reduce liver inflammation in adult obese Zucker rats fed a CAS diet. A total of 21 six-week-old male obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats were given CAS diet for 8 weeks to develop obesity then randomly assigned to CAS, SPC-LIF, or SPC-HIF (seven rats/group) diet for an additional 10 weeks. The expression of LPS-translocation, inflammation, and intestinal permeability markers were quantified by qPCR in liver, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and colon. LPS concentration was determined in both the colon content and fecal samples by a Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test. SPC-LIF and SPC-HIF diets significantly decreased liver LPS-binding protein (LBP) expression compared to CAS diet (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). SPC-HIF diet also significantly decreased liver MCP-1 and TNF-α expression (p < 0.05) and had a trend to decrease liver iNOS expression (p = 0.06). In the colon, SPC-HIF diet significantly increased LBP expression compared to CAS diet (p < 0.05). When samples from all three groups were combined, there was a negative correlation between colon LBP expression and liver LBP expression (p = 0.046). SPC diets did not alter the expression of intestinal permeability markers (i.e., occludin, claudin 3, and zonula occludens-1) in the colon or inflammation markers (i.e., TNF-α and iNOS) in VAT or the colon. LPS levels in the colon content did not differ between any groups. Fecal LPS levels were significantly higher in the SPC-LIF and SPC-HIF groups compared to the CAS group (p < 0.01). In conclusion, SPC, particularly SPC with HIF, reduces liver LBP expression and inflammation makers (i.e., TNF-α and MCP-1 expression) in adult obese Zucker rats, likely by reducing LPS translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Reza Hakkak
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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10
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Gul S, Durante-Mangoni E. Unraveling the Puzzle: Health Benefits of Probiotics-A Comprehensive Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1436. [PMID: 38592298 PMCID: PMC10935031 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
A growing number of probiotic-containing products are on the market, and their use is increasing. Probiotics are thought to support the health of the gut microbiota, which in turn might prevent or delay the onset of gastrointestinal tract disorders. Obesity, type 2 diabetes, autism, osteoporosis, and some immunological illnesses are among the conditions that have been shown to possibly benefit from probiotics. In addition to their ability to favorably affect diseases, probiotics represent a defense system enhancing intestinal, nutritional, and oral health. Depending on the type of microbial strain utilized, probiotics can have variable beneficial properties. Although many microbial species are available, the most widely employed ones are lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. The usefulness of these bacteria is dependent on both their origin and their capacity to promote health. Probiotics represent a valuable clinical tool supporting gastrointestinal health, immune system function, and metabolic balance. When used appropriately, probiotics may provide benefits such as a reduced risk of gastrointestinal disorders, enhanced immunity, and improved metabolic health. Most popular probiotics, their health advantages, and their mode of action are the topic of this narrative review article, aimed to provide the reader with a comprehensive reappraisal of this topic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha Gul
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via de Crecchio 7, 80138 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Emanuele Durante-Mangoni
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via de Crecchio 7, 80138 Napoli, Italy;
- Unit of Infectious & Transplant Medicine, A.O.R.N. Ospedali dei Colli—Ospedale Monaldi, Piazzale Ettore Ruggieri, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Thilakarathna WPDW, Rupasinghe HPV. Proanthocyanidins-Based Synbiotics as a Novel Strategy for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Risk Reduction. Molecules 2024; 29:709. [PMID: 38338453 PMCID: PMC10856248 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common liver disease worldwide, is a spectrum of liver abnormalities ranging from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) characterized by excessive lipid accumulation. The prevalence of NAFLD is predicted to increase rapidly, demanding novel approaches to reduce the global NAFLD burden. Flavonoids, the most abundant dietary polyphenols, can reduce the risk of NAFLD. The majority of dietary flavonoids are proanthocyanidins (PACs), which are oligomers and polymers of the flavonoid sub-group flavan-3-ols. The efficacy of PAC in reducing the NAFLD risk can be significantly hindered by low bioavailability. The development of synbiotics by combining PAC with probiotics may increase effectiveness against NAFLD by biotransforming PAC into bioavailable metabolites. PAC and probiotic bacteria are capable of mitigating steatosis primarily through suppressing de novo lipogenesis and promoting fatty acid β-oxidation. PAC and probiotic bacteria can reduce the progression of steatosis to NASH mainly through ameliorating hepatic damage and inflammation induced by hepatic oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Synbiotics of PAC are superior in reducing the risk of NAFLD compared to independent administration of PAC and probiotics. The development of PAC-based synbiotics can be a novel strategy to mitigate the increasing incidence of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasitha P. D. W. Thilakarathna
