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Ballhause TM, Jiang S, Xie W, Sevecke J, Dowling C, Dust T, Brandt S, Mertens PR, Yorgan TA, Schinke T, Frosch KH, Baranowsky A, Keller J. Fracture healing in a mouse model of Hajdu-Cheney-Syndrome with high turnover osteopenia results in decreased biomechanical stability. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11418. [PMID: 37452111 PMCID: PMC10349118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38638-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling regulates cell fate in multiple tissues including the skeleton. Hajdu-Cheney-Syndrome (HCS), caused by gain-of-function mutations in the Notch2 gene, is a rare inherited disease featuring early-onset osteoporosis and increased risk for fractures and non-union. As the impact of Notch2 overactivation on fracture healing is unknown, we studied bone regeneration in mice harboring a human HCS mutation. HCS mice, displaying high turnover osteopenia in the non-fractured skeleton, exhibited only minor morphologic alterations in the progression of bone regeneration, evidenced by static radiological and histological outcome measurements. Histomorphometry showed increased osteoclast parameters in the callus of HCS mice, which was accompanied by an increased expression of osteoclast and osteoblast markers. These observations were accompanied by inferior biomechanical stability of healed femora in HCS mice. Together, our data demonstrate that structural indices of bone regeneration are normal in HCS mice, which, however, exhibit signs of increased callus turnover and display impaired biomechanical stability of healed fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Malte Ballhause
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Weixin Xie
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Sevecke
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christine Dowling
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Dust
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter R Mertens
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Timur Alexander Yorgan
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Frosch
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopedics and Sports Traumatology, BG Hospital Hamburg, 21033, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anke Baranowsky
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Keller
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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Kraus JM, Giovannone D, Rydzik R, Balsbaugh JL, Moss IL, Schwedler JL, Bertrand JY, Traver D, Hankenson KD, Crump JG, Youngstrom DW. Notch signaling enhances bone regeneration in the zebrafish mandible. Development 2022; 149:dev199995. [PMID: 35178545 PMCID: PMC8959151 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Loss or damage to the mandible caused by trauma, treatment of oral malignancies, and other diseases is treated using bone-grafting techniques that suffer from numerous shortcomings and contraindications. Zebrafish naturally heal large injuries to mandibular bone, offering an opportunity to understand how to boost intrinsic healing potential. Using a novel her6:mCherry Notch reporter, we show that canonical Notch signaling is induced during the initial stages of cartilage callus formation in both mesenchymal cells and chondrocytes following surgical mandibulectomy. We also show that modulation of Notch signaling during the initial post-operative period results in lasting changes to regenerate bone quantity one month later. Pharmacological inhibition of Notch signaling reduces the size of the cartilage callus and delays its conversion into bone, resulting in non-union. Conversely, conditional transgenic activation of Notch signaling accelerates conversion of the cartilage callus into bone, improving bone healing. Given the conserved functions of this pathway in bone repair across vertebrates, we propose that targeted activation of Notch signaling during the early phases of bone healing in mammals may both augment the size of the initial callus and boost its ossification into reparative bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Kraus
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Dion Giovannone
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Renata Rydzik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Jeremy L. Balsbaugh
- Proteomics & Metabolomics Facility, Center for Open Research Resources & Equipment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Isaac L. Moss
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Schwedler
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Julien Y. Bertrand
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David Traver
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kurt D. Hankenson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - J. Gage Crump
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Daniel W. Youngstrom
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Kostina A, Lobov A, Semenova D, Kiselev A, Klausen P, Malashicheva A. Context-Specific Osteogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060673. [PMID: 34204737 PMCID: PMC8231580 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the great progress in the field of bone tissue regeneration, the early initiating mechanisms of osteogenic differentiation are not well understood. Cells capable of osteogenic transformation vary from mesenchymal stem cells of various origins to mural cells of vessels. The mechanisms of pathological calcification are thought to be similar to those of bone formation. Notch signaling has been shown to play an important role in osteogenic differentiation, as well as in pathological calcification. Nevertheless, despite its known tissue- and context-specificity, the information about its role in the osteogenic differentiation of different cells is still limited. We compared mesenchymal stem cells from adipogenic tissue (MSCs) and interstitial cells from the aortic valve (VICs) by their ability to undergo Notch-dependent osteogenic differentiation. We showed differences between the two types of cells in their ability to activate the expression of proosteogenic genes RUNX2, BMP2, BMP4, DLX2, BGLAP, SPRY, IBSP, and SPP1 in response to Notch activation. Untargeted metabolomic profiling also confirms differences between MSCs and VICs in their osteogenic state. Analysis of the activity of RUNX2 and SPP1 promoters shows fine-tuned dose-dependency in response to Notch induction and suggests a direct link between the level of Notch activation, and the proostogenic gene expression and corresponding osteogenic induction. Our data suggest that osteogenic differentiation is a context-dependent process and the outcome of it could be cell-type dependent.
