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Sonowal S, Gogoi U, Buragohain K, Nath R. Endophytic fungi as a potential source of anti-cancer drug. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:122. [PMID: 38407579 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03829-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Endophytes are considered one of the major sources of bioactive compounds used in different aspects of health care including cancer treatment. When colonized, they either synthesize these bioactive compounds as a part of their secondary metabolite production or augment the host plant machinery in synthesising such bioactive compounds. Hence, the study of endophytes has drawn the attention of the scientific community in the last few decades. Among the endophytes, endophytic fungi constitute a major portion of endophytic microbiota. This review deals with a plethora of anti-cancer compounds derived from endophytic fungi, highlighting alkaloids, lignans, terpenes, polyketides, polyphenols, quinones, xanthenes, tetralones, peptides, and spirobisnaphthalenes. Further, this review emphasizes modern methodologies, particularly omics-based techniques, asymmetric dihydroxylation, and biotic elicitors, showcasing the dynamic and evolving landscape of research in this field and describing the potential of endophytic fungi as a source of anticancer drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Sonowal
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
| | - Urvashee Gogoi
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
| | - Kabyashree Buragohain
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
| | - Ratul Nath
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India.
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Rady AM, El-Sayed ASA, El-Baz AF, Abdel-Fattah GG, Magdeldin S, Ahmed E, Osama A, Hassanein SE, Saed H, Yassin M. Proteomics and metabolomics analyses of camptothecin-producing Aspergillus terreus reveal the integration of PH domain-containing proteins and peptidylprolyl cis/trans isomerase in restoring the camptothecin biosynthesis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0228123. [PMID: 37855596 PMCID: PMC10714794 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02281-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Decreasing the camptothecin productivity by fungi with storage and subculturing is the challenge that halts their further implementation to be an industrial platform for camptothecin (CPT) production. The highest differentially abundant proteins were Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain-containing proteins and Peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase that fluctuated with the subculturing of A. terreus with a remarkable relation to CPT biosynthesis and restored with addition of F. elastica microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amgad M. Rady
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ashraf S. A. El-Sayed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ashraf F. El-Baz
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | | | - Sameh Magdeldin
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Research Program, Department of Basic Research, Children’s Cancer Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Eman Ahmed
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Research Program, Department of Basic Research, Children’s Cancer Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Aya Osama
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Research Program, Department of Basic Research, Children’s Cancer Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sameh E. Hassanein
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agriculture Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hend Saed
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Marwa Yassin
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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El-Sayed ASA, Elghamry HN, Yassin MA. Biochemical Characterization of Thermostable Acrylamide Amidohydrolase from Aspergillus fumigatus with Potential Activity for Acrylamide Degradation in Various Food Products. Curr Microbiol 2023; 81:30. [PMID: 38052960 PMCID: PMC10698087 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03544-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide is the major by-product of the Maillard reactions in foods with the overheating processes of L-asparagine-rich foods with reducing sugars that usually allied with neurotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Several approaches have been used to prevent the formation of acrylamide, however, degrading the already formed acrylamide in foods remains unequivocal. Acrylamide hydrolyzing enzyme "amidohydrolase" is one of the most promising enzymes for acrylamide degradation in foods. So, amidohydrolase "amidase" from thermotolerant Aspergillus fumigatus EFBL was purified to their electrophoretic homogeneity by gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatography, with overall purification folds 2.8 and yield 9.43%. The apparent molecular subunit structure of the purified A. fumigatus amidase was 50 kDa, with highest activity at reaction temperature of 40 °C and pH of 7.5 The enzyme displayed a significant thermal stability as revealed from the value of T1/2 (13.37 h), and thermal denaturation rate (Kr 0.832 × 10-3 min) at 50 °C, with metalloproteinic identity. The purified enzyme had a significant activity for acrylamide degradation in various food products such as meat, cookies, potato chips, and bread as revealed from the HPLC analysis and LC-MS analysis. So, with the purified amidase, the acrylamide in the food products was degraded by about 95% to acrylic acid, ensuring the possibility of using this enzyme in abolishing the toxic acrylamide in the foods products. This is the first report exploring the potency of A. fumigatus amidase for an actual degradation of acrylamide in foods efficiently. Further biochemical analyses are ongoing to assess the affinity of this enzyme for selective hydrolyses of acrylamide in foods, without affecting the beneficial stereochemical related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf S A El-Sayed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Hala N Elghamry
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Yassin
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
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Ashkan MF, Younis SA, Elazab NT. Isolation and characterization of Trichoderma harzianum L-methioninase with promising a powerful anticancer. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103870. [PMID: 38020221 PMCID: PMC10663931 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive components derived from medicinal herbs have recently acquired popularity due to their efficacy in treating various ailments, including cancer and infectious diseases. In this study, the anticancer enzyme, L-methioninase isolated from medicinal plants endophytic fungi, then evaluated its promising therapeutic agents against different types of human cancers. L methionine was purified using column chromatography with the stationary phase of Sephadex G-200 with 6.6-fold purification, which increased the specific activity of 71.3 U/mg of protein with a recovery rate of 48.2 %. On the SDS-PAGE chromatogram, the apparent molecular mass of the isolated enzyme was 48 kDa, and its highest activity was observed at pH 8 and 35 °C. The enzyme was catalytically stable within the pH range of 6.0-9.0 and below 40 °C. This study demonstrates that isolated L-methioninase is particularly efficient against tumour cell lines in vitro. The crude and purified L-methioninase inhibited 60 and 80 % of the growth of the breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), respectively, with an estimated IC50 = 12.6 μg/ml (crude) and IC50 = 5.0 μg/ml for purified L-methioninase from isolate 8 with accession no MZ675362. Because of this, pure L-methioninase has better catalytic characteristics and significant thermal stability, which could be used as a cancer-fighting substance than the enzyme purified from other sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mada F. Ashkan
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadia A. Younis
- Department of Botany, Molecular Microbial Lab, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Nahla T. Elazab
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
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Eymard N, Bessonov N, Volpert V, Kurbatova P, Gueyffier F, Nony P. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model of a methionine starvation based anti-cancer drug. Med Biol Eng Comput 2023:10.1007/s11517-023-02786-2. [PMID: 36882575 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-023-02786-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
A new therapeutic approach against cancer is developed by the firm Erytech. This approach is based on starved cancer cells of an amino acid essential to their growth (the L-methionine). The depletion of plasma methionine level can be induced by an enzyme, the methionine-γ-lyase. The new therapeutic formulation is a suspension of erythrocytes encapsulating the activated enzyme. Our work reproduces a preclinical trial of a new anti-cancer drug with a mathematical model and numerical simulations in order to replace animal experiments and to have a deeper insight on the underlying processes. With a combination of a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for the enzyme, substrate, and co-factor with a hybrid model for tumor, we develop a "global model" that can be calibrated to simulate different human cancer cell lines. The hybrid model includes a system of ordinary differential equations for the intracellular concentrations, partial differential equations for the concentrations of nutrients and drugs in the extracellular matrix, and individual based model for cancer cells. This model describes cell motion, division, differentiation, and death determined by the intracellular concentrations. The models are developed on the basis of experiments in mice carried out by Erytech. Parameters of the pharmacokinetics model were determined by fitting a part of experimental data on the concentration of methionine in blood. Remaining experimental protocols effectuated by Erytech were used to validate the model. The validated PK model allowed the investigation of pharmacodynamics of cell populations. Numerical simulations with the global model show cell synchronization and proliferation arrest due to treatment similar to the available experiments. Thus, computer modeling confirms a possible effect of treatment based on the decrease of methionine concentration. The main goal of the study is the development of an integrated pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for encapsulated methioninase and of a mathematical model of tumor growth/regression in order to determine the kinetics of L-methionine depletion after co-administration of Erymet product and Pyridoxine.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Eymard