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada;
| | - H. P. Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada;
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada
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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Redondo-Flórez L, Rubio-Zarapuz A, Martín-Rodríguez A, Tornero-Aguilera JF. Microbiota Implications in Endocrine-Related Diseases: From Development to Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Biomedicines 2024; 12:221. [PMID: 38255326 PMCID: PMC10813640 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review article delves into the critical role of the human microbiota in the development and management of endocrine-related diseases. We explore the complex interactions between the microbiota and the endocrine system, emphasizing the implications of microbiota dysbiosis for the onset and progression of various endocrine disorders. The review aims to synthesize current knowledge, highlighting recent advancements and the potential of novel therapeutic approaches targeting microbiota-endocrine interactions. Key topics include the impact of microbiota on hormone regulation, its role in endocrine pathologies, and the promising avenues of microbiota modulation through diet, probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. We underscore the importance of this research in advancing personalized medicine, offering insights for more tailored and effective treatments for endocrine-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (V.J.C.-S.); (A.R.-Z.); (J.F.T.-A.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | - Laura Redondo-Flórez
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/ Tajo s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
| | - Alejandro Rubio-Zarapuz
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (V.J.C.-S.); (A.R.-Z.); (J.F.T.-A.)
| | - Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (V.J.C.-S.); (A.R.-Z.); (J.F.T.-A.)
| | - José Francisco Tornero-Aguilera
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (V.J.C.-S.); (A.R.-Z.); (J.F.T.-A.)
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Portincasa P, Khalil M, Graziani A, Frühbeck G, Baffy G, Garruti G, Di Ciaula A, Bonfrate L. Gut microbes in metabolic disturbances. Promising role for therapeutic manipulations? Eur J Intern Med 2024; 119:13-30. [PMID: 37802720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of overweight, obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and steatotic liver disease is rapidly increasing worldwide with a huge economic burden in terms of morbidity and mortality. Several genetic and environmental factors are involved in the onset and development of metabolic disorders and related complications. A critical role also exists for the gut microbiota, a complex polymicrobial ecology at the interface of the internal and external environment. The gut microbiota contributes to food digestion and transformation, caloric intake, and immune response of the host, keeping the homeostatic control in health. Mechanisms of disease include enhanced energy extraction from the non-digestible dietary carbohydrates, increased gut permeability and translocation of bacterial metabolites which activate a chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and insulin resistance, as precursors of tangible metabolic disorders involving glucose and lipid homeostasis. The ultimate causative role of gut microbiota in this respect remains to be elucidated, as well as the therapeutic value of manipulating the gut microbiota by diet, pre- and pro- synbiotics, or fecal microbial transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Policlinico Hospital, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari 70124, Italy.
| | - Mohamad Khalil
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Policlinico Hospital, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Annarita Graziani
- Institut AllergoSan Pharmazeutische Produkte Forschungs- und Vertriebs GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), ISCIII, Pamplona, Spain; Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gyorgy Baffy
- Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Policlinico Hospital, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari 70124, Italy.