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Alford AI, Nicolaou D, Hake M, McBride-Gagyi S. Masquelet's induced membrane technique: Review of current concepts and future directions. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:707-718. [PMID: 33382115 PMCID: PMC8005442 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Masquelet's induced membrane technique (MIMT) is a relatively new, two-stage surgical procedure to reconstruct segmental bone defects. First performed by Dr. Masquelet in the mid-1980s, MIMT has shown great promise to revolutionize critical-sized bone defect repair and has several advantages over its alternative, distraction osteogenesis (DO). Also, its success in extremely challenging cases (defects > 15 cm) suggests that its study could lead to discovery of novel biological mechanisms that might be at play during segmental defect healing and fracture non-union. MIMT's advantages over DO have led to a world-wide increase in MIMT procedures over the past decades. However, MIMT often needs to be repeated and so the average initial success rate in adults lags significantly behind that of DO (86% vs 95%, respectively). The autologous foreign-body membrane created during the first stage by the immune system's response to a polymethyl methacrylate bone cement spacer is critical to supporting the morselized bone graft implanted in the second stage. However, the biological and/or physical mechanisms by which the membrane supports graft to bone union are unclear. This lack of knowledge makes refining MIMT and improving the success rates through technique improvements and patient selection a significant challenge and hinders wider adoption. In this review, current knowledge from basic, translational, and clinical studies is summarized. The dynamics of both stages under normal conditions as well as with drug or material perturbations is discussed along with perspectives on high-priority future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea I. Alford
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Daemeon Nicolaou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Mark Hake
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Du Z, Feng X, Cao G, She Z, Tan R, Aifantis KE, Zhang R, Li X. The effect of carbon nanotubes on osteogenic functions of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and bone formation in vivo compared with that of nano-hydroxyapatite and the possible mechanism. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:333-345. [PMID: 32954052 PMCID: PMC7479260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well recognized that the development and use of artificial materials with high osteogenic ability is one of the most promising means to replace bone grafting that has exhibited various negative effects. The biomimetic features and unique physiochemical properties of nanomaterials play important roles in stimulating cellular functions and guiding tissue regeneration. But efficacy degree of some nanomaterials to promote specific tissue formation is still not clear. We hereby comparatively studied the osteogenic ability of our treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MCNTs) and the main inorganic mineral component of natural bone, nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) in the same system, and tried to tell the related mechanism. In vitro culture of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HASCs) on the MCNTs and nHA demonstrated that although there was no significant difference in the cell adhesion amount between on the MCNTs and nHA, the cell attachment strength and proliferation on the MCNTs were better. Most importantly, the MCNTs could induce osteogenic differentiation of the HASCs better than the nHA, the possible mechanism of which was found to be that the MCNTs could activate Notch involved signaling pathways by concentrating more proteins, including specific bone-inducing ones. Moreover, the MCNTs could induce ectopic bone formation in vivo while the nHA could not, which might be because MCNTs could stimulate inducible cells in tissues to form inductive bone better than nHA by concentrating more proteins including specific bone-inducing ones secreted from M2 macrophages. Therefore, MCNTs might be more effective materials for accelerating bone formation even than nHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipo Du
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding, 072350, China
| | - Xinxing Feng
- Endocrinology and Cardiovascular Disease Centre, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Guangxiu Cao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhending She
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Implantable Medical Polymer, Shenzhen Lando Biomaterials Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Rongwei Tan
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Implantable Medical Polymer, Shenzhen Lando Biomaterials Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Katerina E. Aifantis
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ruihong Zhang
- Department of Research and Teaching, The Fourth Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding, 072350, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Poe AJ, Kulkarni M, Leszczynska A, Tang J, Shah R, Jami-Alahmadi Y, Wang J, Kramerov AA, Wohlschlegel J, Punj V, Ljubimov AV, Saghizadeh M. Integrated Transcriptome and Proteome Analyses Reveal the Regulatory Role of miR-146a in Human Limbal Epithelium via Notch Signaling. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102175. [PMID: 32993109 PMCID: PMC7650592 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MiR-146a is upregulated in the stem cell-enriched limbal region vs. central human cornea and can mediate corneal epithelial wound healing. The aim of this study was to identify miR-146a targets in human primary limbal epithelial cells (LECs) using genomic and proteomic analyses. RNA-seq combined with quantitative proteomics based on multiplexed isobaric tandem mass tag labeling was performed in LECs transfected with miR-146a mimic vs. mimic control. Western blot and immunostaining were used to confirm the expression of some targeted genes/proteins. A total of 251 differentially expressed mRNAs and 163 proteins were identified. We found that miR-146a regulates the expression of multiple genes in different pathways, such as the Notch system. In LECs and organ-cultured corneas, miR-146a increased Notch-1 expression possibly by downregulating its inhibitor Numb, but decreased Notch-2. Integrated transcriptome and proteome analyses revealed the regulatory role of miR-146a in several other processes, including anchoring junctions, TNF-α, Hedgehog signaling, adherens junctions, TGF-β, mTORC2, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, which mediate wound healing, inflammation, and stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Our results provide insights into the regulatory network of miR-146a and its role in fine-tuning of Notch-1 and Notch-2 expressions in limbal epithelium, which could be a balancing factor in stem cell maintenance and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Poe
