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Fu Q, Luo Y, Li J, Zhang P, Tang S, Song X, Fu J, Liu M, Mo R, Wei M, Li H, Liu X, Wang T, Ni G. Improving the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy by host-defence caerin 1.1 and 1.9 peptides. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2385654. [PMID: 39193797 PMCID: PMC11364082 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2385654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a major global health challenge. Immunotherapy has revolutionized the management of cancer, yet only a limited number of patients respond to such treatments. This is largely attributed to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which diminishes the effectiveness of immunotherapy. Recent studies have underscored the potential of naturally derived caerin 1 peptides, particularly caerin 1.1 and caerin 1.9, which exhibit strong antitumor effects and enhance the efficacy of immunotherapies in animal models. This review encapsulates the current research aimed at augmenting the effectiveness of immunotherapy, focusing on the role of caerin 1.1 and caerin 1.9 in boosting immunotherapeutic outcomes, elucidating possible mechanisms, and discussing their limitations and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanlan Fu
- Medical School of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuandong Luo
- Medical School of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Junjie Li
- R&D Department, Zhongao Bio-pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Pingping Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuxian Tang
- Cancer Research Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinyi Song
- The First Affiliated Hospital/Clinical Medical School, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiawei Fu
- The First Affiliated Hospital/Clinical Medical School, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengqi Liu
- Medical School of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Rongmi Mo
- The First Affiliated Hospital/Clinical Medical School, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Wei
- School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Hejie Li
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore BC, QLD, Australia
| | - Xiaosong Liu
- R&D Department, Zhongao Bio-pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, China
- Cancer Research Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital/Clinical Medical School, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianfang Wang
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore BC, QLD, Australia
| | - Guoying Ni
- R&D Department, Zhongao Bio-pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, China
- Cancer Research Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital/Clinical Medical School, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Grant M, Ni Lee L, Chinnakannan S, Tong O, Kwok J, Cianci N, Tillman L, Saha A, Pereira Almeida V, Leung C. Unlocking cancer vaccine potential: What are the key factors? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2331486. [PMID: 38564321 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2331486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a global health challenge, with changing demographics and lifestyle factors producing an increasing burden worldwide. Screening advancements are enabling earlier diagnoses, but current cancer immunotherapies only induce remission in a small proportion of patients and come at a high cost. Cancer vaccines may offer a solution to these challenges, but they have been mired by poor results in past decades. Greater understanding of tumor biology, coupled with the success of vaccine technologies during the COVID-19 pandemic, has reinvigorated cancer vaccine development. With the first signs of efficacy being reported, cancer vaccines may be beginning to fulfill their potential. Solid tumors, however, present different hurdles than infectious diseases. Combining insights from previous cancer vaccine clinical development and contemporary knowledge of tumor immunology, we ask: who are the 'right' patients, what are the 'right' targets, and which are the 'right' modalities to maximize the chances of cancer vaccine success?
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Gupta DS, Gupta DS, Abjani NK, Dave Y, Apte K, Kaur G, Kaur D, Saini AK, Sharma U, Haque S, Tuli HS. Vaccine-based therapeutic interventions in lung cancer management: A recent perspective. Med Oncol 2024; 41:249. [PMID: 39316239 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of lung cancer continues to grow globally, contributing to an ever-increasing load on healthcare systems. Emerging evidence has indicated lowered efficacy of conventional treatment strategies, such as chemotherapy, surgical interventions and radiotherapy, prompting the need for exploring alternative interventions. A growing focus on immunotherapy and the development of personalized medicine has paved the way for vaccine-based delivery in lung cancer. With various prominent targets such as CD8+T cells and PD-L1, immune-targeted, anti-cancer vaccines have been evaluated in both, pre-clinical and clinical settings, to improve therapeutic outcomes. However, there are a number of challenges that must be addressed, including the scalability of such delivery systems, heterogeneity of lung cancers, and long-term safety as well as efficacy. In addition to this, natural compounds, in combination with immunotherapy, have gained considerable research interest in recent times. This makes it necessary to explore their role in synergism with immune-targeted agents. The authors of this review aim to offer an overview of recent advances in our understanding of lung cancer pathogenesis, detection and management strategies, and the emergence of immunotherapy with a special focus on vaccine delivery. This finding is supported with evidence from testing in non-human and human models, showcasing promising results. Prospects for phytotherapy have also been discussed, in order to combat some pitfalls and limitations. Finally, the future perspectives of vaccine usage in lung cancer management have also been discussed, to offer a holistic perspective to readers, and to prompt further research in the domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Vile Parle-West, Mumbai, 56, India
| | - Daksh Sanjay Gupta
- Vivekanand Education Society's College of Pharmacy, Chembur, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400074, India
| | - Nosheen Kamruddin Abjani
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Vile Parle-West, Mumbai, 56, India
| | - Yash Dave
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Vile Parle-West, Mumbai, 56, India
| | - Ketaki Apte
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Vile Parle-West, Mumbai, 56, India
| | - Ginpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Vile Parle-West, Mumbai, 56, India.
