1
|
Oh H, Yaghjyan L, Heng YJ, Rosner B, Mahoney MB, Murthy D, Baker GM, Tamimi RM. Associations of Early-Life and Adult Anthropometric Measures with the Expression of Stem Cell Markers CD44, CD24, and ALDH1A1 in Women with Benign Breast Biopsies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024; 33:933-943. [PMID: 38652503 PMCID: PMC11216865 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-23-1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the stem cell hypothesis, breast carcinogenesis may be related to the breast stem cell pool size. However, little is known about associations of breast cancer risk factors, such as anthropometric measures, with the expression of stem cell markers in noncancerous breast tissue. METHODS The analysis included 414 women with biopsy-confirmed benign breast disease in the Nurses' Health Study and Nurses' Health Study II. Birthweight, weight at age 18, current weight, and current height were reported via self-administered questionnaires. IHC staining of stem cell markers (CD44, CD24, and aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member A1) in histopathologically normal epithelial and stromal breast tissue was quantified using an automated computational image analysis system. Linear regression was used to examine the associations of early-life and adult anthropometric measures with log-transformed stem cell marker expression, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS Birthweight [≥10.0 vs. <5.5 lbs: β (95% confidence interval) = 4.29 (1.02, 7.56); P trend = 0.001 in the stroma] and adult height [≥67.0 vs. <63.0 inch: 0.86 (0.14, 1.58); P trend = 0.02 in the epithelium and stroma combined] were positively associated with CD44 expression. Childhood body fatness was inversely associated (P trend = 0.03) whereas adult height was positively associated with CD24 expression in combined stroma and epithelium (P trend = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that anthropometric measures, such as birthweight, adult height, and childhood body fatness, may be associated with the stem cell expression among women with benign breast disease. IMPACT Anthropometric measures, such as birthweight, height, and childhood body fatness, may have long-term impacts on stem cell population in the breast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Oh
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Lusine Yaghjyan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Yujing J Heng
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bernard Rosner
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matt B Mahoney
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Divya Murthy
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gabrielle M Baker
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rulla M Tamimi
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zeng X, Liu C, Yao J, Wan H, Wan G, Li Y, Chen N. Breast cancer stem cells, heterogeneity, targeting therapies and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Res 2020; 163:105320. [PMID: 33271295 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Both hereditary and sporadic breast cancer are suggested to develop from a stem cell subcomponent retaining most key stem cell properties but with dysregulation of self-renewal pathways, which drives tumorigenic differentiation and cellular heterogeneity. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), characterized by their self-renewal and differentiation potential, have been reported to contribute to chemo-/radio-resistance and tumor initiation and to be the main reason for the failure of current therapies in breast cancer and other CSC-bearing cancers. Thus, CSC-targeted therapies, such as those inducing CSC apoptosis and differentiation, inhibiting CSC self-renewal and division, and targeting the CSC niche to combat CSC activity, are needed and may become an important component of multimodal treatment. To date, the understanding of breast cancer has been extended by advances in CSC biology, providing more accurate prognostic and predictive information upon diagnosis. Recent improvements have enhanced the prospect of targeting breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), which has shown promise for increasing the breast cancer remission rate. However, targeted therapy for breast cancer remains challenging due to tumor heterogeneity. One major challenge is determining the CSC properties that can be exploited as therapeutic targets. Another challenge is identifying suitable BCSC biomarkers to assess the efficacy of novel BCSC-targeted therapies. This review focuses mainly on the characteristics of BCSCs and the roles of BCSCs in the formation, maintenance and recurrence of breast cancer; self-renewal signaling pathways in BCSCs; the BCSC microenvironment; potential therapeutic targets related to BCSCs; and current therapies and clinical trials targeting BCSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Zeng
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Medicine School of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518037, PR China
| | - Chengxiao Liu
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, PR China
| | - Jie Yao
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, PR China
| | - Haoqiang Wan
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Medicine School of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518037, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology, (Longhua Branch), Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518120, PR China
| | - Guoqing Wan
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, PR China
| | - Yingpeng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, (Longhua Branch), Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518120, PR China.
