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Liu J, Feng Z, Gao R, Liu P, Meng F, Fan L, Liu L, Du Y. Establishment and validation of a multivariate logistic model for risk factors of thyroid nodules using lasso regression screening. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1346284. [PMID: 38628585 PMCID: PMC11018967 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1346284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to analyze the association between the occurrence of thyroid nodules and various factors and to establish a risk factor model for thyroid nodules. Methods The study population was divided into two groups: a group with thyroid nodules and a group without thyroid nodules. Regression with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) was applied to the complete dataset for variable selection. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between various influencing factors and the prevalence of thyroid nodules. Results Based on the screening results of Lasso regression and the subsequent establishment of the Binary Logistic Regression Model on the training dataset, it was found that advanced age (OR=1.046, 95% CI: 1.033-1.060), females (OR = 1.709, 95% CI: 1.342-2.181), overweight individuals (OR = 1.546, 95% CI: 1.165-2.058), individuals with impaired fasting glucose (OR = 1.590, 95% CI: 1.193-2.122), and those with dyslipidemia (OR = 1.588, 95% CI: 1.197-2.112) were potential risk factors for thyroid nodule disease (p<0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the Binary Logistic Regression Model is 0.68 (95% CI: 0.64-0.72). Conclusions advanced age, females, overweight individuals, those with impaired fasting glucose, and individuals with dyslipidemia are potential risk factors for thyroid nodule disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianning Liu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhuoying Feng
- Department of Physical Diagnostics, Beidahuang Industry Group General Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ru Gao
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fangang Meng
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lijun Fan
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lixiang Liu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yang Du
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Yan Y, Dong J, Li S, Yang G, Huang K, Tian W, Su J, Zhang Z. Risk factors associated with the prevalence of thyroid nodules in adults in Northeast China: a cross-sectional population-based study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e069390. [PMID: 37907298 PMCID: PMC10619099 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined the association between anthropometric measurements, lifestyle factors and the prevalence of thyroid nodules among adults in Northeast China. DESIGN We employed a cross-sectional approach involving a questionnaire survey, which focused on participants' living habits, and a physical examination that included anthropometry and ultrasound imaging. SETTING The data were procured during multiple trips by medical teams from the first hospital of China Medical University to towns in Northeast China. PARTICIPANTS Of the 1092 participants, 489 did not have thyroid nodules (mean age: 54.02±11.49 years; 297 females (60.7%)), 99 had single thyroid nodules (mean age: 58.19±10.77 years; 59 females (59.6%)) and 504 had multiple thyroid nodules (mean age: 60.05±10.68 years; 394 females (78.2%)). Inclusion criteria mandated participants be over 20 years old without other medical conditions. We excluded individuals who had undergone surgical resection for thyroid nodules. RESULTS The prevalence of thyroid nodules was significantly associated with being female (OR 2.569, 95% CI 1.937 to 3.405, p<0.001) and increased age (OR 1.054, 95% CI 1.041 to 1.066, p<0.001). This association was more pronounced in those with multiple thyroid nodules. For males under 60, non-smoking was inversely correlated with the prevalence of multiple thyroid nodules (OR 0.321, 95%CI 0.149 to 0.69, p<0.05). For females under 60, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was significantly linked with the prevalence of thyroid nodules (OR 0.978, 95% CI 2.614 to 2.705, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Besides gender and age, the prevalence of thyroid nodules in Northeast China correlates with smoking habits and DBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudie Yan
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Junhe Dong
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shufeng Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Guochun Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Kunbo Huang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wen Tian
- Department of Geriatric, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingtong Su
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Hu Y, Shen Y, Xia E, Hirachan S, Bhandari A, Jin Z. Monocyte-to-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio Together With the Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio in Predicting the Malignancy of the Thyroid Nodule in Patients Complicated With Type 2 Diabetes. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2023; 17:11795549231199920. [PMID: 37744427 PMCID: PMC10515547 DOI: 10.1177/11795549231199920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid nodules, although mostly benign and symptomless, have a small chance of being cancerous, necessitating accurate diagnosis. This study aims to develop and validate a nomogram for differentiating malignant and non-malignant thyroid nodules in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Methods The study included 484 patients with both thyroid nodules and type 2 diabetes who underwent thyroid gland lobectomy at Wenzhou Medical University Hospital. Optimal cutoff values for continuous variables were determined using ROC curve analysis. Significant factors identified in univariable analysis were used to construct the nomogram. The monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR) was visualized through a histogram and scatter diagram. Discriminatory power was assessed using ROC analysis, and calibration curves ensured consistency. Decision curve analysis (DCA) evaluated clinical benefits. Results The cohort was divided into a training group (70%) and an internal validation group (30%). The scatter diagram revealed a correlation between MHR levels and the proportion of goiter cases, with higher MHR levels associated with increased goiter incidence. The histogram showed higher average MHR levels in goiter patients compared to those with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in both groups. Multivariate logistic regression identified age, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), fasting blood sugar (FSG), fibrinogen, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), and MHR as independent predictive factors for malignancy in thyroid nodules with type 2 diabetes. The nomogram achieved high discrimination, with C-index values of 0.901 (training data set) and 0.760 (internal validation data set). Calibration curves displayed good agreement, and DCA demonstrated significant net clinical benefits. Conclusions MHR is associated with sex, serum cholesterol levels, and peripheral blood cell counts, making it a potential novel biomarker for differentiating between PTC and goiter in type 2 diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Hu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Shen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Erjie Xia
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suzita Hirachan
- Department of General Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Unit, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Adheesh Bhandari
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of General Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Unit, Primera Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Zao Jin
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Motaghed Z, Chegeni H, Mosadeghkhah A, Azimi Aval M, Gerami R, Ebrahiminik H. Effect of ultrasound parameters of benign thyroid nodules on radiofrequency ablation efficacy. BMC Med Imaging 2023; 23:85. [PMID: 37337132 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-023-01044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a minimally invasive therapy for thyroid nodules (TNs). Understanding the determinants of RFA efficacy can improve treatment and prognosis. This study aims to investigate the relationship between ultrasound parameters of benign TNs and the efficacy of RFA. METHODS A pretest-posttest interventional study was conducted in 2021 on 250 randomly sampled patients with benign TNs, receiving RFA. For this purpose, the volume reduction (VR) and the VR ratio (VRR) of the nodules were measured at the 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up periods after the RFA completion. The technical success rate (TSR) of this procedure was then categorized into four states, including low (VRR < 25%), moderate (VRR = 25-49%), high (VRR = 50-74%), and very high (VRR ≥ 75). Ordered logistic regression (OLR) was further utilized to investigate the effect of the ultrasound parameters of TNs on the TSR. The analyses were notably performed using Stata 14.2. RESULTS The VRR at the 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up periods were 38.7%, 53.6%, 59.3%, and 59.9%, respectively. The mean VR was also statistically significant at all follow-ups (p < 0.001). At the 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up periods, the VR of over 50% was observed in 28.2%, 52.1%, and 65.2% of the nodules, respectively. The odds ratios (ORs) of the RFA success were found to be 4.3 times higher for the nodules in the left lobe compared to the right lobe (OR: 4.31, p = 0.002), 6.3 times greater for isoechoic nodules compared to hyperechoic nodules (OR: 6.39, p < 0.001), 6.2 times higher for hyper-vascular nodules compared to hypo-vascular nodules (OR: 6.25, p = 0.005), and 2.3 times greater for mixed nodules compared to solid ones (OR: 2.37, p = 0.049). CONCLUSION The ultrasound parameters of TNs had a statistically significant effect on the efficacy of RFA. Small-sized, isoechoic, and hyper-vascular nodules, as well as those with mixed tissue, were observed to respond better to RFA, leading to a better prognosis in terms of VR after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Motaghed
- Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Mosadeghkhah
- Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Azimi Aval
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Radiation Sciences Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Gerami
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hojat Ebrahiminik