| | - Damandeep Kaur
- University Center for Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India
| | - Adesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, India
| | - Ujjawal Sharma
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bhatinda, 151001, India
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, India.
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Andrew Awuah W, Shah MH, Tan JK, Ranganathan S, Sanker V, Darko K, Tenkorang PO, Adageba BB, Ahluwalia A, Shet V, Aderinto N, Kundu M, Abdul‐Rahman T, Atallah O. Immunotherapeutic advances in glioma management: The rise of vaccine-based approaches. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e70013. [PMID: 39215399 PMCID: PMC11364516 DOI: 10.1111/cns.70013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gliomas, particularly glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), are highly aggressive brain tumors that present significant challenges in oncology due to their rapid progression and resistance to conventional therapies. Despite advancements in treatment, the prognosis for patients with GBM remains poor, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches. One such emerging strategy is the development of glioma vaccines, which aim to stimulate the immune system to target and destroy tumor cells. AIMS This review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the current landscape of glioma vaccine development, analyzing the types of vaccines under investigation, the outcomes of clinical trials, and the challenges and opportunities associated with their implementation. The goal is to highlight the potential of glioma vaccines in advancing more effective and personalized treatments for glioma patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS This narrative review systematically assessed the role of glioma vaccines by including full-text articles published between 2000 and 2024 in English. Databases such as PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Scopus were searched using key terms like "glioma," "brain tumor," "glioblastoma," "vaccine," and "immunotherapy." The review incorporated both pre-clinical and clinical studies, including descriptive studies, animal-model studies, cohort studies, and observational studies. Exclusion criteria were applied to omit abstracts, case reports, posters, and non-peer-reviewed studies, ensuring the inclusion of high-quality evidence. RESULTS Clinical trials investigating various glioma vaccines, including peptide-based, DNA/RNA-based, whole-cell, and dendritic-cell vaccines, have shown promising results. These vaccines demonstrated potential in extending survival rates and managing adverse events in glioma patients. However, significant challenges remain, such as therapeutic resistance due to tumor heterogeneity and immune evasion mechanisms. Moreover, the lack of standardized guidelines for evaluating vaccine responses and issues related to ethical considerations, regulatory hurdles, and vaccine acceptance among patients further complicate the implementation of glioma vaccines. DISCUSSION Addressing the challenges associated with glioma vaccines involves exploring combination therapies, targeted approaches, and personalized medicine. Combining vaccines with traditional therapies like radiotherapy or chemotherapy may enhance efficacy by boosting the immune system's ability to fight tumor cells. Personalized vaccines tailored to individual patient profiles present an opportunity for improved outcomes. Furthermore, global collaboration and equitable distribution are critical for ensuring access to glioma vaccines, especially in low- and middle-income countries with limited healthcare resources CONCLUSION: Glioma vaccines represent a promising avenue in the fight against gliomas, offering hope for improving patient outcomes in a disease that is notoriously difficult to treat. Despite the challenges, continued research and the development of innovative strategies, including combination therapies and personalized approaches, are essential for overcoming current barriers and transforming the treatment landscape for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vivek Sanker
- Department of NeurosurgeryTrivandrum Medical CollegeTrivandrumKeralaIndia
| | - Kwadwo Darko
- Department of NeurosurgeryKorle Bu Teaching HospitalAccraGhana
| | | | - Bryan Badayelba Adageba
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology School of Medicine and DentistryKumasiGhana
| | | | - Vallabh Shet