| | - Nianhong Chen
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, PR China; Department of Cell Biology & University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aaliyari-Serej Z, Ebrahimi A, Barazvan B, Ebrahimi-Kalan A, Hajiasgharzadeh K, Kazemi T, Baradaran B. Recent Advances in Targeting of Breast Cancer Stem Cells Based on Biological Concepts and Drug Delivery System Modification. Adv Pharm Bull 2020; 10:338-349. [PMID: 32665892 PMCID: PMC7335982 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2020.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer with various biological diversity known as the common reason of death in the world and despite progress in novel therapeutic approaches, it faced with failure and recurrence in general. Recent clinical and preclinical statistics support cancer stem cells (CSCs) hypothesis and its similarities with normal stem cells. Evaluation of related paper conclude in significance finding in the further characterization of CSCs biology such as surface biomarkers, microenvironment regulatory molecules, cell signaling pathways, cell to cell transition and drug efflux pumps to overcome multidrug resistance and effective therapy. Emerging novel data indicate biological concepts in the base of unsuccessful treatment. A powerful understanding of the cell signaling pathways in cancer and CSCs topics can be led us to define and control treatment problems in cancer. More recently nano medicine based on drug delivery system modification and new implications on combinatorial therapy have been used to treat breast cancer effectively. The aim of this review is focus on CSCs as a potential target of cancer therapy, to overcome the limitation and problems of current therapeutic strategies in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Aaliyari-Serej
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ayyub Ebrahimi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Halic Uuniversity, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Balal Barazvan
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Abbas Ebrahimi-Kalan
- Department of Neurosciences and Cognition, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Tohid Kazemi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yaghjyan L, Esnakula AK, Scott CG, Wijayabahu AT, Jensen MR, Vachon CM. Associations of mammographic breast density with breast stem cell marker-defined breast cancer subtypes. Cancer Causes Control 2019; 30:1103-1111. [PMID: 31352658 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-019-01207-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE High mammographic breast density is a strong, well-established breast cancer risk factor. Whether stem cells may explain high breast cancer risk in dense breasts is unknown. We investigated the association between breast density and breast cancer risk by the status of stem cell markers CD44, CD24, and ALDH1A1 in the tumor. METHODS We included 223 women with primary invasive or in situ breast cancer and 399 age-matched controls from Mayo Clinic Mammography Study. Percent breast density (PD), absolute dense area (DA), and non-dense area (NDA) were assessed using computer-assisted thresholding technique. Immunohistochemical analysis of the markers was performed on tumor tissue microarrays according to a standard protocol. We used polytomous logistic regression to quantify the associations of breast density measures with breast cancer risk across marker-defined tumor subtypes. RESULTS Of the 223 cancers in the study, 182 were positive for CD44, 83 for CD24 and 52 for ALDH1A1. Associations of PD were not significantly different across t marker-defined subtypes (51% + vs. 11-25%: OR 2.83, 95% CI 1.49-5.37 for CD44+ vs. OR 1.87, 95% CI 0.47-7.51 for CD44-, p-heterogeneity = 0.66; OR 2.80, 95% CI 1.27-6.18 for CD24+ vs. OR 2.44, 95% CI 1.14-5.22 for CD24-, p-heterogeneity = 0.61; OR 3.04, 95% CI 1.14-8.10 for ALDH1A1+ vs. OR 2.57. 95% CI 1.30-5.08 for ALDH1A1-, p-heterogeneity = 0.94). Positive associations of DA and inverse associations of NDA with breast cancer risk were similar across marker-defined subtypes. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence of differential associations of breast density with breast cancer risk by the status of stem cell markers. Further studies in larger study populations are warranted to confirm these associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lusine Yaghjyan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Ashwini K Esnakula
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Christopher G Scott
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Akemi T Wijayabahu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Matthew R Jensen
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Celine M Vachon
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Christopoulos PF, Corthay A, Koutsilieris M. Aiming for the Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 system in breast cancer therapeutics. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 63:79-95. [PMID: 29253837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite the major discoveries occurred in oncology the recent years, breast malignancies remain one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths for women in developed countries. Development of HER2-targeting drugs has been considered a breakthrough in anti-cancer approaches and alluded to the potential of targeting growth factors in breast cancer (BrCa) therapeutics. More than twenty-five years have passed since the Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) system was initially recognized as a potential target candidate in BrCa therapy. To date, a growing body of studies have implicated the IGF-1 signaling with the BrCa biology. Despite the promising experimental evidence, the impression from clinical trials is rather disappointing. Several reasons may account for this and the last word regarding the efficacy of this system as a target candidate in BrCa therapeutics is probably not written yet. Herein, we provide the theoretical basis, as well as, a comprehensive overview of the current literature, regarding the different strategies targeting the various components of the IGF-1/IGF-1R axis in several pathophysiological aspects of BrCa, including the tumor micro-environment and cancer stemness. In addition, we review the rationale for targeting the IGF-1 system in the different BrCa molecular subtypes and in treatment resistant breast tumors with a focus on both the molecular mechanisms and on the clinical perspectives of such approaches in specific population subgroups. We also discuss the future challenges, as well as, the development of novel molecules and strategies targeting the system and suggest potential improvements in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis F Christopoulos