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Policlinico Hospital, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari 70124, Italy
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14
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Borka Balas R, Meliț LE, Lupu A, Lupu VV, Mărginean CO. Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics-A Research Hotspot for Pediatric Obesity. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2651. [PMID: 38004665 PMCID: PMC10672778 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a major public health problem worldwide with an increasing prevalence, associated not only with metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but also with psychosocial problems. Gut microbiota is a new factor in childhood obesity, which can modulate the blood lipopolysaccharide levels, the satiety, and fat distribution, and can ensure additional calories to the host. The aim of this review was to assess the differences and the impact of the gut microbial composition on several obesity-related complications such as metabolic syndrome, NAFLD, or insulin resistance. Early dysbiosis was proven to be associated with an increased predisposition to obesity. Depending on the predominant species, the gut microbiota might have either a positive or negative impact on the development of obesity. Prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics were suggested to have a positive effect on improving the gut microbiota and reducing cardio-metabolic risk factors. The results of clinical trials regarding probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic administration in children with metabolic syndrome, NAFLD, and insulin resistance are controversial. Some of them (Lactobacillus rhamnosus bv-77, Lactobacillus salivarius, and Bifidobacterium animalis) were proven to reduce the body mass index in obese children, and also improve the blood lipid content; others (Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Enterococcus faecium, and fructo-oligosaccharides) failed in proving any effect on lipid parameters and glucose metabolism. Further studies are necessary for understanding the mechanism of the gut microbiota in childhood obesity and for developing low-cost effective strategies for its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reka Borka Balas
- Department of Pediatrics I, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, Gheorghe Marinescu Street, No. 38, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (R.B.B.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Lorena Elena Meliț
- Department of Pediatrics I, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, Gheorghe Marinescu Street, No. 38, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (R.B.B.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Ancuța Lupu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Gr. T. Popa Iași, Universității Street No 16, 700115 Iași, Romania; (A.L.); (V.V.L.)
| | - Vasile Valeriu Lupu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Gr. T. Popa Iași, Universității Street No 16, 700115 Iași, Romania; (A.L.); (V.V.L.)
| | - Cristina Oana Mărginean
- Department of Pediatrics I, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, Gheorghe Marinescu Street, No. 38, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (R.B.B.); (C.O.M.)
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Zhao R, Fajardo J, Shen GX. Influence of Brown or Germinated Brown Rice Supplementation on Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Microbiome in Diet-Induced Insulin-Resistant Mice. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2629. [PMID: 38004641 PMCID: PMC10673137 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Intake of whole grain foods is associated with improving metabolic profile compared to refined grain products, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The present study examined the effects of brown rice (BRR) or germinated brown rice (GBR) supplementation on fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and relationship with gut microbiota, metabolism and inflammation in high fat (HF)-diet-fed mice. The results demonstrated that an HF diet supplemented with BRR or GBR comparably increased the abundance of fecal isobutyric acid compared to that in mice receiving HF+white rice (WHR) diet (p < 0.01). The abundance of valeric acid in HF+GBR-diet-fed mice was higher than those receiving HF+WHR diet (p < 0.05). The abundances of fecal isobutyric acid negatively correlated with fasting plasma glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, tumor necrosis factor-α, plasminogen activator inhibit-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (p < 0.01). The abundance of valeric acids negatively correlated with insulin resistance (p < 0.05). The abundances of isobutyric acid positively correlated with Lactobacillus, but negatively correlated with Dubosiella genus bacteria (p < 0.05). The findings demonstrated that the increases in SCFAs in the feces of BRR and GBR-treated mice were associated with improvements in gut microbiome, metabolic and inflammatory profile, which may contribute to the antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects of the whole grains in HF-diet-fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Garry X. Shen
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Food and Human Nutritional Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada; (R.Z.); (J.F.)