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Radiation Sciences Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Demetriou E, Fokou M, Frangos S, Papageorgis P, Economides PA, Economides A. Thyroid Nodules and Obesity. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1292. [PMID: 37374075 DOI: 10.3390/life13061292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A widely discussed topic in the pathophysiology of thyroid nodules is the role of obesity, a state that leads to increased systemic inflammatory markers. Leptin plays a vital role in forming thyroid nodules and cancer through several mechanisms. Together with chronic inflammation, there is an augmentation in the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and the cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6), which contributed to cancer development, progression and metastasis. In addition, leptin exerts a modulatory action in the growth, proliferation and invasion of thyroid carcinoma cell lines via activating various signal pathways, such as Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and/or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt). Through several proposed mechanisms, aberrant endogenous estrogen levels have been suggested to play a vital role in the development of both benign and malignant nodules. Metabolic syndrome triggers the development of thyroid nodules by stimulating thyroid proliferation and angiogenesis due to hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. Insulin resistance influences the distribution and structure of the thyroid blood vessels. Insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and insulin affect the regulation of the expression of thyroid genes and the proliferation and differentiation of thyroid cells. TSH can promote the differentiation of pre-adipocytes to mature adipocytes but also, in the presence of insulin, TSH possesses mitogenic properties. This review aims to summarize the underlying mechanisms explaining the role of obesity in the pathophysiology of thyroid nodules and discuss potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elpida Demetriou
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Fokou
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Savvas Frangos
- Nuclear Medicine Department and Thyroid Cancer Clinic, Bank of Cyprus Oncology Center, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Panayiotis A Economides
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus
- Economides Thyroid and Endocrinology Center, Engomi, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Aliki Economides
- Economides Thyroid and Endocrinology Center, Engomi, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Health Sciences, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus
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Tran NQ, Le BH, Hoang CK, Nguyen HT, Thai TT. Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules and Associated Clinical Characteristics: Findings from a Large Sample of People Undergoing Health Checkups at a University Hospital in Vietnam. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2023; 16:899-907. [PMID: 37220482 PMCID: PMC10200104 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s410964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid nodule is a common disorder normally detected by ultrasound. However, little is known about the population prevalence of thyroid nodules in a Vietnamese population. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of thyroid nodules, its characteristics, and associated factors in a large number of people undergoing annual health checkups. Methods A retrospective, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted, based on electronic medical records of people undergoing health checkups at the Health Checkup Department, University Medical Center at Ho Chi Minh City. All of the participants underwent thyroid ultrasonography, anthropometric measurements, and serum examinations. Results A total of 16,784 participants (mean age: 40.4 ± 12.7 years, 45.1% female) were included in this study. The overall prevalence of thyroid nodules was 48.4%. The mean diameter of nodules was 7.2 ± 5.8 mm. The prevalence of nodules with malignant characteristics was 36.9%. Women had a significantly higher prevalence of thyroid nodules than men (55.2% vs 42.9%, p<0.001). Advanced age, hypertension, and hyperglycemia were significantly associated with thyroid nodules in both genders. In men, significant factors also included increased body mass index. In women, these included increased total cholesterol and LDLc, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperuricemia. Conclusion This study showed a high prevalence of TNs in Vietnamese people undergoing general health checkups. Importantly, the proportion of TNs with malignant risk was quite high. Therefore, screening for TNs should be added to annual health checkups to improve early detection of TNs, targeting those who have a high-risk profile based on factors identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Quang Tran
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Bao Hoang Le
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Chi Khanh Hoang
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Huu-Thinh Nguyen
- Department of Health Checkup, University Medical Center at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Truc Thanh Thai
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Byeon H, Moon Y, Lee S, Son GI, Lee E. Effect of the Marine Exercise Retreat Program on Thyroid-Related Hormones in Middle-Aged Euthyroid Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1542. [PMID: 36674297 PMCID: PMC9863542 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of a marine exercise retreat program on thyroid-related hormone levels. A total of 62 middle-aged euthyroid women participated in a 6-day marine exercise retreat program. Using thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (fT4) hormone levels, the participants were divided into high and low-hormone-level groups. Despite decreased TSH and fT4 levels after the program, the factors influencing changes in each group were different. TSH levels were influenced by changes in the normalized low frequency (nLF) of heart rate variability and carbon monoxide (CO) from all the participants, and changes in body fat percentage, nLF, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure level in the high TSH group. fT4 levels were influenced by changes in body mass index (BMI), NO2 exposure, and particulate matter diameter of 10 µm or less (PM10) exposure in all participants. Changes in BMI and CO exposure influenced the low fT4 group. Lastly, changes in the exercise stress test affected the high fT4 group. Thus, the marine exercise retreat program affected euthyroid thyroid-related hormone levels, and influencing factors differ depending on the initial value of the hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangjin Byeon
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yesol Moon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoeun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Ic Son
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunil Lee
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Mu C, Ming X, Tian Y, Liu Y, Yao M, Ni Y, Liu Y, Li Z. Mapping global epidemiology of thyroid nodules among general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1029926. [PMID: 36439513 PMCID: PMC9685339 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1029926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An emerging public health issue is brought on by the worldwide increase of thyroid nodules (TNs). The goal of the current study is to determine the global prevalence of TNs among the general population. METHODS We screened articles published from January 2000 to May 2022. TN prevalence was calculated with the DerSimonian-Laird random effects model with arcsine transformation. RESULTS A total of 20,358 entries were found in our research, and 102 of them met our inclusion criteria. A total of 9,276,178 individuals have been diagnosed as TNs; the overall prevalence was 24.83% (95% CI 21.44-28.55), regardless of the diagnostic techniques. TNs have become more prevalent during 2012-2022 (29.29%) compared with 2000-2011 (21.53%, p = 0.02). In addition, we discovered that women (36.51%) were more likely to have TNs than men (23.47%, p < 0.01). Interestingly, we found that obesity was correlated with the prevalence of TNs. Additionally, age-specific-stratified TN prevalence was found in our results. DISCUSSION This meta-analysis shows that, regardless of country development and economic status, TNs are spreading more widely over the world. Our findings showed a strong correlation between rising TN prevalence and older age, female sex, and elevated weight. To stop the TN epidemic from spreading over the world, increased awareness, the understanding of the disease, and quick action are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Mu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Ming
- Department of Ultrasound, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Ultrasound, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Menglin Yao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Center of Precision Medicine, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yinyun Ni
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Center of Precision Medicine, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Department of Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Diseases, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Vasconcelos LAFD, Assis RCD, Araújo ABM, Sousa TMTD, Valentim AB, Arruda SPM, Maia CSC. Food Intake of Patients with Thyroid Nodules: a Brazilian Food Guides-Based Analysis. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CANCEROLOGIA 2022. [DOI: 10.32635/2176-9745.rbc.2022v68n3.2626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The thyroid gland has the function of secreting hormones that play an important role in metabolism. Alterations in this function may bring complications to individuals, among them thyroid nodules. The prevalence of thyroid nodules is higher in white people, older adults, women, smokers, with accumulated body fat and larger waist circumference. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare dietary intake of patients with benign (BN) and malignant (MN) thyroid nodules. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 62 patients. Dietary intake was assessed using 24-hour dietary recall, according to the 2006 and 2014 Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. Mean consumption of each food group was compared between patients with BN and MN by Student’s t-test. Results: The sample consisted mostly of females with mean age of 43 years old. Based in the 2006 Guide, patients with BN and MN presented low consumption of fruits, vegetables, milk and dairy products, and high consumption of meat. Total caloric intake (p=0.03) and of the group of sugars and sweets (p=0.03) were higher among individuals with MN compared with BN. Considering the 2014 Guide, the highest caloric contribution for the diet was from minimally processed foods from minimally processed foods group. Conclusion: Patients with MN had higher energy intake of sugars and sweets. For all other food groups investigated, no significant difference between individuals with MN and BN was encountered.