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Alexandre Corthay
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yaghjyan L, Stoll E, Ghosh K, Scott CG, Jensen MR, Brandt KR, Visscher D, Vachon CM. Tissue-based associations of mammographic breast density with breast stem cell markers. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:100. [PMID: 28851411 PMCID: PMC5576318 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0889-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mammographic breast density is a well-established, strong breast cancer risk factor but the biology underlying this association remains unclear. Breast density may reflect underlying alterations in the size and activity of the breast stem cell pool. We examined, for the first time, associations of CD44, CD24, and aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member A1 (ALDH1A1) breast stem cell markers with breast density. Methods We included in this study 64 asymptomatic healthy women who previously volunteered for a unique biopsy study of normal breast tissue at the Mayo Clinic (2006-2008). Mammographically identified dense and non-dense areas were confirmed/localized by ultrasound and biopsied. Immunohistochemical analysis of the markers was performed according to a standard protocol and the staining was assessed by a single blinded pathologist. In core biopsy samples retrieved from areas of high vs. low density within the same woman, we compared staining extent and an expression score (the product of staining intensity and extent), using the signed rank test. All tests of statistical significance were two-sided. Results A total of 64, 28, and 10 women were available for CD44, CD24, and ALDH1A1 staining, respectively. For all three markers, we found higher levels of staining extent in dense as compared to non-dense tissue, though for CD24 and ALDH1A1 the difference did not reach statistical significance (CD44, 6.3% vs. 2.0%, p < 0.001; CD24, 8.0% vs. 5.6%, p = 0.10; and ALDH1A1, 0.5% vs. 0.3%, p = 0.12). The expression score for CD44 was significantly greater in dense as compared to non-dense tissue (9.8 vs.3.0, p < 0.001). Conclusions Our findings suggest an increased presence and/or activity of stem cells in dense as compared to non-dense breast tissue. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-017-0889-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lusine Yaghjyan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Ethan Stoll
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Karthik Ghosh
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Christopher G Scott
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Matthew R Jensen
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Kathleen R Brandt
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Daniel Visscher
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Celine M Vachon
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Denholm R, De Stavola B, Hipwell JH, Doran SJ, Busana MC, Eng A, Jeffreys M, Leach MO, Hawkes D, dos Santos Silva I. Pre-natal exposures and breast tissue composition: findings from a British pre-birth cohort of young women and a systematic review. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:102. [PMID: 27729066 PMCID: PMC5059986 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0751-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast density, the amount of fibroglandular tissue in the adult breast for a women's age and body mass index, is a strong biomarker of susceptibility to breast cancer, which may, like breast cancer risk itself, be influenced by events early in life. In the present study, we investigated the association between pre-natal exposures and breast tissue composition. METHODS A sample of 500 young, nulliparous women (aged approximately 21 years) from a U.K. pre-birth cohort underwent a magnetic resonance imaging examination of their breasts to estimate percent water, a measure of the relative amount of fibroglandular tissue equivalent to mammographic percent density. Information on pre-natal exposures was collected throughout the mothers' pregnancy and shortly after delivery. Regression models were used to investigate associations between percent water and pre-natal exposures. Mediation analysis, and a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literature, were also conducted. RESULTS Adjusted percent water in young women was positively associated with maternal height (p for linear trend [p t] = 0.005), maternal mammographic density in middle age (p t = 0.018) and the participant's birth size (p t < 0.001 for birthweight). A 1-SD increment in weight (473 g), length (2.3 cm), head circumference (1.2 cm) and Ponderal Index (4.1 g/cm3) at birth were associated with 3 % (95 % CI 2-5 %), 2 % (95 % CI 0-3 %), 3 % (95 % CI 1-4 %) and 1 % (95 % CI 0-3 %), respectively, increases in mean adjusted percent water. The effect of maternal height on the participants' percent water was partly mediated through birth size, but there was little evidence that the effect of birthweight was primarily mediated via adult body size. The meta-analysis supported the study findings, with breast density being positively associated with birth size. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide strong evidence of pre-natal influences on breast tissue composition. The positive association between birth size and relative amount of fibroglandular tissue indicates that breast density and breast cancer risk may share a common pre-natal origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Denholm
