1
|
Hu J, Wang H, Chen J, Pan X, Deng D, Zhuo L, Liu S, He M, Chen F, Yang H. Pitfalls in the management of subglottic paragangliomas at unusual location: a case report and literature review. BMC Surg 2021; 21:340. [PMID: 34496808 PMCID: PMC8424930 DOI: 10.1186/s12893-021-01337-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Subglottic paragangliomas (PGs) are exceptionally rare and unpredictable, occasionally presenting at an atypical location. There are three different clinical forms of subglottic PGs: intraluminal (tracheal PGs), extraluminal (thyroid PGs) and the mixed type (both intraluminal and extraluminal, mixed-subglottic PGs). These tumors are usually misdiagnosed as other relatively common primary thyroid or laryngotracheal tumors, and the treatment is troublesome. Case presentation A 22-year-old male patient with subglottic PGs has been successively misdiagnosed as thyroid tumors and subglottic hemangiomas, and lastly underwent local extended lumpectomy and laryngotracheal reconstruction with a pedicled thoracoacromial artery perforator flap (PTAPF). The patient was decannulated successfully after the second-stage tracheal reconstruction with a local flap, and no evidence of local recurrence and distant metastasis of the tumor until now. Conclusion Subglottic PGs can be easily misdiagnosed as laryngotracheal or thyroid tumors when presented at an atypical location. It is essential for otolaryngologists and head and neck surgeons to remain vigilant against these tumors. If the tumor is not diagnosed or removed completely, patients may encounter a risk of lethal paroxysm, which is incredibly troublesome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianli Chen
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelin Pan
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Deng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lufang Zhuo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shixi Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Maiyue He
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Satturwar SP, Rossi ED, Maleki Z, Cantley RL, Faquin WC, Pantanowitz L. Thyroid paraganglioma: A diagnostic pitfall in thyroid FNA. Cancer Cytopathol 2020; 129:439-449. [PMID: 33232572 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid paragangliomas are extremely rare and often are misdiagnosed by preoperative fine-needle aspiration (FNA) because their cytologic features overlap with those of other thyroid neoplasms. The objective of this study was to review the cytomorphology in a series of thyroid paragangliomas and correlate the findings with histopathology. METHODS Five thyroid paraganglioma cases that underwent FNA were reviewed. Their clinical presentation, radiology features, cytomorphology, ancillary tests, and histopathology were analyzed. RESULTS All patients were women with an average age of 49 years (age range, 35-61 years) and presented with an asymptomatic, solitary thyroid nodule. Radiologically, these nodules (size range, 1.8-3.0 cm) were well circumscribed, hypoechoic, and hypervascular. FNA smears showed clusters of loosely cohesive, medium-to-large epithelioid cells with clear-to-eosinophilic and occasionally foamy cytoplasm that had indistinct cytoplasmic borders. The nuclei were round to oval with focal nuclear membrane irregularities, inconspicuous nucleoli, focal marked anisonucleosis, and occasional intranuclear pseudoinclusions. Naked nuclei, variable numbers of plasmacytoid cells, multinucleated giant cells, and sustentacular cells were present in the background along with blood vessels and lymphocytes. Cytology diagnoses were incorrect and included follicular neoplasm (n = 4) and follicular lesion of undetermined significance (n = 1). Final histopathology with immunohistochemistry revealed conventional paraganglioma (n = 3) or sclerosing paraganglioma with invasive features (n = 2). CONCLUSIONS All thyroid paragangliomas were misdiagnosed on FNA as follicular neoplasms, in part because of the rarity of these tumors in this location and cytomorphology mimicking follicles. The absence of colloid, the presence of naked nuclei, focal marked anisonucleosis, and the presence of sustentacular cells are important cytology clues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati P Satturwar
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Esther D Rossi
- Department of Pathology, Catholic University-Fondazione Policlinico Universitario, Rome, Italy
| | - Zahra Maleki
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard L Cantley
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - William C Faquin
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Liron Pantanowitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yu X, Wang Y, Xie Q, Yan H, Zhao Q, Xiang C, Zhang M, Li JF, Wang P. Thyroid paraganglioma accompanied by lymph node metastasis or trachea invasion: A case report. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:345. [PMID: 33123256 PMCID: PMC7584009 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid paraganglioma (TP) is an uncommon neuroendocrine tumor with potential for misdiagnosis. Case 1 (male; 44 years old) presented with hoarseness for 3 months. A 2.5-cm gray nodule in the left thyroid was diagnosed as TP by immunohistochemistry. Lymph node metastasis was confirmed by H&E staining and immunohistochemistry. The patient was followed-up for 3 years without any signs of recurrence or metastasis. Case 2 (female; 39 years old) presented with an asymptomatic but rapidly growing thyroid nodule. The patient underwent thyroidectomy 8 years ago (2008) and was diagnosed with TP postoperatively. The patient was diagnosed with recurrence and exhibited trachea invasion. Thyroidectomy and partial trachea resection were performed. A literature review revealed that 62 other cases of TP have been reported, and most of them exhibited low malignant potential. However, the two cases presented in the current case report exhibited a high malignant potential, accompanied by lymph node metastasis or trachea invasion, and these features imply that the choice of treatment for patients should be based on their different degrees of malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Qiuping Xie