- Institut Camille Jordan, UMR 5208 CNRS, University Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - N Bessonov
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering Problems, 199178, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - V Volpert
- Institut Camille Jordan, UMR 5208 CNRS, University Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France.,Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - P Kurbatova
- Institut Camille Jordan, UMR 5208 CNRS, University Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - F Gueyffier
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, Université Lyon 1, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - P Nony
- Institut Camille Jordan, UMR 5208 CNRS, University Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France.,CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, Université Lyon 1, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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El-Sayed ASA, Rady AM, Mohamed HT, Zein N, Yassin MA, Mohamed NZ, Hassan A, Amer MM, El-Sharakawy R, El-Sharkawy AA, El-Sayed N, Ali MG. Aspergillus Niger thermostable Cytosine deaminase-dextran conjugates with enhanced structure stability, proteolytic resistance, and Antiproliferative activity. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:9. [PMID: 36627557 PMCID: PMC9830863 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosine deaminase (CDA) is a prodrug mediating enzyme converting 5-flurocytosine into 5-flurouracil with profound broad-range anticancer activity towards various cell lines. Availability, molecular stability, and catalytic efficiency are the main limiting factors halting the clinical applications of this enzyme on prodrug and gene therapies, thus, screening for CDA with unique biochemical and catalytic properties was the objective. Thermotolerant/ thermophilic fungi could be a distinctive repertoire for enzymes with affordable stability and catalytic efficiency. Among the recovered thermotolerant isolates, Aspergillus niger with optimal growth at 45 °C had the highest CDA productivity. The enzyme was purified, with purification 15.4 folds, molecular mass 48 kDa and 98 kDa, under denaturing and native PAGE, respectively. The purified CDA was covalently conjugated with dextran with the highest immobilization yield of 75%. The free and CDA-dextran conjugates have the same optimum pH 7.4, reaction temperature 37 °C, and pI 4.5, and similar response to the inhibitors and amino acids suicide analogues, ensuring the lack of effect of dextran conjugation on the CDA conformational structure. CDA-Dextran conjugates had more resistance to proteolysis in response to proteinase K and trypsin by 2.9 and 1.5 folds, respectively. CDA-Dextran conjugates displayed a dramatic structural and thermal stability than the free enzyme, authenticating the acquired structural and catalytic stability upon dextran conjugation. The thermal stability of CDA was increased by about 1.5 folds, upon dextran conjugation, as revealed from the half-life time (T1/2). The affinity of CDA-conjugates (Km 0.15 mM) and free CDA (Km 0.22 mM) to deaminate 5-fluorocytosine was increased by 1.5 folds. Upon dextran conjugation, the antiproliferative activity of the CDA towards the different cell lines "MDA-MB, HepG-2, and PC-3" was significantly increased by mediating the prodrug 5-FC. The CDA-dextran conjugates strongly reduce the tumor size and weight of the Ehrlich cells (EAC), dramatically increase the titers of Caspase-independent apoptotic markers PARP-1 and AIF, with no cellular cytotoxic activity, as revealed from the hematological and biochemical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf S. A. El-Sayed
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Amgad M. Rady
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt ,grid.442760.30000 0004 0377 4079Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza, 12451 Egypt
| | - Hossam Taha Mohamed
- grid.442760.30000 0004 0377 4079Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza, 12451 Egypt ,grid.7776.10000 0004 0639 9286Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613 Egypt
| | - Nabila Zein
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Marwa A. Yassin
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Nabil Z. Mohamed
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Abdallah Hassan
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M. Amer
- grid.411660.40000 0004 0621 2741Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 13518 Egypt
| | - Reyad El-Sharakawy
- grid.411660.40000 0004 0621 2741Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 13518 Egypt
| | - Aya Ali El-Sharkawy
- grid.7776.10000 0004 0639 9286Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613 Egypt
| | - Nesma El-Sayed
- grid.411660.40000 0004 0621 2741Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 13518 Egypt
| | - Mostafa G. Ali
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt ,grid.411660.40000 0004 0621 2741Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 13518 Egypt
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Sharma B, Devi S, Kumar R, Kanwar SS. Screening, characterization and anti-cancer application of purified intracellular MGL. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:96-110. [PMID: 35817235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
L-methionine-γ-lyase (MGL) producing bacterial isolates were screened from soil samples that further characterized as 'Klebsiella oxytoca BLM-1' by biochemical and 16S rDNA sequencing. Intracellular MGL obtained from K. oxytoca BLM-1 by sonication was purified by Octyl-Sepharose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of protein band (Mr ~ 63 kDa) confirmed the PLP-dependence and structural similarity with MGL enzyme. Purified MGL (1.1 μg) exhibited the maximum activity in potassium phosphate buffer (80 mM; with L-met 20 mM pH 7.0) at 37 °C. That further enhanced in the presence of NaCl (2 mM), Tween-80 (1.0 %; v/v) and EDTA (5 mM). Km and Vmax for purified MGL by using L-met as substrate was found to be 5.32 mM and 0.386 U/mL/min. The purified MGL showed PLP dependence and the half-life was 365.59 min. The MGL was effective against breast cancer (MCF7), gastric adenocarcinoma and human glioblastoma (U87MG) cancer cell lines with IC50 values of purified MGL 0.041 U/mL, 0.008 U/mL and 0.009 U/mL, respectively. The U87MG, greatly affected by MGL treatment, when cultured in DMEM medium (10 mL) with PLP, homocysteine and 10 % FCS as compared to control/untransformed mouse spleen cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupender Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla 171 005, India
| | - Sunita Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla 171 005, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla 171 005, India
| | - Shamsher Singh Kanwar
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla 171 005, India.
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Production, Bioprocessing and Anti-Proliferative Activity of Camptothecin from Penicillium chrysogenum, "An Endozoic of Marine Sponge, Cliona sp.", as a Metabolically Stable Camptothecin Producing Isolate. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27093033. [PMID: 35566384 PMCID: PMC9104752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27093033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Exploring the metabolic potency of fungi as camptothecin producers raises the hope of their usage as an industrial source of camptothecin, due to their short-life span and the feasibility of metabolic engineering. However, the tiny yield and loss of camptothecin productivity of fungi during storage and sub-culturing are challenges that counteract this approach. Marine fungi could be a novel source for camptothecin production, with higher yield and reliable metabolic sustainability. The marine fungal isolate Penicillium chrysogenum EFBL # OL597937.1 derived from the sponge "Cliona sp." has been morphologically identified and molecularly confirmed, based on the Internal Transcribed Spacer sequence, exhibiting the highest yield of camptothecin (110 μg/L). The molecular structure and chemical identity of P. chrysogenum derived camptothecin has been resolved by HPLC, FTIR and LC-MS/MS analyses, giving the same spectroscopic profiles and mass fragmentation patterns as authentic camptothecin. The extracted camptothecin displayed a strong anti-proliferative activity towards HEP-2 and HCT-116 (IC50 values 0.33-0.35 µM). The yield of camptothecin was maximized by nutritional optimization of P. chrysogenum with a Plackett-Burman design, and the productivity of camptothecin increased by 1.8 fold (200 µg/L), compared to control fungal cultures. Upon storage at 4 °C as slope culture for 8 months, the productivity of camptothecin for P. chrysogenum was reduced by 40% compared to the initial culture. Visual fading of the mycelial pigmentation of P. chrysogenum was observed during fungal storage, matched with loss of camptothecin productivity. Methylene chloride extracts of Cliona sp. had the potency to completely restore the camptothecin productivity of P. chrysogenum, ensuring the partial dependence of the expression of the camptothecin biosynthetic machinery of P. chrysogenum on the chemical signals derived from the sponge, or the associated microbial flora. This is the first report describing the feasibility of P. chrysogenum, endozoic of Cliona sp., for camptothecin production, along with reliable metabolic biosynthetic stability, which could be a new platform for scaling-up camptothecin production.