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Huang D, Niu Y, Zhang W, Li X, Lin N, Yang Z, Qin L, Su Q, Ran H, Zhang H. OPG
is associated with thyroid nodule development in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24615. [PMID: 35870175 PMCID: PMC9459264 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid nodule prevalence is increasing lately, especially in diabetes, but the mechanism of which is not clear. In this study, we investigated if osteoprotegerin (OPG) is involved in the pathogenesis of thyroid nodules in diabetes. Methods A total of 7568 individuals with detailed information and ultrasound examination results were studied for the prevalence of thyroid nodules. Among them, 1883 were with type 2 diabetes and 5685 were non‐diabetic. Then, 1120 individuals were randomly selected for the measurement of OPG. Diabetic rats were made by feeding a high‐fat‐high‐fructose diet for 28 weeks. Rats fed with a normal diet were as controls. Fresh thyroid tissues were obtained and fixed, dehydrated, and embedded in paraffin for hematoxylin‐eosin staining and observing pathological changes. qPCR and western blot were used to detect OPG expression in rat thyroid tissues. Results We found that HbA1c is an independent risk factor for thyroid nodules (Exp [β] = 1.158, p < 0.001). The prevalence of thyroid nodules in type 2 diabetes was higher than that in non‐diabetes (53.9% vs. 46.7%, p < 0.001). Serum OPG levels were significantly elevated in the diabetes group than in the non‐diabetes group (3160.17 pg/ml vs. 2819.39 pg/ml, p < 0.01). The expression of OPG increased significantly in the thyroid tissues of diabetic rats. Conclusion Osteoprotegerin may be associated with thyroid nodule development in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhi Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
- Pudong New Area Gaoqiao community health center Shanghai China
| | - Yixin Niu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Xiaoyong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Ning Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital Chongming Branch Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Hui Ran
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
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Barrea L, Muscogiuri G, de Alteriis G, Porcelli T, Vetrani C, Verde L, Aprano S, Fonderico F, Troncone G, Colao A, Savastano S. Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet as a Modifiable Risk Factor for Thyroid Nodular Disease and Thyroid Cancer: Results From a Pilot Study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:944200. [PMID: 35782938 PMCID: PMC9247581 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.944200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Iodine deficiency is the most important established nutritional risk factor for the development of thyroid nodular disease. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, to date no study focused on the association between the adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) and thyroid nodular disease. Adherence to the MD was evaluated using the PREvención con DIetaMEDiterránea (PREDIMED) questionnaire. Physical activity, smoking habits, and anthropometric parameters were studied. PREDIMED was used to evaluate the degree of adherence to the MD. Evaluation of fine needle aspiration cytology of thyroid lesions based on 2013 Italian thyroid cytology classification system. Cytology of thyroid nodules was carried out through sonography-guided fine-needle aspiration and patients were divided into 5 categories: TIR2, TIR3a, TIR3b, TIR4, and TIR5. The study population consisted of 794 subjects (554 females, 69.8%), aged 18–65 years, with BMIs ranging from 19.4 to 55.3 kg/m2. Thyroid nodular disease was present in 391 participants (49.2%), and the most frequent cytological categories was TIR2 (18.3 %), followed by a TIR4 (8.9 %). The presence of thyroid nodules was also significantly associated with the lowest adherence to the MD (OR 6.16, p < 0.001). Patients with TIR5 had the lower adherence to the MD (2.15 ± 1.12 score) compared to other TIRs (p < 0.001). The cytological category with high-risk of malignancy (TIR4/TIR5) was significantly associated with the lowest adherence to the MD (OR 137.55, p < 0.001) and PREDIMED score (OR = 0.33, p < 0.001, 95% IC = 0.26–0.41, R2 = 0.462). At multiple regression analysis, PREDIMED score was the main predictor of both the presence of nodules (p < 0.001) and the cytological category with high-risk of malignancy (p < 0.001). At ROC analysis PREDIMED score ≤ 5 and ≤ 4 (p = 0.001) were the values that predicted the presence of thyroid nodular disease and cytological category with high-risk of malignancy, respectively. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the low adherence to the MD is associated with the presence of thyroid nodular disease and in particular with those at high-risk of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Barrea
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, Università Telematica Pegaso, Naples, Italy
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Luigi Barrea
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
- Cattedra Unesco “Educazione alla salute e allo sviluppo sostenibile”, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia de Alteriis
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Tommaso Porcelli
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Vetrani
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ludovica Verde
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Aprano
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Fonderico
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Troncone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
- Cattedra Unesco “Educazione alla salute e allo sviluppo sostenibile”, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
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12
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Thyroid nodules and its association with vitamin D in centenarians. Exp Gerontol 2022; 161:111730. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Neto V, Esteves-Ferreira S, Inácio I, Alves M, Dantas R, Almeida I, Guimarães J, Azevedo T, Nunes A. Metabolic Profile Characterization of Different Thyroid Nodules Using FTIR Spectroscopy: A Review. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12010053. [PMID: 35050174 PMCID: PMC8777789 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer’s incidence has increased in the last decades, and its diagnosis can be a challenge. Further and complementary testing based in biochemical alterations may be important to correctly identify thyroid cancer and prevent unnecessary surgery. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a metabolomic technique that has already shown promising results in cancer metabolome analysis of neoplastic thyroid tissue, in the identification and classification of prostate tumor tissues and of breast carcinoma, among others. This work aims to gather and discuss published information on the ability of FTIR spectroscopy to be used in metabolomic studies of the thyroid, including discriminating between benign and malignant thyroid samples and grading and classifying different types of thyroid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Neto
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED—Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (V.N.); (I.A.)
| | - Sara Esteves-Ferreira
- Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, CHBV—Endocrinology Department, 3810-164 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.E.-F.); (I.I.); (M.A.); (R.D.); (J.G.); (T.A.)