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Bianca De Stavola
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - John H. Hipwell
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, UCL, London, UK
| | - Simon J. Doran
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research (ICH) and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust (RHM), London, UK
| | - Marta C. Busana
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Amanda Eng
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mona Jeffreys
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Martin O. Leach
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research (ICH) and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust (RHM), London, UK
| | - David Hawkes
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, UCL, London, UK
| | - Isabel dos Santos Silva
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
We hypothesize that carcinoma in situ, and consequently breast carcinoma in general, is a lobar disease because the simultaneously or asynchronously appearing, often multiple tumor foci develop within a single lobe. The sick lobe carries some kind of genetic instability already from its initialization during the early embryonic life and is more sensitive to noxious influences than the other lobes within the same breast. Decades of postnatal life with accumulation of additional genetic alterations are needed for malignant transformation of the cells within the sick lobe. The transformation is often multifocal (involving separate distant lobules of this lobe) or diffuse (involving the larger ducts). This hypothesis offers new perspectives in cancer prevention, because selective visualization, excision, or destruction of the sick lobe before development of malignant lesions would substantially reduce the incidence of breast carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Tot
- Department of Pathology, Central Hospital, S-791 82 Falun, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Reproductive factors related to childbearing and mammographic breast density. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 158:351-9. [PMID: 27351801 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3884-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the associations of reproductive factors related to childbearing with percent breast density, absolute dense and nondense areas, by menopausal status. This study included 4110 cancer-free women within the Nurses' Health Study and Nurses' Health Study II cohorts. Percent breast density, absolute dense and nondense areas were measured from digitized mammography film images with computerized techniques. All density measures were square root-transformed in all the analyses to improve normality. The data on reproductive variables and other breast cancer risk factors were obtained from biennial questionnaires, at the time of the mammogram date. As compared to nulliparous women, parous postmenopausal women had lower percent density (β = -0.60, 95 % CI -0.84; -0.37), smaller absolute dense area (β = -0.66, 95 % CI -1.03; -0.29), and greater nondense area (β = 0.72, 95 % CI 0.27; 1.16). Among parous women, number of children was inversely associated with percent density in pre- (β per one child = -0.12, 95 % CI -0.20; -0.05) and postmenopausal women (β per one child = -0.07, 95 % CI -0.12; -0.02). The positive associations of breastfeeding with absolute dense and nondense areas were limited to premenopausal women, while the positive association of the age at first child's birth with percent density and the inverse association with nondense area were limited to postmenopausal women. Women with greater number of children and younger age at first child's birth have more favorable breast density patterns that could explain subsequent breast cancer risk reduction.
Collapse
|
10
|
Qiu L, Onoyama S, Low HP, Chang CI, Strohsnitter WC, Norwitz ER, Lopresti M, Edmiston K, Lambe M, Trichopoulos D, Lagiou P, Hsieh CC. Effect of preeclampsia on umbilical cord blood stem cells in relation to breast cancer susceptibility in the offspring. Carcinogenesis 2014; 36:94-8. [PMID: 25398884 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Women born from a preeclamptic (PE) pregnancy are associated with a lower risk of breast cancer. Prenatal and early-life exposures are hypothesized to influence breast cancer susceptibility through their effect on stem cells. We examined stem cell populations in umbilical cord blood from PE pregnancies and compared with those from pregnancies without this condition. We isolated mononuclear cells from 58 PE and 197 normotensive (non-PE) umbilical cord blood samples and examined the different stem cell populations. Hematopoietic (CD34(+) and CD34(+)CD38(-)), endothelial (CD34(+)CD133(+), CD34(+)VEGFR2(+), CD133(+)VEGFR2(+) and CD34(+)CD133(+)VEGFR2(+)), and putative breast (EpCAM(+), EpCAM(+)CD49f(+), EpCAM(+)CD49f(+)CD117(+), CD49f(+)CD24(+), CD24(+)CD29(+) and CD24(+)CD29(+)CD49f(+)) stem/progenitor cell subpopulations were quantified by flow cytometry and compared between PE and non-PE samples. Hematopoietic CD34(+) cell counts were significantly lowered in PE compared with non-PE samples (P = 0.039, Kruskal-Wallis test). Levels of CD34(+)CD133(+) endothelial progenitor cells were also lower in PE samples (P = 0.032, multiple regression analysis). EpCAM(+) and EpCAM(+)CD49f(+) putative breast stem cell levels were significantly lowered in PE subjects (multiple regression analysis: P = 0.038 and 0.007, respectively). Stratifying by newborn gender, EpCAM(+) and EpCAM(+)CD49f(+) stem cells were significantly lowered in PE samples of female, but not male, newborns. Umbilical cord blood samples from pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia thus had significantly lower levels of hematopoietic, endothelial, and putative breast stem cells than non-PE controls. With a lowered breast cancer risk for offspring of a PE pregnancy, our findings provide support to the hypothesis that susceptibility to breast oncogenesis may be affected by conditions and processes during the prenatal period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Qiu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School and UMass Memorial Health Care, Worcester, MA 01655, USA, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, SE171 77 Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Sagano Onoyama