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Purification and Biochemical Characterization of Taxadiene Synthase from Bacillus koreensis and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Sci Pharm 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm89040048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxadiene synthase (TDS) is the rate-limiting enzyme of Taxol biosynthesis that cyclizes the geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate into taxadiene. Attenuating Taxol productivity by fungi is the main challenge impeding its industrial application; it is possible that silencing the expression of TDS is the most noticeable genomic feature associated with Taxol-biosynthetic abolishing in fungi. As such, the characterization of TDS with unique biochemical properties and autonomous expression that is independent of transcriptional factors from the host is the main challenge. Thus, the objective of this study was to kinetically characterize TDS from endophytic bacteria isolated from different plants harboring Taxol-producing endophytic fungi. Among the recovered 23 isolates, Bacillus koreensis and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia achieved the highest TDS activity. Upon using the Plackett–Burman design, the TDS productivity achieved by B. koreensis (18.1 µmol/mg/min) and S. maltophilia (14.6 µmol/mg/min) increased by ~2.2-fold over the control. The enzyme was purified by gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatography with ~15 overall folds and with molecular subunit structure 65 and 80 kDa from B. koreensis and S. maltophilia, respectively. The chemical identity of taxadiene was authenticated from the GC-MS analyses, which provided the same mass fragmentation pattern of authentic taxadiene. The tds gene was screened by PCR with nested primers of the conservative active site domains, and the amplicons were sequenced, displaying a higher similarity with tds from T. baccata and T. brevifolia. The highest TDS activity by both bacterial isolates was recorded at 37–40 °C. The Apo-TDSs retained ~50% of its initial holoenzyme activities, ensuring their metalloproteinic identity. The activity of purified TDS was completely restored upon the addition of Mg2+, confirming the identity of Mg2+ as a cofactor. The TDS activity was dramatically reduced upon the addition of DTNB and MBTH, ensuring the implementation of cysteine-reactive thiols and ammonia groups on their active site domains. This is the first report exploring the autonomous robust expression TDS from B. koreensis and S. maltophilia with a higher affinity to cyclize GGPP into taxadiene, which could be a novel platform for taxadiene production as intermediary metabolites of Taxol biosynthesis.
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El-Sayed AS, Khalaf SA, Azez HA, Hussein HA, EL-Moslamy SH, Sitohy B, El-Baz AF. Production, bioprocess optimization and anticancer activity of Camptothecin from Aspergillus terreus and Aspergillus flavus, endophytes of Ficus elastica. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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El-Sayed ASA, Shindia AA, AbouZeid A, Koura A, Hassanein SE, Ahmed RM. Triggering the biosynthetic machinery of Taxol by Aspergillus flavipes via cocultivation with Bacillus subtilis: proteomic analyses emphasize the chromatin remodeling upon fungal-bacterial interaction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:39866-39881. [PMID: 33768456 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13533-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Attenuating the Taxol biosynthesis by fungi with storage and subculturing is the major challenge that limits their further industrial applications. Aspergillus flavipes has been reported as a potent Taxol producer, with plausible increasing to its Taxol yield upon coculturing with the microbiome of Podocarpus gracilior (El-Sayed et al., Process Biochemistry 76:55-67, 2019a; Scientific Reports 9, 2019b; Enzyme and Microbial Technology 131, 2019c); however, the identity of these microbial inducers remains ambiguous. Thus, this study was to assess the potency of individual microbes to trigger the Taxol biosynthesis by A. flavipes and to unravel the differentially expressed protein in response to bacterial interaction. Among the 25 bacterial endophytes of P. gracilior, Bacillus subtilis was the potent isolate enhancing the Taxol yield of A. flavipes by ~1.6-fold. Strikingly, this bacterial elicitor displayed a reliable inhibition to the growth of A. flavipes, so the released antifungal compound by B. subtilis could be the same signals for triggering the expression of A. flavipes Taxol synthesis. The highest Taxol yield by A. flavipes was obtained with the viable cells of B. subtilis, ensuring the pivotality of physical intimate bacterial-fungal interaction. Differential proteome of the cocultures A. flavipes and B. subtilis as well as the axenic A. flavipes was conducted by LC-MS/MS. From the total of 106 identified proteins, 50 proteins were significantly expressed, 47 were upregulated ones, and 59 were downregulated ones for the cocultures normalizing to the axenic one. From the Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG enrichment analyses, the cellular process, primary metabolic process, and nitrogen compound metabolic process were significantly changed in the coculture normalizing to monoculture of A. flavipes. The molecular function terms (histones H2B, H2A, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, and nucleoside-diphosphate kinase (NDPK)) were the highly significantly expressed proteins of A. flavipes in response to B. subtilis, with strong correlation to triggering of Taxol biosynthesis. The intimate interaction of A. flavipes with B. subtilis strongly modulates the Taxol biosynthetic machinery of A. flavipes by modulating the chromatin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf S A El-Sayed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed A Shindia
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Azza AbouZeid
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Alaa Koura
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Sameh E Hassanein
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agriculture Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania M Ahmed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
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El-Demerdash MM, El-Sayed AS, Georg NM, Abou-Elnour A, Nosier H. Biosystematic studies of some Egyptian species of Cestrum (Solanaceae). Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4497-4515. [PMID: 34101109 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cestrum is the second largest genus of family Solanaceae, after Solanum, distributed in warm to subtropical regions. Species of genus Cestrum are one of the most ethnopharmacological relevant plants, for their broad biological and pharmacological properties. There is a scarcity to taxonomical studies and identification of these plants in Egypt, thus, the objective of this study was to implement various morphological features, chemical markers and molecular tools to emphasize the taxonomical features of the different Cestrum species. Morphologically, the epidermal cells of C. diurnum, C. elegans and C. parqui were irregular with sinuate anticlinal wall patterns for both surfaces, while, C. nocturnum has anticlinal walls, sinuolate with polygonal to irregular epidermal cells on the abaxial surface. The species of Cestrum have hypostomatic leaves, except C. parqui that has amphistomatic leaves. The experimented species of Cestrum have Anomocytic and anisocytic stomata, while, C. elegans has a diacytic stomata. The morphologically identified Cestrum spp were molecular confirmed based on their ITS sequences, the sequences of C. diurnum, C. nocturnum, C. elegans and C. parqui were deposited on genbank