- Faculty of MedicineBangalore Medical College and Research InstituteBangaloreKarnatakaIndia
| | - Nicholas Aderinto
- Department of Internal MedicineLAUTECH Teaching HospitalOgbomosoNigeria
| | - Mrinmoy Kundu
- Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM HospitalBhubaneswarOdishaIndia
| | | | - Oday Atallah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
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Zhang Y, Ji S, Miao G, Du S, Wang H, Yang X, Li A, Lu Y, Wang X, Zhao X. The current role of dendritic cells in the progression and treatment of colorectal cancer. Cancer Biol Med 2024; 21:j.issn.2095-3941.2024.0188. [PMID: 39177125 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2024.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Dendritic cells (DCs) constitute a heterogeneous group of antigen-presenting cells that are important for initiating and regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses. As a crucial component of the immune system, DCs have a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and clinical treatment of CRC. DCs cross-present tumor-related antigens to activate T cells and trigger an antitumor immune response. However, the antitumor immune function of DCs is impaired and immune tolerance is promoted due to the presence of the tumor microenvironment. This review systematically elucidates the specific characteristics and functions of different DC subsets, as well as the role that DCs play in the immune response and tolerance within the CRC microenvironment. Moreover, how DCs contribute to the progression of CRC and potential therapies to enhance antitumor immunity on the basis of existing data are also discussed, which will provide new perspectives and approaches for immunotherapy in patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanci Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Songtao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Ge Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Shuya Du
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Haojia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Xiaohua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, the 988th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Zhengzhou 450042, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Xiaodi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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Kaur H, Kalia A, Manchanda P, Singh A. Nano-delivery platforms for bacterial gene transformation: suitability and challenges. Int Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s10123-024-00543-5. [PMID: 38902555 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-024-00543-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Nano-scale particles (NPs) have gained increased interest as non-viral vectors for nucleic acid delivery due to their ability to penetrate through unabraded cell membranes. The previous studies performed have evaluated the nanomaterials for their microbial transformation proficiency but have not compared the relative efficacy. The present study aims to identify the most proficient nano-delivery vehicle among the chemically synthesized/functionalized non-metal oxide, metal/metal oxide, and carbon-based (carbon nanotube (CNT), graphene oxide (GO)) nanomaterial(s) (NMs) for the transformation of two gram-negative bacteria, i.e., Escherichia coli and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The microscopy and spectroscopy studies helped to identify the interaction, adhesion patterns, transformation efficiencies, better delivery, and expression of the target gfp gene by use of NMs. Loading of pgfp on all NMs imparted protection to DNAse I attack except ZnO NPs with maximum by chitosan, layered double hydroxide (LDH), and GO NM-plasmid DNA conjugates. The CNTs and GO significantly enhanced the extra- and intra-cellular protein content, respectively, in both bacteria. However, GO and CNT significantly decreased the cell viability in a time-dependent manner while AuNPs exhibited negligible cell toxicity. Therefore, this study identified the comparative efficiency of metal/metal oxide, non-metal oxide, and carbon nanomaterials with AuNPs as the most biosafe while LDH and chitosan NPs being the most proficient alternative tools for the genetic transformation of gram-negative bacteria by simple incubation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harkamal Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Anu Kalia
- Electron Microscopy and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India.