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School and UMass Memorial Health Care, Worcester, MA 01655, USA, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, SE171 77 Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Hoi Pang Low
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School and UMass Memorial Health Care, Worcester, MA 01655, USA, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, SE171 77 Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Chien-I Chang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School and UMass Memorial Health Care, Worcester, MA 01655, USA, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, SE171 77 Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Errol R Norwitz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Mary Lopresti
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School and UMass Memorial Health Care, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Kathryn Edmiston
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School and UMass Memorial Health Care, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Mats Lambe
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, SE171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Pagona Lagiou
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Chung-Cheng Hsieh
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School and UMass Memorial Health Care, Worcester, MA 01655, USA, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, SE171 77 Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Low HP, Tiwari A, Janjanam J, Qiu L, Chang CI, Strohsnitter WC, Norwitz ER, Tam SW, Evans JE, Green KM, Paulo JA, Lambe M, Hsieh CC. Screening preeclamptic cord plasma for proteins associated with decreased breast cancer susceptibility. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2013; 11:335-44. [PMID: 24296084 PMCID: PMC4357835 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia, a complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension and proteinuria, has been found to reduce the subsequent risk for breast cancer in female offspring. As this protective effect could be due to exposure to preeclampsia-specific proteins during intrauterine life, the proteomic profiles of umbilical cord blood plasma between preeclamptic and normotensive pregnancies were compared. Umbilical cord plasma samples, depleted of 14 abundant proteins, were subjected to proteomic analysis using the quantitative method of nanoACQUITY ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with elevated energy mode of acquisition(E) (NanoUPLC-MS(E)). Sixty-nine differentially expressed proteins were identified, of which 15 and 6 proteins were only detected in preeclamptic and normotensive pregnancies, respectively. Additionally, expression of 8 proteins (gelsolin, complement C5, keratin type I cytoskeletal 10, pigment epithelium-derived factor, complement factor B, complement component C7, hemoglobin subunit gamma-2 and alpha-fetoprotein) were up-regulated in preeclampsia with a fold change of ≥2.0 when compared to normotensive pregnancies. The identification of alpha-fetoprotein in preeclamptic umbilical cord blood plasma supported the validity of this screen as alpha-fetoprotein has anti-estrogenic properties and has previously been linked to preeclampsia as well as a reduced breast cancer risk. The findings of this pilot study may provide new insights into the mechanistic link between preeclampsia and potentially reduced breast cancer susceptibility in adult life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Pang Low
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ashutosh Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Jagadeesh Janjanam
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Li Qiu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Chien-I Chang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | - Errol R Norwitz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Sun W Tam
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01545, USA
| | - James E Evans
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01545, USA
| | - Karin M Green
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01545, USA
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mats Lambe
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, SE171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chung-Cheng Hsieh