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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Martín-Rodríguez A, Redondo-Flórez L, López-Mora C, Yáñez-Sepúlveda R, Tornero-Aguilera JF. New Insights and Potential Therapeutic Interventions in Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10672. [PMID: 37445852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine homeostasis and metabolic diseases have been the subject of extensive research in recent years. The development of new techniques and insights has led to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying these conditions and opened up new avenues for diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we discussed the rise of metabolic diseases, especially in Western countries, the genetical, psychological, and behavioral basis of metabolic diseases, the role of nutrition and physical activity in the development of metabolic diseases, the role of single-cell transcriptomics, gut microbiota, epigenetics, advanced imaging techniques, and cell-based therapies in metabolic diseases. Finally, practical applications derived from this information are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | | | - Laura Redondo-Flórez
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odon, Spain
| | - Clara López-Mora
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas y de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Pg. de l'Albereda, 7, 46010 València, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
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Soukup ST, Engelbert AK, Watzl B, Bub A, Kulling SE. Microbial Metabolism of the Soy Isoflavones Daidzein and Genistein in Postmenopausal Women: Human Intervention Study Reveals New Metabotypes. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102352. [PMID: 37242235 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soy isoflavones belong to the group of phytoestrogens and are associated with beneficial health effects but are also discussed to have adverse effects. Isoflavones are intensively metabolized by the gut microbiota leading to metabolites with altered estrogenic potency. The population is classified into different isoflavone metabotypes based on individual metabolite profiles. So far, this classification was based on the capacity to metabolize daidzein and did not reflect genistein metabolism. We investigated the microbial metabolite profile of isoflavones considering daidzein and genistein. METHODS Isoflavones and metabolites were quantified in the urine of postmenopausal women receiving a soy isoflavone extract for 12 weeks. Based on these data, women were clustered in different isoflavone metabotypes. Further, the estrogenic potency of these metabotypes was estimated. RESULTS Based on the excreted urinary amounts of isoflavones and metabolites, the metabolite profiles could be calculated, resulting in 5 metabotypes applying a hierarchical cluster analysis. The metabotypes differed in part strongly regarding their metabolite profile and their estimated estrogenic potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian T Soukup
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ann Katrin Engelbert
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bernhard Watzl
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Achim Bub
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sabine E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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18
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Soleimani M, Barone S, Luo H, Zahedi K. Pathogenesis of Hypertension in Metabolic Syndrome: The Role of Fructose and Salt. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4294. [PMID: 36901725 PMCID: PMC10002086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is manifested by visceral obesity, hypertension, glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinism, and dyslipidemia. According to the CDC, metabolic syndrome in the US has increased drastically since the 1960s leading to chronic diseases and rising healthcare costs. Hypertension is a key component of metabolic syndrome and is associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality due to stroke, cardiovascular ailments, and kidney disease. The pathogenesis of hypertension in metabolic syndrome, however, remains poorly understood. Metabolic syndrome results primarily from increased caloric intake and decreased physical activity. Epidemiologic studies show that an enhanced consumption of sugars, in the form of fructose and sucrose, correlates with the amplified prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Diets with a high fat content, in conjunction with elevated fructose and salt intake, accelerate the development of metabolic syndrome. This review article discusses the latest literature in the pathogenesis of hypertension in metabolic syndrome, with a specific emphasis on the role of fructose and its stimulatory effect on salt absorption in the small intestine and kidney tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoocher Soleimani
- Research Services, New Mexico Veterans Health Care Medical Center, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Sharon Barone
- Research Services, New Mexico Veterans Health Care Medical Center, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Henry Luo
- Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Kamyar Zahedi
- Research Services, New Mexico Veterans Health Care Medical Center, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Hu W, Liu L, Forn-Cuní G, Ding Y, Alia A, Spaink HP. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Studies Reveal That Toll-like Receptor 2 Has a Role in Glucose-Related Metabolism in Unchallenged Zebrafish Larvae ( Danio rerio). BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020323. [PMID: 36829598 PMCID: PMC9952914 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been implicated in the regulation of various metabolism pathways, in addition to their function in innate immunity. Here, we investigate the metabolic function of TLR2 in a larval zebrafish system. We studied larvae from a tlr2 mutant and the wild type sibling controls in an unchallenged normal developmental condition using transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses methods. RNAseq was used to evaluate transcriptomic differences between the tlr2 mutant and wild-type control zebrafish larvae and found a signature set of 149 genes to be significantly altered in gene expression. The expression level of several genes was confirmed by qPCR analyses. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed differential enrichment of genes between the two genotypes related to valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation and glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics, we found that glucose and various metabolites related with glucose metabolism were present at higher levels in the tlr2 mutant. Furthermore, we confirmed that the glucose level is higher in tlr2 mutants by using a fluorometric assay. Therefore, we have shown that TLR2, in addition to its function in immunity, has a function in controlling metabolism during vertebrate development. The functions are associated with transcriptional regulation of various enzymes involved in glucose metabolism that could explain the different levels of glucose, lactate, succinate, and malate in larvae of a tlr2 mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanbin Hu
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Animal Science and Health, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Li Liu
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Animal Science and Health, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Forn-Cuní
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Animal Science and Health, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yi Ding
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Animal Science and Health, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alia Alia
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman P. Spaink
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Animal Science and Health, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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