| | - Isabel Inácio
- Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, CHBV—Endocrinology Department, 3810-164 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.E.-F.); (I.I.); (M.A.); (R.D.); (J.G.); (T.A.)
| | - Márcia Alves
- Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, CHBV—Endocrinology Department, 3810-164 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.E.-F.); (I.I.); (M.A.); (R.D.); (J.G.); (T.A.)
| | - Rosa Dantas
- Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, CHBV—Endocrinology Department, 3810-164 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.E.-F.); (I.I.); (M.A.); (R.D.); (J.G.); (T.A.)
| | - Idália Almeida
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED—Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (V.N.); (I.A.)
| | - Joana Guimarães
- Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, CHBV—Endocrinology Department, 3810-164 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.E.-F.); (I.I.); (M.A.); (R.D.); (J.G.); (T.A.)
| | - Teresa Azevedo
- Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, CHBV—Endocrinology Department, 3810-164 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.E.-F.); (I.I.); (M.A.); (R.D.); (J.G.); (T.A.)
| | - Alexandra Nunes
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED—Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (V.N.); (I.A.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Cao J, Zhu X, Sun Y, Li X, Yun C, Zhang W. Potential Impact of Body Mass Index on the Clinical Outcome of Papillary Thyroid Cancer After High-Dose Radioactive Iodine Therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:870530. [PMID: 35721759 PMCID: PMC9205627 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.870530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Obesity has been reported as a potential risk factor for the aggressiveness of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), but the data gathered so far are conflicting. OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and aggressiveness of PTC at the diagnosis and clinical outcome. METHODS A total of 337 patients who underwent radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy between March 2017 and May 2020 were recruited. Patients were divided into four groups: underweight (BMI<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25-29.9 kg/m2), and obese (BMI≥ 30 kg/m2). Treatment and follow-up were defined according to criteria used in the 2015 ATA guidelines. RESULTS This study included 337 patients with PTC (71.5% women, median age 45.21 ± 13.04 years). The mean BMI was 24.2 ± 3.1 kg/m2. Obese groups had a higher age than the other groups (P = 0.001). Moreover, obese patients had larger tumor sizes and higher T stage, compared to overweight, normal weight, and underweight patients (P = 0.007). After a median follow-up of 32 months, 279 patients (82.7%) had achieved an excellent response (ER) to therapy. The overall ER rates were compared between groups, and they did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that BMI may have an additive effect on the aggressiveness of PTC, but did not have an effect on the response to therapy after high-dose RAI therapy.
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15
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Dong X, Li Y, Xie J, Li L, Wan Z, Kang Y, Luo Y, Wang J, Duan Y, Ding S, Cheng ASK. The prevalence of thyroid nodules and its factors among Chinese adult women: A cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:967380. [PMID: 36060984 PMCID: PMC9428689 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.967380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of thyroid nodules in Chinese adult women. To analyze the relationships between lifestyle, metabolic syndrome and thyroid nodules. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study in the tertiary hospital from 2017 to 2019. Included participants underwent thyroid color Doppler ultrasonography, lipids examination, and dietary evaluation. RESULTS Totally 2,784 participants were included, and 933 participants were found to have thyroid nodule(s) by B-ultrasound. The prevalence of thyroid nodules was 33.3%. Women in 50-59 years (OR: 1.746, 95% CI [1.356-2.249]), older than 60 (2.147 [1.540-2.993]) and occupations with mainly manual work (1.780 [1.367-2.317]) were risk factors for thyroid nodules, while moderate dietary diversity (0.624 [0.476-0.817]) and normal triglycerides level (0.739 [0.604-0.905]) were protective factors. CONCLUSION Women over 50 and those whose jobs are mainly manual should enhance screening, follow-up and health management of thyroid nodules. Higher dietary diversity is protective measures against thyroid nodules for adult women and should consider dietary balance and the food varieties, not just increased quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Dong
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Li
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianfei Xie
- Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Yinglong Duan, ; Jianfei Xie,
| | - Lijun Li
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziyu Wan
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yue Kang
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yating Luo
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiangang Wang
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yinglong Duan
- Emergency Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Yinglong Duan, ; Jianfei Xie,
| | - Siqing Ding
- Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Andy SK Cheng
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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16
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Xu S, Ni X, Zhou W, Zhan W, Zhang H. Development and validation of a novel diagnostic tool for predicting the malignancy probability of thyroid nodules: A retrospective study based on clinical, B-mode, color doppler and elastographic ultrasonographic characteristics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:966572. [PMID: 36204114 PMCID: PMC9530571 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.966572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinicians estimate the risk of thyroid nodules and make subsequently decision on the basis of clinical and ultrasonographic findings. Currently, there is no comprehensive diagnostic tool for predicting the malignancy rates of thyroid nodules. Our aim was to develop and validate a novel integrate diagnostic tool for predicting the malignancy probability of thyroid nodules based on clinical, B-mode, Color Doppler and elastographic ultrasonographic characteristics. METHODS A total of 1016 nodules in 1016 patients who underwent thyroid ultrasonography and surgery from July 2021 to December 2021 were included in this retrospective study. All nodules were confirmed by pathology and randomly classified into the training and validation groups. Clinical, B-mode, Color Doppler and elastographic (CBCE) ultrasonographic characteristics of nodules were recorded. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to screen independent predictors associated with thyroid cancer. A multivariate model containing the extracted predictors was constructed and presented in the form of a nomogram. The validation and applicability of the CBCE nomogram was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Diagnostic performances were calculated to compare the CBCE nomogram with ACR-TIRADS (Thyroid Imaging Reporting Data System by American College of Radiology) and EU-TIRADS (Thyroid Imaging Reporting Data System by European Thyroid Association). RESULTS The following factors were included in the CBCE nomogram: patient gender, age, shape, margin, composition and echogenicity, calcification, vascularization distribution, vascularization degree, suspicious lymph node metastases and elastography. The area under the curve (AUC) values were 0.978 and 0.983 for the training and validation groups, respectively. Compared with ACR-TIRADS and EU-TIRADS, the CBCE nomogram showed improved accuracy (0.944) and specificity (0.913) without sacrificing sensitivity (0.963) and showed the highest AUC with an optimal cutoff value of 0.55. CONCLUSION The CBCE nomogram has good and high clinical practicability in predicting the malignancy probability of thyroid nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangyan Xu
- Department of Ultrasound, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ni
- Department of Ultrasound, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Huan Zhang, ; Weiwei Zhan, ; Wei Zhou,
| | - Weiwei Zhan
- Department of Ultrasound, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Huan Zhang, ; Weiwei Zhan, ; Wei Zhou,
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Huan Zhang, ; Weiwei Zhan, ; Wei Zhou,
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Demiral Sezer S, Erdoğan Yücel E. Does insulin resistance trigger thyroid nodule? Intern Emerg Med 2021; 16:2105-2108. [PMID: 33755883 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-021-02713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between insulin resistance and thyroid nodules is not clearly understood. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between insülin resistance and thyroid nodules in non-diabetic patients. 410 patients who applied to the Internal Medicine outpatient clinic from June 2018 to July 2019 were reviewed retrospectively. A total of 216 non-diabetic patients were divided into two groups. The relationship of 105 patients with thyroid nodules and 110 patients without thyroid nodules with insulin resistance was investigated. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance value, serum triglycerides and total cholesterol level, and the ratio of women were higher in the group with thyroid nodules (p < 0.05). There was a positive and significant relationship between homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance value and thyroid nodules (r + 0.29, p < 0.05). In non-diabetic thyroid nodule patients, a significant relationship was detected between nodule formation and insulin resistance. However, these data must be confirmed by other studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Demiral Sezer
- Internal Medicine, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Elçin Erdoğan Yücel
- Internal Medicine, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
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Singh SK, Aditi A, Gupta J. Spatial clustering and meso-scale correlates of thyroid disorder among women in India: evidence from the National Family Health Survey (2015–16). J Public Health (Oxf) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-021-01614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Thyroid disorders are a major public health burden. Generally, women exhibit higher differentials in the prevalence of these disorders. This study focuses on the socio-economic and behavioural correlates of thyroid disorders along with their spatial clustering among women of reproductive age in India.