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Corominas-Faja B, Cufí S, Oliveras-Ferraros C, Cuyàs E, López-Bonet E, Lupu R, Alarcón T, Vellon L, Iglesias JM, Leis O, Martín ÁG, Vazquez-Martin A, Menendez JA. Nuclear reprogramming of luminal-like breast cancer cells generates Sox2-overexpressing cancer stem-like cellular states harboring transcriptional activation of the mTOR pathway. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:3109-24. [PMID: 23974095 DOI: 10.4161/cc.26173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism plasticity enables stemness programs during the reprogramming of somatic cells to an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) state. This relationship may introduce a new era in the understanding of Warburg's theory on the metabolic origin of cancer at the level of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Here, we used Yamanaka's stem cell technology in an attempt to create stable CSC research lines in which to dissect the transcriptional control of mTOR--the master switch of cellular catabolism and anabolism--in CSC-like states. The rare colonies with iPSC-like morphology, obtained following the viral transduction of the Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) stemness factors into MCF-7 luminal-like breast cancer cells (MCF-7/Rep), demonstrated an intermediate state between cancer cells and bona fide iPSCs. MCF-7/Rep cells notably overexpressed SOX2 and stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-4 proteins; however, other stemness-related markers (OCT4, NANOG, SSEA-1, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81) were found at low to moderate levels. The transcriptional analyses of OSKM factors confirmed the strong but unique reactivation of the endogenous Sox2 stemness gene accompanied by the silencing of the exogenous Sox2 transgene in MCF-7/Rep cells. Some but not all MCF-7/Rep cells acquired strong alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity compared with MCF-7 parental cells. SOX2-overexpressing MCF-7/Rep cells contained drastically higher percentages of CD44(+) and ALDEFLUOR-stained ALDH(bright) cells than MCF-7 parental cells. The overlap between differentially expressed mTOR signaling-related genes in 3 different SOX2-overexpressing CSC-like cell lines revealed a notable downregulation of 3 genes, PRKAA1 (which codes for the catalytic α 1 subunit of AMPK), DDIT4/REDD1 (a stress response gene that operates as a negative regulator of mTOR), and DEPTOR (a naturally occurring endogenous inhibitor of mTOR activity). The insulin-receptor gene (INSR) was differentially upregulated in MCF-7/Rep cells. Consistent with the downregulation of AMPK expression, immunoblotting procedures confirmed upregulation of p70S6K and increased phosphorylation of mTOR in Sox2-overexpressing CSC-like cell populations. Using an in vitro model of the de novo generation of CSC-like states through the nuclear reprogramming of an established breast cancer cell line, we reveal that the transcriptional suppression of mTOR repressors is an intrinsic process occurring during the acquisition of CSC-like properties by differentiated populations of luminal-like breast cancer cells. This approach may provide a new path for obtaining information about preventing the appearance of CSCs through the modulation of the AMPK/mTOR pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Corominas-Faja
- Metabolism & Cancer Group; Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona (ICO-Girona); Girona, Spain; Molecular Oncology; Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI); Girona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Qiu L, Low HP, Chang CI, Strohsnitter WC, Anderson M, Edmiston K, Adami HO, Ekbom A, Hall P, Lagiou P, Trichopoulos D, Hsieh CC. Novel measurements of mammary stem cells in human umbilical cord blood as prospective predictors of breast cancer susceptibility in later life. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:245-250. [PMID: 21515664 PMCID: PMC3276324 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdr153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The size of the breast stem-cell pool could underlie the intrauterine roots of breast cancer. We studied whether breast stem cells exist in umbilical cord blood and if they correlate with hematopoietic stem-cell measurements that have been positively associated with perinatal risk factors for breast cancer. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We isolated mononuclear cells from umbilical cord blood of 170 singleton full-term pregnancies and determined, by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, the presence of genes of putative breast epithelial stem-cell/progenitor markers [including epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), CD49f (α6-integrin), CD117 (c-kit receptor), CD24, and CD29 (β1-integrin)]. By immunocytochemistry, we colocalized protein expressions of EpCAM+CD49f+, CD49f+CD24+, and CD24+CD29+. We correlated concentrations of putative breast stem-cell/progenitor subpopulations, quantified by flow cytometry, with concentrations of hematopoietic stem cells. RESULTS Mammary stem-cell phenotypes were identified in umbilical cord blood. The measured EpCAM+ subpopulation was positively correlated with concentrations of CD34+ and CD34+CD38- hematopoietic stem cells (both P=0.006). Additionally, EpCAM+CD49f+ and CD49f+CD24+ subpopulations were positively correlated to the CD34+ cells (P=0.03 and 0.008, respectively). CONCLUSION The positive association between measurable breast and hematopoietic stem cells in human umbilical cord blood suggests plausible mechanisms for a prenatal influence on breast cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Qiu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - H P Low
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - C-I Chang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - W C Strohsnitter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston
| | - M Anderson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School and University of Massachusetts Memorial Health Care, Worcester
| | - K Edmiston
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School and University of Massachusetts Memorial Health Care, Worcester
| | - H-O Adami
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
| | - A Ekbom
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet/Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
| | - P Lagiou
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - D Trichopoulos
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - C-C Hsieh