with accession # MT742788.1, MT749390.1, MW091481.1 and MW023744.1, respectively. From the SCOT analyses, the four species of Cestrum were grouped into 2 clusters (I, II), cluster I contains C. elegans, C. nocturnum and C. parqui, while cluster II contains only C. diurnum with 100% polymorphism for all primers. From the GC-MS profile, the C. diurnum exhibited a diverse metabolic paradigm, ensuring their richness with different metabolites comparing to other experimented Cestrum species. Among the total resolved metabolites, 15-methyltricyclo 6.5.2-pentadeca-1,3,5,7,9, 11,13-heptene was the highly incident compound in C. elegans (35.89%) followed by C. parqui (21.81%) and C. diurnum (11.28%), while it absent on C. nocturnum. The compound, 2,2',6,6'-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4'-methylenediphenol was highly detected in C. elegans and C. dirunum with minor amounts in the other Cestrum species. Cypermethrin and 3-butynyl-2,2,5-trimethyl-1,3-dioxane-5-methanol were pivotally reported in C. nocturnum. Taken together, from molecular and metabolic markers, C. diurnum, C. parqui and C. elegans have higher proximity unlike to C. nocturnum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M El-Demerdash
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Ashraf S El-Sayed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Nelly M Georg
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Amira Abou-Elnour
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Hala Nosier
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Abdel-Fatah SS, El-Batal AI, El-Sherbiny GM, Khalaf MA, El-Sayed AS. Production, bioprocess optimization and γ-irradiation of Penicillium polonicum, as a new Taxol producing endophyte from Ginko biloba. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e00623. [PMID: 34026575 PMCID: PMC8120861 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-eight fungal endophytes were recovered from the different parts of Ginkgo biloba and screened for their Taxol producing potency. Among these isolates, Penicillium polonicum AUMC14487 was reported as the potent Taxol producer (90.53 μg/l). The chemical identity of the extracted Taxol was verified from the TLC, HPLC, NMR, EDX, and FTIR analyses. The extracted Taxol displayed a strong antiproliferative activity against HEPG2 (IC50 4.06 μM) and MCF7 (IC50 6.07 μM). The yield of Taxol by P. polonicum was optimized by nutritional optimization with the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using Plackett-Burman and Central Composite Designs. In addition to nutritional optimization, the effect of γ-irradiation of the spores of P. polonicum on its Taxol producing potency was evaluated. The yield of Taxol by P. polonicum was increased via nutritional optimization by response surface methodology with Plackett-Burman and FCCD designs, and γ-irradiation by about 4.5 folds, comparing to the control culture. The yield of Taxol was increased by about 1.2 folds (401.2 μg/l) by γ -irradiation of the isolates at 0.5-0.75 kGy, comparing to the control cultures (332.2 μg/l). The highest Taxol yield was obtained by growing P. polonicum on modified Czapek's- Dox medium (sucrose 40.0 g/l, malt extract 20.0 g/l, peptone 2.0 g/l, K2PO4 2.0 g/l, KCl 1.0 g/l, NaNO3 2.0 g/l, MgSO4. 5H2O 1.0 g/l) of pH 7.0 at 30.0 °C for 7.0 days. From the FCCD design, sucrose, malt extract and incubation time being the highest significant variables medium components affecting the Taxol production by P. polonicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobhy S Abdel-Fatah
- Drug Radiation Research Dep., Biotechnology Division, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I El-Batal
- Drug Radiation Research Dep., Biotechnology Division, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gamal M El-Sherbiny
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Khalaf
- Drug Radiation Research Dep., Biotechnology Division, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.,Microbiology Dep., Biotechnology Division, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf S El-Sayed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, 44519, Egypt
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Raafat M, El-Sayed ASA, El-Sayed MT. Biosynthesis and Anti-Mycotoxigenic Activity of Zingiber officinale Roscoe-Derived Metal Nanoparticles. Molecules 2021; 26:2290. [PMID: 33920949 PMCID: PMC8071333 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxigenic fungi have attracted special attention due to their threat to food security and toxicity to human health. Aqueous extract of Zingiber officinale Roscoe was used as reducing and capping agent for the synthesis of silver (AgNPs), copper (CuNPs), and zinc oxide (ZnONPs) nanoparticles. UV-Visible spectra of the AgNPs, CuNPs, and ZnONPs showed absorption peaks at λmax 416 nm, 472 nm, and 372 nm, respectively. Zeta potential of AgNPs, CuNPs, and ZnONPs were -30.9, -30.4 and -18.4 mV, respectively. ZnONPs showed the highest activity against Aspergillus awamori ZUJQ 965830.1 (ZOI 20.9 mm and MIC 24.7 µg/mL). TEM micrographs of ZnONPs-treated A. awamori showed cracks and pits in the cell wall, liquefaction of the cytoplasmic content, making it less electron-dense. The sporulation and ochratoxin A production of A. awamori was inhibited by ZnONPs in a concentration-dependent pattern. The inhibition percentage of OTA were 45.6, 84.78 and 95.65% for 10, 15, 20 of ZnONPs/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Raafat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ashraf S. A. El-Sayed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Manal T. El-Sayed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Biochemical Properties of Tyrosinase from Aspergillus terreus and Penicillium copticola; Undecanoic Acid from Aspergillus flavus, an Endophyte of Moringa oleifera, Is a Novel Potent Tyrosinase Inhibitor. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051309. [PMID: 33804376 PMCID: PMC7957516 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a copper-containing monooxygenase catalyzing the O-hydroxylation of tyrosine to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine then to dopaquinone that is profoundly involved in melanin synthesis in eukaryotes. Overactivation of tyrosinase is correlated with hyperpigmentation that is metabolically correlated with severe pathological disorders, so, inhibition of this enzyme is the most effective approach in controlling the overproduction of melanin and its hazardous effects. Thus, searching for a powerful, selective inhibitor of human tyrosinase to limit the hyper-synthesis of melanin is a challenge. Unlike the difficulty of overexpression of human tyrosinase, using fungal tyrosinase as a model enzyme to the human one to evaluate the mechanistics of enzyme inhibition in response to various compounds is the most feasible strategy. Thus, the purification of highly catalytic-efficient fungal tyrosinase, exploring a novel inhibitor, and evaluating the mechanistics of enzyme inhibition are the main objectives of this work. Aspergillus terreus and Penicillium copticola were reported as the most potential tyrosinase producers. The biochemical properties suggest that this enzyme displays a higher structural and catalytic proximity to human tyrosinase. Upon nutritional bioprocessing by Plackett–Burman design, the yield of tyrosinase was increased by about 7.5-folds, compared to the control. The purified tyrosinase was strongly inhibited by kojic acid and A. flavus DCM extracts with IC50 values of 15.1 and 12.6 µg/mL, respectively. From the spectroscopic analysis, the main anti-tyrosinase compounds of A. flavus extract was resolved, and verified as undecanoic acid. Further studies are ongoing to unravel the in vivo effect and cytotoxicity of this compound in fungi and human, that could be a novel drug to various diseases associated with hyperpigmentation by melanin.