| | - Pooja Manchanda
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Alla Singh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, PAU Campus, PAU, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
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Strum S, Andersen MH, Svane IM, Siu LL, Weber JS. State-Of-The-Art Advancements on Cancer Vaccines and Biomarkers. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2024; 44:e438592. [PMID: 38669611 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_438592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The origins of cancer vaccines date back to the 1800s. Since then, there have been significant efforts to generate vaccines against solid and hematologic malignancies using a variety of platforms. To date, these efforts have generally been met with minimal success. However, in the era of improved methods and technological advancements, supported by compelling preclinical and clinical data, a wave of renewed interest in the field offers the promise of discovering field-changing paradigms in the management of established and resected disease using cancer vaccines. These include novel approaches to personalized neoantigen vaccine development, as well as innovative immune-modulatory vaccines (IMVs) that facilitate activation of antiregulatory T cells to limit immunosuppression caused by regulatory immune cells. This article will introduce some of the limitations that have affected cancer vaccine development over the past several decades, followed by an introduction to the latest advancements in neoantigen vaccine and IMV therapy, and then conclude with a discussion of some of the newest technologies and progress that are occurring across the cancer vaccine space. Cancer vaccines are among the most promising frontiers for breakthrough innovations and strategies poised to make a measurable impact in the ongoing fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Strum
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mads Hald Andersen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Lillian L Siu
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jeffrey S Weber
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY
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Sheikhlary S, Lopez DH, Moghimi S, Sun B. Recent Findings on Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines: An Updated Review. Biomolecules 2024; 14:503. [PMID: 38672519 PMCID: PMC11048403 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the global leading causes of death and various vaccines have been developed over the years against it, including cell-based, nucleic acid-based, and viral-based cancer vaccines. Although many vaccines have been effective in in vivo and clinical studies and some have been FDA-approved, there are major limitations to overcome: (1) developing one universal vaccine for a specific cancer is difficult, as tumors with different antigens are different for different individuals, (2) the tumor antigens may be similar to the body's own antigens, and (3) there is the possibility of cancer recurrence. Therefore, developing personalized cancer vaccines with the ability to distinguish between the tumor and the body's antigens is indispensable. This paper provides a comprehensive review of different types of cancer vaccines and highlights important factors necessary for developing efficient cancer vaccines. Moreover, the application of other technologies in cancer therapy is discussed. Finally, several insights and conclusions are presented, such as the possibility of using cold plasma and cancer stem cells in developing future cancer vaccines, to tackle the major limitations in the cancer vaccine developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sheikhlary
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - David Humberto Lopez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (D.H.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Sophia Moghimi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (D.H.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (D.H.L.); (S.M.)
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Eskandari A, Leow TC, Rahman MBA, Oslan SN. Advances in Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Their Obstacles, and Prospects Toward Tumor Immunotherapy. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01144-3. [PMID: 38625508 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, cancer immunotherapy has experienced a significant revolution due to the advancements in immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and adoptive cell therapies (ACTs), along with their regulatory approvals. In recent times, there has been hope in the effectiveness of cancer vaccines for therapy as they have been able to stimulate de novo T-cell reactions against tumor antigens. These tumor antigens include both tumor-associated antigen (TAA) and tumor-specific antigen (TSA). Nevertheless, the constant quest to fully achieve these abilities persists. Therefore, this review offers a broad perspective on the existing status of cancer immunizations. Cancer vaccine design has been revolutionized due to the advancements made in antigen selection, the development of antigen delivery systems, and a deeper understanding of the strategic intricacies involved in effective antigen presentation. In addition, this review addresses the present condition of clinical tests and deliberates on their approaches, with a particular emphasis on the immunogenicity specific to tumors and the evaluation of effectiveness against tumors. Nevertheless, the ongoing clinical endeavors to create cancer vaccines have failed to produce remarkable clinical results as a result of substantial obstacles, such as the suppression of the tumor immune microenvironment, the identification of suitable candidates, the assessment of immune responses, and the acceleration of vaccine production. Hence, there are possibilities for the industry to overcome challenges and enhance patient results in the coming years. This can be achieved by recognizing the intricate nature of clinical issues and continuously working toward surpassing existing limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Eskandari
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Thean Chor Leow
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Siti Nurbaya Oslan
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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10