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wu AH, McKean-Cowdin R, Tseng CC. Birth weight and other prenatal factors and risk of breast cancer in Asian-Americans. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 130:917-25. [PMID: 21710135 PMCID: PMC4203481 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the role of birth weight and other prenatal factors in the etiology of breast cancer in Asian-Americans. We investigated the relation between birth weight and other prenatal factors and breast cancer risk in a population-based case-control study in Los Angeles County that included 2,259 Asian-American women with incident, histologically confirmed breast cancer and 2,019 control women, who were frequency matched to cases on age, Asian ethnicity, and neighborhood of residence. Breast cancer risk nearly doubled (odds ratio (OR) = 1.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.15-3.39) among those with high (≥ 4000 g) birth weight compared to those with low (<2500 g) birth weight after adjusting for age at menarche, parity, adult body mass index, and other covariates. Risk increased 8% per 500 g increase in birth weight (P trend = 0.10). We observed a significant relationship between birth weight and age at menarche in both cases and controls. Mean birth weight was higher (2948 g) for control women who had early menarche (age ≤ 11 years) compared to those who had menarche late (age ≥ 15 years) (2807 g) (P trend = 0.016); results were similar among case patients (P trend = 0.020). Older maternal age was also a risk factor; risk increased by 6% (95% CI = 1.01-1.12) per 5 years increase in maternal age with adjustment for parity and other risk factors. Our results support the hypothesis that high birth weight and older maternal age at pregnancy may have contributed to the rising breast cancer incidence in Asian-Americans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Huang S. On the intrinsic inevitability of cancer: from foetal to fatal attraction. Semin Cancer Biol 2011; 21:183-99. [PMID: 21640825 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The cracks in the paradigm of oncogenic mutations and somatic evolution as driving force of tumorigenesis, lucidly exposed by the dynamic heterogeneity of "cancer stem cells" or the diffuse results of cancer genome sequencing projects, indicate the need for a more encompassing theory of cancer that reaches beyond the current proximate explanations based on individual genetic pathways. One such integrative concept, derived from first principles of the dynamics of gene regulatory networks, is that cancerous cell states are attractor states, just like normal cell types are. Here we extend the concept of cancer attractors to illuminate a more profound property of cancer initiation: its inherent inevitability in the light of metazoan evolution. Using Waddington's Epigenetic Landscape as a conceptual aid, for which we present a mathematical and evolutionary foundation, we propose that cancer is intrinsically linked to ontogenesis and phylogenesis. This explanatory rather than enumerating review uses a formal argumentation structure that is atypical in modern experimental biology but may hopefully offer a new coherent perspective to reconcile many conflicts between new findings and the old thinking in the categories of linear oncogenic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sui Huang
- Institute for Biocomplexity and Informatics, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vazquez-Martin A, López-Bonetc E, Cufí S, Oliveras-Ferraros C, Del Barco S, Martin-Castillo B, Menendez JA. Repositioning chloroquine and metformin to eliminate cancer stem cell traits in pre-malignant lesions. Drug Resist Updat 2011; 14:212-23. [PMID: 21600837 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ideal oncology drugs would be curative after a short treatment course if they could eliminate epithelium-originated carcinomas at their non-invasive, pre-malignant stages. Such ideal molecules, which are expected to molecularly abrogate all the instrumental mechanisms acquired by migrating cancer stem cells (CSCs) to by-pass tumour suppressor barriers, might already exist. We here illustrate how system biology strategies for repositioning existing FDA-approved drugs may accelerate our therapeutic capacity to eliminate CSC traits in pre-invasive intraepithelial neoplasias. First, we describe a signalling network signature that overrides bioenergetics stress- and oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) phenomena in CSCs residing at pre-invasive lesions. Second, we functionally map the anti-malarial chloroquine and the anti-diabetic metformin ("old drugs") to their recently recognized CSC targets ("new uses") within the network. By discussing the preclinical efficacy of chloroquine and metformin to inhibiting the genesis and self-renewal of CSCs we finally underscore the expected translational impact of the "old drugs-new uses" repurposing strategy to open a new CSC-targeted chemoprevention era.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Vazquez-Martin
- Unit of Translational Research, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Avenida de Francia s/n, E-17007 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Capittini C, Bergamaschi P, De Silvestri A, Marchesi A, Genovese V, Romano B, Tinelli C, Salvaneschi L. Birth-weight as a risk factor for cancer in adulthood: The stem cell perspective. Maturitas 2011; 69:91-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
18
|