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Abd El-Ghani MM, El-Sayed ASA, Moubarak A, Rashad R, Nosier H, Khattab A. Biosystematic Study on Some Egyptian Species of Astragalus L. (Fabaceae). AGRICULTURE 2021; 11:125. [DOI: 10.3390/agriculture11020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Astragalus L. is one of the largest angiosperm complex genera that belongs to the family Fabaceae, subfamily Papilionoideae or Faboideae under the subtribe Astragalinae of the tribe Galegeae. The current study includes the whole plant morphology, DNA barcode (ITS2), and molecular marker (SCoT). Ten taxa representing four species of Astragalus were collected from different localities in Egypt during the period from February 2018 to May 2019. Morphologically, identification and classification of collected Astragalus plants occurred by utilizing the light microscope, regarding the taxonomic revisions of the reference collected Astragalus specimens in other Egyptian Herbaria. For molecular validation, ten SCoT primers were used in this study, producing a unique banding pattern to differentiate between ten samples of Astragalus taxa which generated 212 DNA fragments with an average of 12.2 bands per 10 Astragalus samples, with 8 to 37 fragments per primer. The 212 fragments amplified were distributed as 2 monomorphic bands, 27 polymorphic without unique bands, 183 unique bands (210 Polymorphic with unique bands), and ITS2 gene sequence was showed as the optimal barcode for identifying Astragalus L. using BLAST searched on NCBI database, and afterward, analyzing the chromatogram for ITS region, 10 samples have been identified as two samples representing A. hauarensis, four samples representing A. sieberi, three samples representing A. spinosus and one sample representing A. vogelii. Based on the ITS barcode, A. hauarensis RMG1, A. hauarensis RMG2, A. sieberi RMG1, A. sieberi RMG2, A. sieberi RMG3, A. sieberi RMG4, A. spinosus RMG1, A. spinosus RMG2, A. spinosus RMG3, A. vogelii RMG were deposited into GenBank with accession # MT367587.1, MT367591.1, MT367593.1, MT367585.1, MT367586.1, MT367588.1, MT160347.1, MT367590.1, MT367589.1, MT367592.1, respectively. These results indicated the efficiency of SCoT markers and ITS2 region in identifying and determining genetic relationships between Astragalus species.
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Gallardo-Benavente C, Campo-Giraldo JL, Castro-Severyn J, Quiroz A, Pérez-Donoso JM. Genomics Insights into Pseudomonas sp. CG01: An Antarctic Cadmium-Resistant Strain Capable of Biosynthesizing CdS Nanoparticles Using Methionine as S-Source. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:187. [PMID: 33514061 PMCID: PMC7912247 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we present the draft genome sequence of Pseudomonas sp. GC01, a cadmium-resistant Antarctic bacterium capable of biosynthesizing CdS fluorescent nanoparticles (quantum dots, QDs) employing a unique mechanism involving the production of methanethiol (MeSH) from methionine (Met). To explore the molecular/metabolic components involved in QDs biosynthesis, we conducted a comparative genomic analysis, searching for the genes related to cadmium resistance and sulfur metabolic pathways. The genome of Pseudomonas sp. GC01 has a 4,706,645 bp size with a 58.61% G+C content. Pseudomonas sp. GC01 possesses five genes related to cadmium transport/resistance, with three P-type ATPases (cadA, zntA, and pbrA) involved in Cd-secretion that could contribute to the extracellular biosynthesis of CdS QDs. Furthermore, it exhibits genes involved in sulfate assimilation, cysteine/methionine synthesis, and volatile sulfur compounds catabolic pathways. Regarding MeSH production from Met, Pseudomonas sp. GC01 lacks the genes E4.4.1.11 and megL for MeSH generation. Interestingly, despite the absence of these genes, Pseudomonas sp. GC01 produces high levels of MeSH. This is probably associated with the metC gene that also produces MeSH from Met in bacteria. This work is the first report of the potential genes involved in Cd resistance, sulfur metabolism, and the process of MeSH-dependent CdS QDs bioproduction in Pseudomonas spp. strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Gallardo-Benavente
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, 4780000 Temuco, Chile;
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, 4780000 Temuco, Chile
| | - Jessica L. Campo-Giraldo
- BioNanotechnology and Microbiology Lab, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8320000 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Juan Castro-Severyn
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada y Extremófilos, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Católica del Norte, 1240000 Antofagasta, Chile;
| | - Andrés Quiroz
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, 4780000 Temuco, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, 4780000 Temuco, Chile
| | - José M. Pérez-Donoso
- BioNanotechnology and Microbiology Lab, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8320000 Santiago, Chile;
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Abd El-Atti MS, El-Sayed AS, Said RM. Usage of pharmaceutical contraceptive drug for controlling Eobania vermiculata snails by baits technique. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05630. [PMID: 33319095 PMCID: PMC7724155 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study focused on evaluating the effects of oral administration of three different concentrations of Yasmin® combined contraceptive pills (estrogen and progesterone) on reproductive hormones levels, histology of the ovotestis and rate of oviposition of E. vermiculata for two months using baits technique. The levels of anti-müllerian hormone (AMH), Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Estradiol (E2), Progesterone(PRG), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and Testesterone (T) of treated snails were decreased with increasing the drug concentrations by percentages of -83.3%, -78.9%, - 59.6%,- 98.3 %, - 79.6 %, - 86.7% and 8.2%, respectively. Prolactin (PRL) level was significantly increased (86.9%) compared to control snails after 8 weeks of exposure. Histological investigations on the hermaphrodite glands of snails treated with 909 μg/gm. showed glandular hyperplasia, sloughing of germinal epithelium, acini sizes reduction, suppression of follicular growths, decreased luteinization and vasodilation. Male acini revealed histolytic of spermatogonia and mature sperms. The lowest concentration (303 μg/gm.) caused gradual decrease of the total egg counts that reach 50% at the 8th week of treatment. Higher doses (606 and 909 μg/gm.) resulted in dramatic dwindling of egg numbers and inspiring complete egg cessation at the 7th and 3rd weeks of treatments, respectively. The applications of combined contraceptive drugs as baits give promising results for controlling high population densities of E. vermiculata snails at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt.