Methods
The study uses dataset from the fourth National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) carried out in 2015–16 to assess self-reported thyroid disorders. Poor–rich ratio (PRR) and concentration index (CI) were used to study the variation in thyroid disorder among women arising out of economic inequality. Moran’s I statistics and bivariate local spatial autocorrelation (BiLISA) maps were used to understand spatial dependence and clustering of thyroid disorder. Spatial lag and error models were applied to examine the correlates of the disorder.
Results
Thyroid disorder prevalence was higher among women from socio-economically better-off households. Adjusted effects showed that users of iodized salt were 1.14 times more likely to suffer from a thyroid disorder as compared to non-users, which is contrary to the general belief that a higher percentage of consumption of iodide salt leads to a lower prevalence of thyroid disorder. A higher autoregressive coefficient (0.71) indicated significantly higher spatial clustering in thyroid disorders.
Conclusions
The prevalence of thyroid disorder in India depends appreciably on spatial and various ecological factors. Sedentary lifestyles among women may be aggravating diseases, which has strong linkage with thyroid disorders. It is strongly recommended to effectively integrate universal salt iodization with activities geared towards the elimination of iodine deficiency disorders.
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Panagiotou G, Triantafyllidou S, Tarlatzis BC, Papakonstantinou E. Serum Levels of Irisin and Omentin-1 in Breast Neoplasms and Their Association with Tumor Histology. Int J Endocrinol 2021; 2021:6656671. [PMID: 33688343 PMCID: PMC7920698 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6656671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is associated with obesity, possibly due to direct effects of adipokines and myokines, such as omentin-1 and irisin. In this study, we aimed to evaluate omentin-1 and irisin levels in women with benign and/or malignant breast neoplasms vs. healthy controls. Disease-free individuals (N = 56) and patients with histologically proven benign (N = 61) or malignant tumor (N = 96; subdivided into recently diagnosed/treatment-naïve (N = 72) and chemotherapy-treated (N = 24) subgroups) were enrolled in this study. Demographic, biochemical, and tumor histological characteristics were recorded. Body composition parameters were assessed using bioelectrical impedance. Serum irisin and omentin-1 levels were quantified with ELISA kits. In adjusted models, irisin levels were higher in both benign and malignant cases compared to controls but were comparable between neoplasms. Further adjustment for omentin-1 levels showed that age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.05, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = (1.02, 1.08), p < 0.01) and irisin levels (OR = 5.30, 95% CI = (1.24, 22.38), p=0.03) were independent predictors of the presence of malignancy. These molecules were associated with each other and with other anthropometric and demographic parameters. Irisin was associated with tumor histological characteristics including Ki67% levels, Elston-Ellis grading system, and estrogen receptors status. Omentin-1 was also associated with the Elston-Ellis grading system. In conclusion, serum irisin is increased in patients with both benign and malignant diseases of the breast. When combined with omentin-1, irisin concentration was associated with the presence of breast malignancy. This molecule's role as a potential diagnostic and/or prognostic agent in breast malignancies warrants further investigation in larger prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigorios Panagiotou
- First Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Basil C. Tarlatzis
- Unit of Human Reproduction, 1st Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Papageorgiou General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Papakonstantinou
- First Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Zhang Y, Wang K, Qin W, Jin C, Song Y, Jia P, Wang S, Song Y, Ning Y, Li L. Six Air Pollutants Associated With Increased Risk of Thyroid Nodules: A Study of 4.9 Million Chinese Adults. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:753607. [PMID: 34966357 PMCID: PMC8710776 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.753607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid nodules has become a significant public health issue worldwide with a rapidly increasing prevalence. However, its association with outdoor air pollution remains poorly understood. We aim to investigate the relationship between six outdoor air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, CO, and O3) and the risk of thyroid nodules. METHODS We utilized a database including 4,920,536 participants who attended the annual physical examinations in the Meinian HealthCare Screening Center in 157 Chinese cities in 2017. City-specific concentrations of six pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, CO, and O3) from 2015 to 2017 were estimated based on the China's National Urban Air Quality Real Time Publishing Platform. Thyroid nodule was measured with ultrasound. Multivariable Logistic regression was used to examine the associations between air pollutants and thyroid nodules with adjustment for age, sex, education, smoking, body mass index, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, urine iodine, gross domestic product, and thyroid stimulating hormone. We conducted stratified analyses to investigate potential effect modification by sex, age, and urine iodine groups. RESULTS Approximately 38% of the participants (1,869,742) were diagnosed with thyroid nodules. Each of the six air pollutants was significantly and linearly associated with the risk for thyroid nodules. The adjusted odds ratios [95% CI] for every increase of 10 μg/m3 for PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, and O3 were 1.062 [1.061, 1.064], 1.04 [1.03, 1.04], 1.10 [1.09, 1.10], 1.11 [1.11, 1.12], and 1.151 [1.149, 1.154], respectively; The odds ratio for each increase of 1 mg/m3 for CO was 1.50 [1.49 to 1.52]. Furthermore, these associations were significantly higher in the participants who were men, younger, or having lower urine iodine level (p <0.001). CONCLUSION The six air pollutants may contribute to the high prevalence of thyroid nodules in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjing Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center (PKUHSC), Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, PKUHSC, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- Meinian Institute of Health, Beijing, China
- PKUHSC Meinian Public Health Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqing Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Peng Jia
- School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengfeng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center (PKUHSC), Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shengfeng Wang, ; Yongfeng Song, ; Yi Ning, ; Liming Li,
| | - Yongfeng Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Shengfeng Wang, ; Yongfeng Song, ; Yi Ning, ; Liming Li,
| | - Yi Ning
- Meinian Institute of Health, Beijing, China
- PKUHSC Meinian Public Health Research Institute, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shengfeng Wang, ; Yongfeng Song, ; Yi Ning, ; Liming Li,
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center (PKUHSC), Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shengfeng Wang, ; Yongfeng Song, ; Yi Ning, ; Liming Li,