Hattis D, Chu M, Rahmioglu N, Goble R, Verma P, Hartman K, Kozlak M. A preliminary operational classification system for nonmutagenic modes of action for carcinogenesis. Crit Rev Toxicol 2009; 39:97-138. [PMID: 19009457 DOI: 10.1080/10408440802307467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This article proposes a system of categories for nonmutagenic modes of action for carcinogenesis. The classification is of modes of action rather than individual carcinogens, because the same compound can affect carcinogenesis in more than one way. Basically, we categorize modes of action as: (1) co-initiation (facilitating the original mutagenic changes in stem and progenitor cells that start the cancer process) (e.g. induction of activating enzymes for other carcinogens); (2) promotion (enhancing the relative growth vs differentiation/death of initiated clones (e.g. inhibition of growth-suppressing cell-cell communication); (3) progression (enhancing the growth, malignancy, or spread of already developed tumors) (e.g. suppression of immune surveillance, hormonally mediated growth stimulation for tumors with appropriate receptors by estrogens); and (4) multiphase (e.g., "epigenetic" silencing of tumor suppressor genes). A priori, agents that act at relatively early stages in the process are expected to manifest greater relative susceptibility in early life, whereas agents that act via later stage modes will tend to show greater susceptibility for exposures later in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Hattis
- George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kakarala M, Wicha MS. Implications of the cancer stem-cell hypothesis for breast cancer prevention and therapy. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:2813-20. [PMID: 18539959 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.16.3931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research in breast biology has provided support for the cancer stem-cell hypothesis. Two important components of this hypothesis are that tumors originate in mammary stem or progenitor cells as a result of dysregulation of the normally tightly regulated process of self-renewal. As a result, tumors contain and are driven by a cellular subcomponent that retains key stem-cell properties including self-renewal, which drives tumorigenesis and differentiation that contributes to cellular heterogeneity. Advances in stem-cell technology have led to the identification of stem cells in normal and malignant breast tissue. The study of these stem cells has helped to elucidate the origin of the molecular complexity of human breast cancer. The cancer stem-cell hypothesis has important implications for early detection, prevention, and treatment of breast cancer. Both hereditary and sporadic breast cancers may develop through dysregulation of stem-cell self-renewal pathways. These aberrant stem cells may provide targets for the development of cancer prevention strategies. Furthermore, because breast cancer stem cells may be highly resistant to radiation and chemotherapy, the development of more effective therapies for this disease may require the effective targeting of this cell population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Kakarala
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5942, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Savarese TM, Strohsnitter WC, Low HP, Liu Q, Baik I, Okulicz W, Chelmow DP, Lagiou P, Quesenberry PJ, Noller KL, Hsieh CC. Correlation of umbilical cord blood hormones and growth factors with stem cell potential: implications for the prenatal origin of breast cancer hypothesis. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 9:R29. [PMID: 17501995 PMCID: PMC1929091 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prenatal levels of mitogens may influence the lifetime breast cancer risk by driving stem cell proliferation and increasing the number of target cells, and thereby increasing the chance of mutation events that initiate oncogenesis. We examined in umbilical cord blood the correlation of potential breast epithelial mitogens, including hormones and growth factors, with hematopoietic stem cell concentrations serving as surrogates of overall stem cell potential. Methods We analyzed cord blood samples from 289 deliveries. Levels of hormones and growth factors were correlated with concentrations of stem cell and progenitor populations (CD34+ cells, CD34+CD38- cells, CD34+c-kit+ cells, and granulocyte–macrophage colony-forming units). Changes in stem cell concentration associated with each standard deviation change in mitogens and the associated 95% confidence intervals were calculated from multiple regression analysis. Results Cord blood plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were strongly correlated with all the hematopoietic stem and progenitor concentrations examined (one standard-deviation increase in IGF-1 being associated with a 15–19% increase in stem/progenitor concentrations, all P < 0.02). Estriol and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 levels were positively and significantly correlated with some of these cell populations. Sex hormone-binding globulin levels were negatively correlated with these stem/progenitor pools. These relationships were stronger in Caucasians and Hispanics and were weaker or not present in Asian-Americans and African-Americans. Conclusion Our data support the concept that in utero mitogens may drive the expansion of stem cell populations. The correlations with IGF-1 and estrogen are noteworthy, as both are crucial for mammary gland development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Savarese
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - William C Strohsnitter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts-New England Medical Center, 750 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Hoi Pang Low
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Inkyung Baik
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - William Okulicz
- Department of Physiology, ILAT Steroid RIA Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - David P Chelmow
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts-New England Medical Center, 750 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Pagona Lagiou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Athens Medical School, 75 M. Asias Street, Goudi, GR-115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Peter J Quesenberry
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Kenneth L Noller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts-New England Medical Center, 750 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Chung-Cheng Hsieh
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| |
Collapse
|