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El-Kalyoubi S, Agili F. Synthesis, In Silico Prediction and In Vitro Evaluation of Antitumor Activities of Novel Pyrido[2,3- d]pyrimidine, Xanthine and Lumazine Derivatives. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215205. [PMID: 33182318 PMCID: PMC7672615 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethyl 5-arylpyridopyrimidine-6-carboxylates 3a–d were prepared as a one pot three component reaction via the condensation of different aromatic aldehydes and ethyl acetoacetate with 6-amino-1-benzyluracil 1a under reflux condition in ethanol. Additionally, condensation of ethyl 2-(2-hydroxybenzylidene) acetoacetate with 6-amino-1-benzyluracil in DMF afforded 6-acetylpyridopyrimidine-7-one 3e; a facile, operationally, simple and efficient one-pot synthesis of 8-arylxanthines 6a–f is reported by refluxing 5,6-diaminouracil 4 with aromatic aldehydes in DMF. Moreover, 6-aryllumazines 7a–d was obtained via the reaction of 5,6-diaminouracil with the appropriate aromatic aldehydes in triethyl orthoformate under reflux condition. The synthesized compounds were characterized by spectral (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR and mass spectra) and elemental analyses. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for their anticancer activity against lung cancer A549 cell line. Furthermore, a molecular-docking study was employed to determine the possible mode of action of the synthesized compounds against a group of proteins highly implicated in cancer progression, especially lung cancer. Docking results showed that compounds 3b, 6c, 6d, 6e, 7c and 7d were the best potential docked compounds against most of the tested proteins, especially CDK2, Jak2, and DHFR proteins. These results are in agreement with cytotoxicity results, which shed a light on the promising activity of these novel six heterocyclic derivatives for further investigation as potential chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar El-Kalyoubi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11651, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-111-995-2620
| | - Fatimah Agili
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (Female Section), Jazan University, Jazan 82621, Saudi Arabia;
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Salim N, Santhiagu A, Joji K. Purification, characterization and anticancer evaluation of l-methioninase from Trichoderma harzianum. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:501. [PMID: 33163320 PMCID: PMC7606426 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02494-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trichoderma harzianum l-methioninase was purified 7.15-fold with a recovery of 47.9% and the specific activity of 74.4 U/mg of protein. The purified enzyme has an apparent molecular mass of 48 kDa on SDS-PAGE and exhibited maximum activity at pH 8 and 35 °C. The enzyme was catalytically stable below 50 °C and at a pH range of 6.0-8.5. The thermal inactivation of l-methioninase exhibited first-order kinetics with the k value between 5.71 × 10-4 min-1 and 1.83 × 10-2 min-1. The studies on thermodynamic parameters of l-methioninase indicated the compaction and aggregation of the enzyme molecule during denaturation. This is the first report of thermodynamic analysis of thermal inactivation in l-methioninase. The enzyme activity was enhanced by Li+ and inhibited by Cu2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Hydroxylamine and PMSF. The purified enzyme showed K m , V max and k cat value of 1.19 mM, 21.27 U/mg/min and 16.11 s-1, respectively. The l-methioninase inhibited the growth of human cell lines hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep-G2) and breast carcinoma (MCF-7) with IC50 values of 14.12 μg/ml and 20.07 μg/ml, respectively. The in vivo antitumor activity of l-methioninase was evaluated against DAL cell lines bearing in Swiss albino mice. The enzyme effectively reduced tumor volume, packed cell volume, viable cell count and restored hematological parameters, serum enzyme and lipid profile to normal levels compared to DAL control mice. The present study has demonstrated the high efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum l-methioninase against cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo conditions. The purified l-methioninase has significant thermal stability and better catalytic properties than the enzyme purified from other sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Salim
- Bioprocess Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, India
| | - A. Santhiagu
- Bioprocess Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, India
| | - K. Joji
- Bioprocess Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, India
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El Sayed MT, El-Sayed ASA. Bioremediation and tolerance of zinc ions using Fusarium solani. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05048. [PMID: 33024860 PMCID: PMC7527588 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating the mechanism of tolerance and biotransformation Zn(II) ions by Fusarium solani based on the different physiological was the objective of this work. The physical properties of synthesized ZnONPs was determined by UV-spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope, and X-ray powder diffraction. The structural and anatomical changes of F. solani in response to Zn(II) was examined by TEM and SEM. From the HPLC profile, oxalic acid by F. solani was strongly increased by about 10.5 folds in response to 200 mg/l Zn(II) comparing to control cultures. The highest biosorption potential were reported at pH 4.0 (alkali-treated biomass) and 5.0 (native biomass), at 600 mg/l Zn(II) concentration, incubation temperature 30 °C, and contact time 40 min (alkali-treated biomass) and 6 h (native biomass). From the FT-IR spectroscopy, the main functional groups implemented on this remediation were C-S stretching, C=O C=N, C-H bending, C-N stretching and N-H bending. From the EDX spectra, fungal cellular sulfur and phosphorus compounds were the mainly compartments involved on ZN(II) binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal T El Sayed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, 44519, Egypt
| | - Ashraf S A El-Sayed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, 44519, Egypt
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El-Sayed AS, El-Sayed MT, Rady AM, Zein N, Enan G, Shindia A, El-Hefnawy S, Sitohy M, Sitohy B. Exploiting the Biosynthetic Potency of Taxol from Fungal Endophytes of Conifers Plants; Genome Mining and Metabolic Manipulation. Molecules 2020; 25:E3000. [PMID: 32630044 PMCID: PMC7412027 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi have been considered as a repertoire for bioactive secondary metabolites with potential application in medicine, agriculture and food industry. The biosynthetic pathways by fungal endophytes raise the argument of acquisition of these machineries of such complex metabolites from the plant host. Diterpenoids "Taxol" is the most effective anticancer drug with highest annual sale, since its discovery in 1970 from the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. However, the lower yield of Taxol from this natural source (bark of T. brevifolia), availability and vulnerability of this plant to unpredicted fluctuation with the ecological and environmental conditions are the challenges. Endophytic fungi from Taxus spp. opened a new avenue for industrial Taxol production due to their fast growth, cost effectiveness, independence on climatic changes, feasibility of genetic manipulation. However, the anticipation of endophytic fungi for industrial Taxol production has been challenged by the loss of its productivity, due to the metabolic reprograming of cells, downregulating the expression of its encoding genes with subculturing and storage. Thus, the objectives of this review were to (1) Nominate the endophytic fungal isolates with the Taxol producing potency from Taxaceae and Podocarpaceae; (2) Emphasize the different approaches such as molecular manipulation, cultural optimization, co-cultivation for enhancing the Taxol productivities; (3) Accentuate the genome mining of the rate-limiting enzymes for rapid screening the Taxol biosynthetic machinery; (4) Triggering the silenced rate-limiting genes and transcriptional factors to activates the biosynthetic gene cluster of Taxol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf S.A. El-Sayed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.T.E.-S.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (S.E.-H.)
| | - Manal T. El-Sayed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.T.E.-S.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (S.E.-H.)
| | - Amgad M. Rady
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Cairo 12566, Egypt;
| | - Nabila Zein
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Gamal Enan
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.T.E.-S.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (S.E.-H.)
| | - Ahmed Shindia
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.T.E.-S.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (S.E.-H.)
| | - Sara El-Hefnawy
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.T.E.-S.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (S.E.-H.)
| | - Mahmoud Sitohy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Basel Sitohy
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
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Arafa AM, Abdel-Ghany AE, El-Dahmy SI, Abdelaziz S, El-Ayouty Y, El-Sayed ASA. Purification and Characterization of Anabaena flos-aquae Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase as a Novel Approach for Myristicin Biotransformation. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:622-632. [PMID: 31581382 PMCID: PMC9728195 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1908.08009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) catalyzes the reversible deamination of phenylalanine to cinnamic acid and ammonia. Algae have been considered as biofactories for PAL production, however, biochemical characterization of PAL and its potency for myristicin biotransformation into MMDA (3-methoxy-4, 5-methylenedioxyamphetamine) has not been studied yet. Thus, PAL from Anabaena flos-aquae and Spirulina platensis has been purified, comparatively characterized and its affinity to transform myristicin was assessed. The specific activity of purified PAL from S. platensis (73.9 μmol/mg/min) and A. flos-aquae (30.5 μmol/mg/min) was increased by about 2.9 and 2.4 folds by gel-filtration comparing to their corresponding crude enzymes. Under denaturing-PAGE, a single proteineous band with a molecular mass of 64 kDa appeared for A. flos-aquae and S. platensis PAL. The biochemical properties of the purified PAL from both algal isolates were determined comparatively. The optimum temperature of S. platensis and A. flos-aquae PAL for forward or reverse activity was reported at 30°C, while the optimum pH for PAL enzyme isolated from A. flos-aquae was 8.9 for forward and reverse activities, and S. platensis PAL had maximum activities at pH 8.9 and 8 for forward and reverse reactions, respectively. Luckily, the purified PALs have the affinity to hydroaminate the myristicin to MMDA successfully in one step. Furthermore, a successful method for synthesis of MMDA from myristicin in two steps was also established. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was conducted to track the product formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M. Arafa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Afaf E. Abdel-Ghany
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Samih I. El-Dahmy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Sahar Abdelaziz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Yassin El-Ayouty
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Ashraf S. A. El-Sayed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt,Corresponding author Phone: +2-01024686495 E-mail:
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El-Sayed ASA, Fathalla M, Yassin MA, Zein N, Morsy S, Sitohy M, Sitohy B. Conjugation of Aspergillus flavipes Taxol with Porphyrin Increases the Anticancer Activity of Taxol and Ameliorates Its Cytotoxic Effects. Molecules 2020; 25:E263. [PMID: 31936458 PMCID: PMC7024149 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxol is one of the potential anticancer drugs; however, the yield of Taxol and its cytotoxicity are common challenges. Thus, manipulating the Taxol biosynthetic pathway from endophytic fungi, in addition to chemical modification with biocompatible polymers, is the challenge. Four fungal isolates, namely, Aspergillus flavipes, A. terreus, A. flavus, and A. parasiticus, were selected from our previous study as potential Taxol producers, and their potency for Taxol production was evaluated in response to fluconazole and silver nitrate. A higher Taxol yield was reported in the cultures of A. flavipes (185 µg/L) and A. terreus (66 µg/L). With addition of fluconazole, the yield of Taxol was increased 1.8 and 1.2-fold for A. flavipes and A. terreus, respectively, confirming the inhibition of sterol biosynthesis and redirecting the geranyl phosphate pool to terpenoids synthesis. A significant inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis by A. flavipes with addition of fluconazole was observed, correlating with the increase on Taxol yield. To increase the Taxol solubility and to reduce its cytotoxicity, Taxol was modified via chemical conjugation with porphyrin, and the degree of conjugation was checked from the Thin layer chromatography and UV spectral analysis. The antiproliferative activity of native and modified Taxol conjugates was evaluated; upon porphyrin conjugation, the activity of Taxol towards HepG2 was increased 1.5-fold, while its cytotoxicity to VERO cells was reduced 3-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf S. A. El-Sayed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Maher Fathalla
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.F.); (N.Z.); (S.M.)