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Pan Q, Wang Y, Wang G. The Association Between Hyperhomocysteinemia and Thyroid Nodule Prevalence in an Adult Population. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2020; 18:368-372. [PMID: 32598216 DOI: 10.1089/met.2020.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Thyroid nodule is the most common disorder of thyroid. Metabolic syndrome was regarded as an important factor for the prevalence of thyroid nodule. Homocysteine has been shown to be related to metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and several common cancers. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between serum homocysteine and the prevalence of thyroid nodule. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that included 2040 adults in a health checkup population in Beijing Chao-yang hospital. Thyroid ultrasound data, together with anthropometric characteristics, metabolic parameters, and serum homocysteine, were recorded respectively. Results: Hyperhomocysteinemia (defined as serum homocysteine ≥15 μmol/L) was detected in 452 participants (21.91%). Thyroid nodule prevalence was significantly higher in hyperhomocysteinemia participants than in normal homocysteine participants (52.57% vs. 45.16%, P = 0.006). Logistic regression analysis revealed that age [odds ratio (OR) 1.054; P < 0.001], female gender (OR 2.242; P < 0.001), body mass index (OR 1.050; P < 0.001), and serum homocysteine level (OR 1.022; P = 0.001) were the independent risk factors for thyroid nodule. Conclusions: Subjects with hyperhomocysteinemia have significantly higher thyroid nodule prevalence. Homocysteine is an independent risk factor for thyroid nodule. It implies that individuals with hyperhomocysteinemia have higher susceptibility to thyroid nodule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingrong Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Physical Examination Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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22
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Liu XZ, Wang JM, Ji YX, Zhao DB. Monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is associated with the presence and size of thyroid nodule irrespective of the gender. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:36. [PMID: 32164741 PMCID: PMC7069177 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-1196-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic inflammation may be involved in the formation and progression of thyroid nodule (TN). The aim of this large-scale study was to investigate the association of several simple inflammatory markers with the presence and size of TN. Methods A total of 133,698 adults were included for the current analysis. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), and monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR) were calculated. The logistic regression was used to explore the association of the four markers with the presence and size of TN. Results The prevalence of TN was 55.1% among females and 44% among males; 13% of women and 8% of men had non-micronodule. In women, MHR and PLR were significantly associated with the presence of TN and non-micronodule; in men, MHR and NLR were significantly associated with the presence of TN and non-micronodule. Conclusions As a low-cost, simple, and reproducible inflammatory marker, MHR is strongly associated with the presence and size of TN irrespective of the gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhen Liu
- Hangzhou Aeronautical Sanatorium of Chinese Air Force, Hangzhou, No. 27, Yang Gong Di, Xihu District, Zhejiang, 310007, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Min Wang
- Hangzhou Aeronautical Sanatorium of Chinese Air Force, Hangzhou, No. 27, Yang Gong Di, Xihu District, Zhejiang, 310007, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Xin Ji
- Hangzhou Aeronautical Sanatorium of Chinese Air Force, Hangzhou, No. 27, Yang Gong Di, Xihu District, Zhejiang, 310007, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Dong Bao Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Military Medical University (The Second Military Medical University), No. 168 Changhai Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Ben Hamou A, Ghanassia E, Espiard S, Abi Rached H, Jannin A, Correas JM, Do Cao C, Kyheng M, Vantyghem MC, Monpeyssen H. Safety and efficacy of thermal ablation (radiofrequency and laser): should we treat all types of thyroid nodules? †. Int J Hyperthermia 2020; 36:666-676. [PMID: 31317800 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2019.1627432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Thermal ablation is a minimally invasive technique that is gradually acknowledged as an effective alternative to surgery to treat thyroid nodules. Two main techniques have been described: radiofrequency (RFA) and laser ablation. Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the two main techniques (RFA and laser ablation) for the treatment of benign thyroid nodules. Patients: This bicentric retrospective study included 166 consecutive patients, who received clinical, biological and ultrasound evaluations for thyroid nodules, from October 2013 to November 2017. Methods: One of the two techniques was proposed if a nodule was proven to be benign after fine needle aspiration cytology or micro-biopsy. Adverse events and outcomes (symptoms, nodule reduction) were assessed at 6 weeks and 6, 12, and 18 months after treatment. Results: One hundred and eighty-nine nodules (mean size 17.5 ± 16.9 mL, 86.1% palpable) were treated by RFA (n = 108 (57.1%)) or laser ablation (n = 81 (42.9%)) in 166 patients (80.1% women, mean age 51.7 years). Two cases of transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, one hematoma, and two successfully drained abscesses (5/166 = 3%) were observed. Clinical symptoms improved significantly in the two groups (anterior cervical discomfort -83.6%, esthetic complaints -84.9% and dysphagia -86.4%). Nodule volume (mL) decreased significantly (baseline vs. 18 months) from 20.4 ± 18.6 to 5.8 ± 6.6 (-75%) in the RFA, and from 13.6 ± 13.3 to 3.4 ± 4.1 (-83.9%) in the laser ablation groups. Conclusions: Transient but potentially serious adverse events were reported in 3% of patients. A significant volumetric reduction was achieved with both techniques, regardless of nodule's characteristics, at 18 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Ben Hamou
- a Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism , CHU Lille , Lille , France
| | - Edouard Ghanassia
- a Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism , CHU Lille , Lille , France.,b American Hospital of Paris, Thyroid Unit , Neuilly-sur-Seine , France.,c Polyclinique Sainte-Thérèse , Sète , France
| | - Stephanie Espiard
- a Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism , CHU Lille , Lille , France
| | | | - Arnaud Jannin
- a Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism , CHU Lille , Lille , France
| | | | - Christine Do Cao
- a Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism , CHU Lille , Lille , France
| | - Maeva Kyheng
- f Public Health, Epidemiology and Quality of Care , Lille , France
| | - Marie Christine Vantyghem
- a Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism , CHU Lille , Lille , France.,g Inserm , University of Lille, CHU Lille , Lille , France
| | - Herve Monpeyssen
- b American Hospital of Paris, Thyroid Unit , Neuilly-sur-Seine , France
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Alnasser Allah D, Haj Hassan L, Alourfi Z. Anthropometric Parameters and Thyroid Morphology in a Sample of Overweight and Obese Syrian Women. EUROPEAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.33590/emj/10310986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Obesity and thyroid nodules are very common. Many studies have reported that weight gain is a new risk factor for goiters and thyroid nodules. In this study, the authors aimed to evaluate thyroid morphology in obese women and tried to link thyroid morphology with anthropometric parameters.
Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2017 and January 2018. Overweight and obese Syrian females, aged >35 years, without past or recent thyroid complaints, and living in the southern region of Syria were included in the study. Weight, height, and hip and waist circumference were measured to calculate anthropometric parameters. Thyroid volume and prevalence of thyroid nodules were compared among BMI groups as defined by World Health Organization classifications. Body Surface Area (BSA), waist circumference (WC), waist:hip ratio, and waist-to-height ratio (WtHR) were compared between nodule groups.
Results: A total of 140 overweight and obese females, with a mean age of aged 53±7 years were studied. Mean thyroid volume was 12.4±7.4 mL, with the highest volume identified in the Obesity Class III group (14.9±10.9 mL). Significant positive correlations were found between thyroid volume and weight, BMI, WC, BSA, and WtHR (p<0.05). Thyroid nodule prevalence was 84.3%, and 22.0% of the nodules were fine needle aspiration indicated. Weight and BSA were positively correlated with thyroid nodules (p<0.05), while BMI was not.