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Haichao Yan
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Qunzi Zhao
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Xiang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Maolin Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Fan Li
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Asa SL, Ezzat S, Mete O. The Diagnosis and Clinical Significance of Paragangliomas in Unusual Locations. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E280. [PMID: 30217041 PMCID: PMC6162705 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7090280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Paragangliomas are neuroendocrine neoplasms, derived from paraganglia of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. They are most commonly identified in the head and neck, being most frequent in the carotid body, followed by jugulotympanic paraganglia, vagal nerve and ganglion nodosum, as well as laryngeal paraganglia. Abdominal sites include the well-known urinary bladder tumors that originate in the Organ of Zuckerkandl. However, other unusual sites of origin include peri-adrenal, para-aortic, inter-aortocaval, and paracaval retroperitoneal sites, as well as tumors in organs where they may not be expected in the differential diagnosis of neuroendocrine neoplasms, such as thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, gut, pancreas, liver, mesentery, lung, heart and mediastinum. The distinction of these lesions from epithelial neuroendocrine neoplasms is critical for several reasons. Firstly, the determination of clinical and biochemical features is different from that used for epithelial neuroendocrine tumors. Secondly, the genetic implications are different, since paragangliomas/pheochromocytomas have the highest rate of germline susceptibility at almost 40%. Finally, the characterization of metastatic disease is unique in these highly syndromic lesions. In this review, we summarize updated concepts by outlining the spectrum of anatomic locations of paragangliomas, the importance of morphology in establishing the correct diagnosis, the clinical implications for management, and the impact of genetics on the distinction between multifocal primary tumors compared with malignant disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia L Asa
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
- Endocrine Oncology Site, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, ON M5G 2MG, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Shereen Ezzat
- Endocrine Oncology Site, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, ON M5G 2MG, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Ozgur Mete
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
- Endocrine Oncology Site, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, ON M5G 2MG, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dutta SK, Dasgupta S, Bhattacharyya NK, Jain P, Bose D, Biswas PK. Comparative Study of Imprint Cytology and Histopathology of Soft Tissue Tumors. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2018; 38:461-465. [PMID: 29333013 PMCID: PMC5759065 DOI: 10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_132_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The components of soft tissue are fibroblasts, collagen, vascular structures, fatty tissue, skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, and neural tissue. The real incidence of soft tissue tumors (STTs) is difficult to estimate because most of them are benign (Benign: Malignant-100:1). Aims: The aim of the present study was undertaken to note the patterns of presentation of patients with STTs and to evaluate the findings of imprint cytology (IC) and histopathological examination (HPE) of STTs. Materials and Methods: The present study was undertaken for 1 year. A total of 41 patients with clinically and radiologically diagnosed STTs were included in the study. Following surgery, imprint smear was taken for each tumor, before delivering the tissue to 10% formalin. HPE was subsequently performed. Results: The age of the patients ranged from 4 months to 80 years with a mean of 35.6 ± 17.5 years. The ratio of males to females was 1.05:1. HPE revealed that 21 (51.2%) tumors were benign and 20 (48.8%) malignant. Imprint smears revealed 16 (39%) tumors to be benign and 20 (48.8%) malignant. IC was inconclusive in 5 (12.2%) cases. The sensitivity of IC was found to be 89.5% and specificity 82.35%. The positive predictive value of IC was 85%. The accuracy of IC for diagnosis of both benign and malignant tumors was found to be 75%. Conclusion: IC of STTs is a rapid and simple method of intraoperative diagnosis, and it can serve as a viable alternative to frozen section biopsy, particularly in rural settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujit Kumar Dutta
- Department of Pathology, Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Senjuti Dasgupta
- Department of Pathology, Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Parul Jain
- Department of Pathology, Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Debdas Bose
- Department of Pathology, Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | |
Collapse
|