| | - Marwa A. Yassin
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Nabila Zein
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.F.); (N.Z.); (S.M.)
| | - Shaima Morsy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.F.); (N.Z.); (S.M.)
| | - Mahmoud Sitohy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Basel Sitohy
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden;
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
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El-Sayed ASA, Shindia AA, Zeid AAA, Yassin AM, Sitohy MZ, Sitohy B. Aspergillus nidulans thermostable arginine deiminase-Dextran conjugates with enhanced molecular stability, proteolytic resistance, pharmacokinetic properties and anticancer activity. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 131:109432. [PMID: 31615671 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The potential anticancer activity of arginine deiminase (ADI) via deimination of l-arginine into citrulline has been extensively verified against various arginine-auxotrophic tumors, however, the higher antigenicity, structural instability and in vivo proteolysis are the major challenges that limit this enzyme from further clinical implementation. Since, this clinically applied enzyme was derived from Mycobacterium spp, thus, searching for ADI from eukaryotic microbes "especially thermophilic fungi" could have a novel biochemical, conformational and catalytic properties. Aspergillus nidulans ADI was purified with 5.3 folds, with molecular subunit structure 48 kDa and entire molecular mass 120 kDa, ensuring its homotrimeric identity. The peptide fingerprinting analysis revealing the domain Glu95-Gly96-Gly97 as the conserved active site of A. nidulans ADI, with higher proximity to Mycobacterium ADI clade IV. In an endeavor to fortify the structural stability and anticancer activity of A. nidulans ADI, the enzyme was chemically modified with dextran. The optimal activity of Dextran-ADI conjugates was determined at 0.08:20 M ratio of ADI: Dextran, with an overall increase to ADI molecular subunit mass to ˜100 kDa. ADI was conjugated with dextran via the ε-amino groups interaction of surface lysine residues of ADI. The resistance of Dextran-ADI conjugate to proteolysis had been increased by 2.5 folds to proteinase K and trypsin, suggesting the shielding of >50% of ADI surface proteolytic recognition sites. The native and Dextran-ADI conjugates have the same optimum reaction temperature (37 °C), reaction pH and pH stability (7.0-8.0) with dependency on K+ ions as a cofactor. Dextran-ADI conjugates exhibited a higher thermal stability by ˜ 2 folds for all the tested temperatures, ensuring the acquired structural and catalytic stability upon dextran conjugation. Dextran conjugation slightly protect the reactive amino and thiols groups of surface amino acids of ADI from amino acids suicide inhibitors. The affinity of ADI was increased by 5.3 folds to free L-arginine with a dramatic reduction in citrullination of peptidylarginine residues upon dextran conjugation. The anticancer activity of ADI to breast (MCF-7), liver (HepG-2) and colon (HCT8, HT29, DLD1 and LS174 T) cancer cell lines was increased by 1.7 folds with dextran conjugation in vitro. Pharmacokinetically, the half-life time of ADI was increased by 1.7 folds upon dextran conjugation, in vivo. From the biochemical and hematological parameters, ADIs had no signs of toxicity to the experimental animals. In addition to the dramatic reduction of L-arginine in serum, citrulline level was increased by 2.5 folds upon dextran conjugation of ADI. This is first report exploring thermostable ADI from thermophilic A. nidulans with robust structural stability, catalytic efficiency and proteolytic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf S A El-Sayed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, 44519, Egypt; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Section of Immunology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden; Department of Radiation Sciences, Section of Oncology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Ahmed A Shindia
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, 44519, Egypt
| | - Azza A Abou Zeid
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, 44519, Egypt
| | - Amany M Yassin
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, 44519, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Z Sitohy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Basel Sitohy
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Section of Immunology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden; Department of Radiation Sciences, Section of Oncology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
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El-Sayed ASA, Mohamed NZ, Safan S, Yassin MA, Shaban L, Shindia AA, Shad Ali G, Sitohy MZ. Restoring the Taxol biosynthetic machinery of Aspergillus terreus by Podocarpus gracilior Pilger microbiome, with retrieving the ribosome biogenesis proteins of WD40 superfamily. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11534. [PMID: 31395904 PMCID: PMC6687737 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47816-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Attenuating the Taxol yield of Aspergillus terreus with the subculturing and storage were the technical challenges that prevent this fungus to be a novel platform for industrial Taxol production. Thus, the objective of this study was to unravel the metabolic machineries of A. terreus associated with attenuation of Taxol productivity, and their restoring potency upon cocultivation with the Podocarpus gracilior microbiome. The Taxol yield of A. terreus was drastically reduced with the fungal subculturing. At the 10th subculture, the yield of Taxol was reduced by four folds (78.2 µg/l) comparing to the original culture (268 µg/l), as authenticated from silencing of molecular expression of the Taxol-rate limiting enzymes (GGPPS, TDS, DBAT and BAPT) by qPCR analyses. The visual fading of A. terreus conidial pigmentation with the subculturing, revealing the biosynthetic correlation of melanin and Taxol. The level of intracellular acetyl-CoA influx was reduced sequentially with the fungal subculturing, rationalizing the decreasing on Taxol and melanin yields. Fascinatingly, the Taxol biosynthetic machinery and cellular acetyl-CoA of A. terreus have been completely restored upon addition of 3% surface sterilized leaves of P. gracilior, suggesting the implantation of plant microbiome on re-triggering the molecular machinery of Taxol biosynthesis, their transcriptional factors, and/or increasing the influx of Acetyl-CoA. The expression of the proteins of 74.4, 68.2, 37.1 kDa were exponentially suppressed with A. terreus subculturing, and strongly restored upon addition of P. gracilior leaves, ensuring their profoundly correlation with the molecular expression of Taxol biosynthetic genes. From the proteomic analysis, the restored proteins 74.4 kDa of A. terreus upon addition of P. gracilior leaves were annotated as ribosome biogenesis proteins YTM and microtubule-assembly proteins that belong to WD40 superfamily. Thus, further ongoing studies for molecular cloning and expression of these genes with strong promotors in A. terreus, have been initiated, to construct a novel platform of metabolically stable A. terreus for sustainable Taxol production. Attenuating the Taxol yield of A. terreus with the multiple-culturing and storage might be due to the reduction on main influx of acetyl-CoA, or downregulation of ribosome biogenesis proteins that belong to WD40 protein superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf S A El-Sayed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Nabil Z Mohamed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Samia Safan
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Yassin
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Lamis Shaban
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Shindia
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Gul Shad Ali