Conclusion: Thyroid volume was positively correlated with increased weight, BMI, WC, BSA, and WtHR in Syrian females. Positive correlations were found between weight, BSA, and thyroid nodules after age and thyroid stimulating hormone were excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dareen Alnasser Allah
- Endocrinology Department, Al-Mouwasat University Hospital, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Lilianne Haj Hassan
- Endocrinology Department, Al-Mouwasat University Hospital, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Zaynab Alourfi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
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Li L, Ying Y, Zhang C, Wang W, Li Y, Feng Y, Liang J, Song H, Wang Y. Bisphenol A exposure and risk of thyroid nodules in Chinese women: A case-control study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 126:321-328. [PMID: 30825751 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid nodules (TNs) are highly prevalent worldwide and have a pattern of female predominance. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor that can lead to adverse effects in human health. However, epidemiologic studies revealing the association between BPA exposure and TNs are limited and the results are inconsistent. We aimed to examine the association between urinary BPA and TNs in women who are more susceptible to TNs. METHODS We conducted a case-control study with 1416 women aged 18 years or older (705 cases, 711 controls). All participants underwent thyroid ultrasonography. Urinary total BPA (free and conjugated) concentration was quantified using the HPLC-MS/MS. We analyzed the association between urinary BPA concentration and the risk of TNs using crude and multivariable logistic regression models. Participants were further stratified into thyroid autoantibody positive group (at least one positive) and thyroid autoantibody negative group (both negative) according to the thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) levels, and restricted cubic spline regression was also applied to determine the possible nonlinear relationship between urinary BPA and TNs. RESULTS Compared with women in the first quartile, the odds of TNs was 72% (adjusted OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.25 to 2.35) higher for those in the second quartile, 54% (adjusted OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.12 to 2.12) higher for those in the third quartile, and 108% (adjusted OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.50 to 2.90) higher for those in the fourth quartile after adjusting for age, BMI, education, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglyceride, total cholesterol, urinary iodine, TGAb and TPOAb. When the study population was stratified into thyroid autoantibody positive group and thyroid autoantibody negative group, we found that only in the positive group, the association was significant in model 1 (crude OR = 2.80; 95% CI = 1.90 to 4.12), model 2 (adjusted OR = 2.84; 95% CI = 1.91 to 4.22), model 3 (adjusted OR = 4.01; 95% CI = 2.57 to 6.27) and model 4 (adjusted OR = 3.71; 95% CI = 2.36 to 5.83). Multivariable-adjusted restricted cubic spline analysis demonstrated a similar result that in the thyroid autoantibody positive group, the association between urinary BPA and TNs risk was near linear (P-overall <0.001; P-non-linear = 0.054). CONCLUSION In Chinese women, higher urinary BPA concentration was associated with increased risk of TNs only in those with positive thyroid autoantibodies. Moreover, this association was near linear, indicating that any rise in BPA exposure was associated with elevated TNs risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yingxia Ying
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Changrun Zhang
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yan Feng
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Central Hospital of Xuzhou, Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Xuzhou 221009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huaidong Song
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Siqueira RAD, Noll M, Rodrigues APDS, Silveira EA. Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Thyroid Nodules in Severely Obese Patients: A Case-Control Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:693-697. [PMID: 30909666 PMCID: PMC6825758 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.3.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The association of obesity with the occurrence of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer has been demonstrated. However, there is limited knowledge on the risk factors of thyroid nodules in in severely obese patients. The aim was to evaluate the occurrence of thyroid nodules in severely obese and nonobese patients and determine the factors associated considering sociodemographic, lifestyle, and biochemical variables. Methods: This is a case-control study of 134 adults which 67 nonobese, control group, and 67 severely obese (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2), case group. All participants underwent thyroid ultrasound. Results: The occurrence of thyroid nodules in a control group was 13.4% (n = 9), while in a case group was 29.9%, n = 20), difference statistically significant (p = 0.017). Factors associated with the occurrence of thyroid nodules in severely obese patients were lower mean age (p = 0.022); higher economic class (p = 0.010); nonconsumption of alcohol (p = 0.017); higher fasting glycemia (p = 0.009), fasting insulin (p = 0.001), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR] (p = 0.045), and triglyceride (p = 0.009) mean values; and lower vitamin D3 (p = 0.045) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.041) mean values. Conclusions: Occurrence of thyroid nodules in severely obese patients was higher than nonobese. Lower age at diagnosis, higher economic level, nonconsumption of alcohol, hyperinsulinemia, higher HOMA-IR scores, and lower vitamin D3 levels were factors associated with the occurrence of thyroid nodules in severely obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matias Noll
- Instituto Federal Goiano, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduacão em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Brazil
| | | | - Erika Aparecida Silveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduacão em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Brazil
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Grani G, Lamartina L, Montesano T, Ronga G, Maggisano V, Falcone R, Ramundo V, Giacomelli L, Durante C, Russo D, Maranghi M. Lack of association between obesity and aggressiveness of differentiated thyroid cancer. J Endocrinol Invest 2019; 42:85-90. [PMID: 29667113 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-018-0889-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aim of this study was to evaluate the association between body mass index (BMI) and aggressive features of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) in a prospective cohort. METHODS Patients with DTC were prospectively enrolled at a tertiary referral center and grouped according to their BMI. Aggressive clinic-pathological features were analyzed following the American Thyroid Association Initial Risk Stratification System score. RESULTS The cohort was composed of 432 patients: 5 (1.2%) were underweight, 187 (43.3%) normal weight, 154 (35.6%) overweight, 68 (15.7%) grade 1 obese, 11 (2.5%) grade 2 obese and 7 (1.6%) grade 3 obese. No single feature of advanced thyroid cancer was more frequent in obese patients than in others. No significant correlation was found between BMI, primary tumor size (Spearman's ρ - 0.02; p = 0.71) and ATA Initial Risk Stratification System score (ρ 0.03; p = 0.49), after adjustment for age. According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis, male gender and pre-surgical diagnosis of cancer were significant predictors of cancer with high or intermediate-high recurrence risk according to the ATA system (OR 2.06 and 2.51, respectively), while older age at diagnosis was a protective factor (OR 0.98), and BMI was not a predictor. BMI was a predictor of microscopic extrathyroidal extension only (OR 1.06). CONCLUSIONS Obesity was not associated with aggressive features in this prospective, European cohort of patients with DTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, RM, Italy
| | - L Lamartina
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, RM, Italy
| | - T Montesano
- Unità di Medicina Nucleare, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - G Ronga
- Unità di Medicina Nucleare, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - V Maggisano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università di Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - R Falcone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, RM, Italy
| | - V Ramundo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, RM, Italy
| | - L Giacomelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - C Durante
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, RM, Italy.