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Eye Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (A.J.P.); (M.K.); (A.L.); (R.S.); (J.W.); (A.A.K.); (A.V.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Mangesh Kulkarni
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Eye Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (A.J.P.); (M.K.); (A.L.); (R.S.); (J.W.); (A.A.K.); (A.V.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Aleksandra Leszczynska
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Eye Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (A.J.P.); (M.K.); (A.L.); (R.S.); (J.W.); (A.A.K.); (A.V.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jie Tang
- Genomics Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Ruchi Shah
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Eye Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (A.J.P.); (M.K.); (A.L.); (R.S.); (J.W.); (A.A.K.); (A.V.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yasaman Jami-Alahmadi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.J.-A.); (J.W.)
| | - Jason Wang
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Eye Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (A.J.P.); (M.K.); (A.L.); (R.S.); (J.W.); (A.A.K.); (A.V.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Andrei A. Kramerov
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Eye Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (A.J.P.); (M.K.); (A.L.); (R.S.); (J.W.); (A.A.K.); (A.V.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - James Wohlschlegel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.J.-A.); (J.W.)
| | - Vasu Punj
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
| | - Alexander V. Ljubimov
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Eye Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (A.J.P.); (M.K.); (A.L.); (R.S.); (J.W.); (A.A.K.); (A.V.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mehrnoosh Saghizadeh
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Eye Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (A.J.P.); (M.K.); (A.L.); (R.S.); (J.W.); (A.A.K.); (A.V.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-310-248-8696
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Gamage TH, Lengle E, Gunnes G, Pullisaar H, Holmgren A, Reseland JE, Merckoll E, Corti S, Mizobuchi M, Morales RJ, Tsiokas L, Tjønnfjord GE, Lacruz RS, Lyngstadaas SP, Misceo D, Frengen E. STIM1 R304W in mice causes subgingival hair growth and an increased fraction of trabecular bone. Cell Calcium 2019; 85:102110. [PMID: 31785581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.102110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Calcium signaling plays a central role in bone development and homeostasis. Store operated calcium entry (SOCE) is an important calcium influx pathway mediated by calcium release activated calcium (CRAC) channels in the plasma membrane. Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) is an endoplasmic reticulum calcium sensing protein important for SOCE. We generated a mouse model expressing the STIM1 R304W mutation, causing Stormorken syndrome in humans. Stim1R304W/R304W mice showed perinatal lethality, and the only three animals that survived into adulthood presented with reduced growth, low body weight, and thoracic kyphosis. Radiographs revealed a reduced number of ribs in the Stim1R304W/R304W mice. Microcomputed tomography data revealed decreased cortical bone thickness and increased trabecular bone volume fraction in Stim1R304W/R304W mice, which had thinner and more compact bone compared to wild type mice. The Stim1R304W/+ mice showed an intermediate phenotype. Histological analyses showed that the Stim1R304W/R304W mice had abnormal bone architecture, with markedly increased number of trabeculae and reduced bone marrow cavity. Homozygous mice showed STIM1 positive osteocytes and osteoblasts. These findings highlight the critical role of the gain-of-function (GoF) STIM1 R304W protein in skeletal development and homeostasis in mice. Furthermore, the novel feature of bilateral subgingival hair growth on the lower incisors in the Stim1R304W/R304W mice and 25 % of the heterozygous mice indicate that the GoF STIM1 R304W protein also induces an abnormal epithelial cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilini H Gamage
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Emma Lengle
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gjermund Gunnes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
| | - Helen Pullisaar
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Asbjørn Holmgren
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Janne E Reseland
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Merckoll
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefania Corti
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Centre, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Leonidas Tsiokas
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Geir E Tjønnfjord
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rodrigo S Lacruz
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, USA
| | - Staale P Lyngstadaas
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Doriana Misceo
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirik Frengen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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