- Mid-Florida Research Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
- Eukaryo Tech, LLC, Apopka, Florida, 32703, USA
| | - Mahmoud Z Sitohy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
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El-Sayed ASA, George NM, Yassin MA, Alaidaroos BA, Bolbol AA, Mohamed MS, Rady AM, Aziz SW, Zayed RA, Sitohy MZ. Purification and Characterization of Ornithine Decarboxylase from Aspergillus terreus; Kinetics of Inhibition by Various Inhibitors. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152756. [PMID: 31362455 PMCID: PMC6696095 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is the rate-limiting enzyme of de novo polyamine synthesis in humans and fungi. Elevated levels of polyamine by over-induction of ODC activity in response to tumor-promoting factors has been frequently reported. Since ODC from fungi and human have the same molecular properties and regulatory mechanisms, thus, fungal ODC has been used as model enzyme in the preliminary studies. Thus, the aim of this work was to purify ODC from fungi, and assess its kinetics of inhibition towards various compounds. Forty fungal isolates were screened for ODC production, twenty fungal isolates have the higher potency to grow on L-ornithine as sole nitrogen source. Aspergillus terreus was the most potent ODC producer (2.1 µmol/mg/min), followed by Penicillium crustosum and Fusarium fujikuori. These isolates were molecularly identified based on their ITS sequences, which have been deposited in the NCBI database under accession numbers MH156195, MH155304 and MH152411, respectively. ODC was purified and characterized from A. terreus using SDS-PAGE, showing a whole molecule mass of ~110 kDa and a 50 kDa subunit structure revealing its homodimeric identity. The enzyme had a maximum activity at 37 °C, pH 7.4-7.8 and thermal stability for 20 h at 37 °C, and 90 days storage stability at 4 °C. A. terreus ODC had a maximum affinity (Km) for l-ornithine, l-lysine and l-arginine (0.95, 1.34 and 1.4 mM) and catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) (4.6, 2.83, 2.46 × 10-5 mM-1·s-1). The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by DFMO (0.02 µg/mL), curcumin (IC50 0.04 µg/mL), propargylglycine (20.9 µg/mL) and hydroxylamine (32.9 µg/mL). These results emphasize the strong inhibitory effect of curcumin on ODC activity and subsequent polyamine synthesis. Further molecular dynamic studies to elucidate the mechanistics of ODC inhibition by curcumin are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf S A El-Sayed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
| | - Nelly M George
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Yassin
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed A Bolbol
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Marwa S Mohamed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Amgad M Rady
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Modern Science and Arts University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Safa W Aziz
- Department of Laboratory and Clinical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Rawia A Zayed
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Z Sitohy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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El-Sayed ASA, Shindia AA, AbouZaid AA, Yassin AM, Ali GS, Sitohy MZ. Biochemical characterization of peptidylarginine deiminase-like orthologs from thermotolerant Emericella dentata and Aspergillus nidulans. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 124:41-53. [PMID: 30797478 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are a group of hydrolases, mediating the deimination of peptidylarginine residues into peptidyl-citrulline. Equivocal protein citrullination by PADs of fungal pathogens has a strong relation to the progression of multiple human diseases, however, the biochemical properties of fungal PADs remain ambiguous. Thus, this is the first report exploring the molecular properties of PAD from thermotolerant fungi, to imitate the human temperature. The teleomorph Emericella dentata and anamorph Aspergillus nidulans have been morphologically and molecularly identified, with observed robust growth at 37-40 °C, and strong PAD productivity. The physiological profiles of E. dentata and A. nidulans for PADs production in response to carbon, nitrogen sources, initial medium pH and incubation temperature were relatively identical, emphasizing the taxonomical proximity of these fungal isolates. PADs were purified from E. dentata and A. nidulans with apparent molecular masses 41 and 48 kDa, respectively. The peptide fingerprints of PADs from E. dentata and A. nidulans have been analyzed by MALDI-TOF/MS, displaying a higher sequence similarity to human PAD4 by 18% and 31%, respectively. The conserved peptide sequences of E. dentata and A. nidulans PADs displayed a higher similarity to human PAD than A. fumigatus PADs clade. PADs from both fungal isolates have an optimum pH and pH stability at 7.0-8.0, with putative pI 5.0-5.5, higher structural denaturation at pH 4.0-5.5 and 9.5-12 as revealed from absorbance at λ280nm. E. dentata PAD had a higher conformationally thermal stability than A. nidulans PAD as revealed from its lower Kr value. From the proteolytic mapping, the orientation of trypsinolytic recognition sites on the PADs surface from both fungal isolates was very similar. PADs from both isolates are calcium dependent, with participation of serine and cysteine residues on their catalytic sites. PADs displayed a higher affinity to deiminate the peptidylarginine residues with a feeble affinity to work as ADI. So, PADs from E. dentata and A. nidulans had a relatively similar conformational and kinetic properties. Further molecular modeling analysis are ongoing to explore the role of PADs in citrullination of human proteins in Aspergillosis, that will open a new avenue for unraveling the vague of protein-protein interaction of human A. nidulans pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf S A El-Sayed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed A Shindia
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Azza A AbouZaid
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Amany M Yassin
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Gul Shad Ali
- MREC, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Florida, 32703, USA
| | - Mahmoud Z Sitohy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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El-Sayed AS, Ali DM, Yassin MA, Zayed RA, Ali GS. Sterol inhibitor “Fluconazole” enhance the Taxol yield and molecular expression of its encoding genes cluster from Aspergillus flavipes. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Hassabo AA, Mousa AM, Abdel-Gawad H, Selim MH, Abdelhameed RM. Immobilization ofl-methioninase on a zirconium-based metal–organic framework as an anticancer agent. J Mater Chem B 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00198k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new composite (METase@UiO-66) was prepared froml-methioninase and UiO-66-(COOH), which exhibited enhanced thermostability, pH and storage lifetime compared tol-methioninase. Moreover,in vivoexperiments showed that the drug inhibited tumor growth in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany A. Hassabo
- Microbial Chemistry Department
- National Research Centre
- Cairo
- Egypt
| | - Amria M. Mousa
- Biochemistry Department
- National Research Centre
- Cairo
- Egypt
| | - Hassan Abdel-Gawad
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department
- Chemical Industries Research Division
- National Research Centre
- Dokki
- Egypt
| | - Mohsen H. Selim
- Microbial Chemistry Department
- National Research Centre
- Cairo
- Egypt
| | - Reda M. Abdelhameed
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department
- Chemical Industries Research Division
- National Research Centre
- Dokki
- Egypt
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