| | - D Russo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università di Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - M Maranghi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, RM, Italy
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Liu J, Wang C, Tang X, Fu S, Jing G, Ma L, Sun W, Li Y, Wu D, Niu Y, Niu Q, Guo H, Song P. Correlation analysis of metabolic syndrome and its components with thyroid nodules. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:1617-1623. [PMID: 31564932 PMCID: PMC6724178 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s219019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components with the occurrence of thyroid nodules. METHODS A total of 2719 volunteers from some areas of Gansu Province, China, who participated in the national survey of thyroid diseases and iodine nutrition status (Tide) and diabetes prevalence, were selected. Their height, weight, waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure were recorded. The fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h plasma postprandial glucose (2hPG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) levels were measured. The prevalence of MetS and thyroid nodules was evaluated, and the correlation between each component of MetS and thyroid nodules was studied. RESULTS The prevalence of MetS and thyroid nodules was 15.4% and 17.2%, respectively. WC, SBP, body mass index, FPG, 2hPG, TG, TC, and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were significantly higher in the thyroid nodule group. The prevalence of thyroid nodules was significantly higher in the MetS group. A positive correlation was found between the degree of metabolic disorder and the occurrence of thyroid nodules. WC was found to be a risk factor for the occurrence of thyroid nodules. For WC≥90 cm, an increase in the independent variables led to a significant rise in the incidence of thyroid nodules. CONCLUSION The prevalence of thyroid nodules was higher in the MetS group. The WC of the MetS components might be an independent risk factor for the occurrence of thyroid nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jingfang Liu; Xulei Tang Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, 1 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 0 931 835 6470Email
| | - Chenge Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xulei Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songbo Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gaojing Jing
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lihua Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiming Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujuan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Niu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianglong Niu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiping Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pei Song
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of China
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Buscemi S, Massenti FM, Vasto S, Galvano F, Buscemi C, Corleo D, Barile AM, Rosafio G, Rini N, Giordano C. Association of obesity and diabetes with thyroid nodules. Endocrine 2018; 60:339-347. [PMID: 28836113 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM There are conflicting data concerning the possibility that obesity and diabetes raise the risk of thyroid nodules. The incidence of thyroid nodules is increasing, as is that of obesity and diabetes; therefore, understanding whether these metabolic and nutritional disorders influence nodular thyroid disease is important for organizing prevention strategies. This study investigated the association between thyroid nodules, obesity, diabetes, and dietary habits. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cohort of randomly selected adults (455 males, 746 females; age: 18-90 years) living in Palermo (Italy), a mild iodine deficiency area, was cross-sectionally investigated. Participants underwent high-resolution ultrasonographic evaluation of the thyroid, and answered a food frequency questionnaire. Laboratory blood measurements were obtained in 587 participants. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Thyroid nodules were detected in 475 (39.5%) participants. The number of thyroid nodules was correlated with age (r = 0.19; P < 0.001), gender (r = 0.08; P = 0.005), and body mass index (r = 0.07; P = 0.02). No significant correlation was observed between the number of nodules and glycated hemoglobin, serum insulin concentrations, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Age-adjusted and gender-adjusted prevalence of both overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes of each group of participants divided according to the number of nodules significantly increased with the number of nodules (P < 0.05 in both cases). The group of participants with nodules exhibited a significantly lower age-adjusted and gender-adjusted habitual intake of milk (P = 0.02). Multivariate regression analysis showed that age, gender, body mass index, diabetes, and habitual consumption of milk were independently correlated with presence of thyroid nodules. CONCLUSION This study seems to indicate that an association exists between obesity, diabetes, and thyroid nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Buscemi
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (DIBIMIS) - University of Palermo (Italy), Via del Vespro 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy.
- Laboratorio di Metabolismo e Nutrizione Clinica - AOU Policlinico "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy.
| | - Fatima Maria Massenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile - University of Palermo, (Italy) - AOU Policlinico "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Sonya Vasto
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo (Italy), Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Galvano
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Catania (Italy), Catania, Italy
| | - Carola Buscemi
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (DIBIMIS) - University of Palermo (Italy), Via del Vespro 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy
- Laboratorio di Metabolismo e Nutrizione Clinica - AOU Policlinico "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Davide Corleo
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (DIBIMIS) - University of Palermo (Italy), Via del Vespro 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy
- Laboratorio di Metabolismo e Nutrizione Clinica - AOU Policlinico "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Barile
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (DIBIMIS) - University of Palermo (Italy), Via del Vespro 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy
- Laboratorio di Metabolismo e Nutrizione Clinica - AOU Policlinico "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rosafio
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (DIBIMIS) - University of Palermo (Italy), Via del Vespro 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy
- Laboratorio di Metabolismo e Nutrizione Clinica - AOU Policlinico "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Nadia Rini
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (DIBIMIS) - University of Palermo (Italy), Via del Vespro 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy
- Laboratorio di Metabolismo e Nutrizione Clinica - AOU Policlinico "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Carla Giordano
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (DIBIMIS) - University of Palermo (Italy), Via del Vespro 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy
- Sezione di Malattie Cardio-Respiratorie ed Endocrino-Metaboliche, Roma, Italy
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Yao Y, Chen X, Wu S, Guo L, Zhang H, Zhu Q, Tang J, Luan F, Zhao Y, Lv F, He Y. Thyroid nodules in centenarians: prevalence and relationship to lifestyle characteristics and dietary habits. Clin Interv Aging 2018; 13:515-522. [PMID: 29662307 PMCID: PMC5892957 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s162425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid nodules (TNs) are common thyroid lesions in older population. Few studies have focused on the prevalence of TNs and their relationship to lifestyle characteristics and dietary habits in centenarians. The current study aimed at determining the prevalence of TNs in Chinese centenarians by using high-resolution ultrasound (US) equipment and at investigating its relationship to lifestyle characteristics and dietary habits. Participants and methods The current study was part of the China Hainan Centenarian Cohort Study that was conducted in Hainan, an iodine-sufficient region in People’s Republic of China. A total of 874 permanent residents aged ≥100 years (mean age =102.8±2.8 years) without any missing data were included in the analysis. Results Among the participants, 649 of them were detected at least one TN under the US examinations. The overall prevalence rate of TNs was 74.3%. The prevalence of TNs was higher in participants who were women, had hypertension, had diabetes, and were underweight compared with their counterparts. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that being female, hypertensive, and diabetic; betel quid consumption; and red meat consumption were independent risk factors, while being underweight and nut consumption were independent protective factors for TNs. Conclusion Our findings indicate that the presence of TNs was highly prevalent in Chinese centenarians, particularly in women. In addition to gender, having hypertension, having diabetes, and being underweight, the presence of TNs was independently associated with betel quid, red meat, and nut consumption. Further prospective studies are warranted to verify these associations in populations from different age strata, races, cultures, and iodine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghui Chen
- Department of Ultrasonography, Hainan Branch of PLA General Hospital, Sanya, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengzheng Wu
- Department of Ultrasonography, Hainan Branch of PLA General Hospital, Sanya, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Guo
- Department of Ultrasonography, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Qiao Zhu
- Central Laboratory, Hainan Branch of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuxin Luan
- Central Laboratory, Hainan Branch of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Zhao
- Central Laboratory, Hainan Branch of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, People's Republic of China
| | - Faqin Lv
- Department of Ultrasonography, Hainan Branch of PLA General Hospital, Sanya, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao He
- Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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