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Heras-Murillo I, Adán-Barrientos I, Galán M, Wculek SK, Sancho D. Dendritic cells as orchestrators of anticancer immunity and immunotherapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2024; 21:257-277. [PMID: 38326563 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-024-00859-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous group of antigen-presenting innate immune cells that regulate adaptive immunity, including against cancer. Therefore, understanding the precise activities of DCs in tumours and patients with cancer is important. The classification of DC subsets has historically been based on ontogeny; however, single-cell analyses are now additionally revealing a diversity of functional states of DCs in cancer. DCs can promote the activation of potent antitumour T cells and immune responses via numerous mechanisms, although they can also be hijacked by tumour-mediated factors to contribute to immune tolerance and cancer progression. Consequently, DC activities are often key determinants of the efficacy of immunotherapies, including immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Potentiating the antitumour functions of DCs or using them as tools to orchestrate short-term and long-term anticancer immunity has immense but as-yet underexploited therapeutic potential. In this Review, we outline the nature and emerging complexity of DC states as well as their functions in regulating adaptive immunity across different cancer types. We also describe how DCs are required for the success of current immunotherapies and explore the inherent potential of targeting DCs for cancer therapy. We focus on novel insights on DCs derived from patients with different cancers, single-cell studies of DCs and their relevance to therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Heras-Murillo
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Adán-Barrientos
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Galán
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefanie K Wculek
- Innate Immune Biology Laboratory, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Sancho
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Mir S, Mir M. The mRNA vaccine, a swift warhead against a moving infectious disease target. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:336-348. [PMID: 38369742 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2320327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rapid development of mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 has revolutionized vaccinology, offering hope for swift responses to emerging infectious diseases. Initially met with skepticism, mRNA vaccines have proven effective and safe, reducing vaccine hesitancy amid the evolving COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that the time required to modify mRNA vaccines to counter new mutant strains is significantly shorter than the time it takes for pathogens to mutate and generate new variants that can thrive in vaccinated populations. This highlights the notion that mRNA vaccine technology appears to be outpacing viruses in the ongoing evolutionary race. AREAS COVERED This review article offers valuable insights into several crucial aspects of mRNA vaccine development and deployment, including the fundamentals of mRNA vaccine design and synthesis, the utilization of delivery systems, considerations regarding vaccine safety, the longevity of the immune response, strategies for modifying the original mRNA vaccine to address emerging mutant strains, as well as addressing vaccine hesitancy and potential approaches to mitigate reluctance. EXPERT OPINION Challenges such as stability, storage, manufacturing complexities, production capacity, allergic reactions, long-term effects, accessibility, and misinformation must be addressed. Despite these hurdles, mRNA vaccine technology holds promise for revolutionizing future vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheema Mir
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad Mir
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
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Verma C, Pawar VA, Srivastava S, Tyagi A, Kaushik G, Shukla SK, Kumar V. Cancer Vaccines in the Immunotherapy Era: Promise and Potential. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1783. [PMID: 38140187 PMCID: PMC10747700 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccines are a promising alternative for active immunotherapy for different types of cancers. Therapeutic cancer vaccines aim to prevent immune system responses that are not targeted at the tumors only, but also boost the anti-tumor immunity and promote regression or eradication of the malignancy without, or with minimal, adverse events. Clinical trial data have pushed the development of cancer vaccines forward, and the US Food and Drug Administration authorized the first therapeutic cancer vaccine. In the present review, we discuss the various types of cancer vaccines and different approaches for the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines, along with the current state of knowledge and future prospects. We also discuss how tumor-induced immune suppression limits the effectiveness of therapeutic vaccinations, and strategies to overcome this barrier to design efficacious, long-lasting anti-tumor immune responses in the generation of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitenya Verma
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | | | - Shivani Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Anuradha Tyagi
- Department of cBRN, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Science, Delhi 110054, India;
| | - Gaurav Kaushik
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India;
| | - Surendra Kumar Shukla
- Department of Oncology Science, OU Health Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43201, USA
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Dong Y, Chen J, Chen Y, Liu S. Targeting the STAT3 oncogenic pathway: Cancer immunotherapy and drug repurposing. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115513. [PMID: 37741251 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune effector cells in the microenvironment tend to be depleted or remodeled, unable to perform normal functions, and even promote the malignant characterization of tumors, resulting in the formation of immunosuppressive microenvironments. The strategy of reversing immunosuppressive microenvironment has been widely used to enhance the tumor immunotherapy effect. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was found to be a crucial regulator of immunosuppressive microenvironment formation and activation as well as a factor, stimulating tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasiveness and metastasis. Therefore, regulating the immune microenvironment by targeting the STAT3 oncogenic pathway might be a new cancer therapy strategy. This review discusses the pleiotropic effects of STAT3 on immune cell populations that are critical for tumorigenesis, and introduces the novel strategies targeting STAT3 oncogenic pathway for cancer immunotherapy. Lastly, we summarize the conventional drugs used in new STAT3-targeting anti-tumor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Dong
- Graduate School of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, No. 24, Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine Internal Medicine, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 1 Xiyuan Playground, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhan Chen
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Songjiang Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, No.26, Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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Postwala H, Shah Y, Parekh PS, Chorawala MR. Unveiling the genetic and epigenetic landscape of colorectal cancer: new insights into pathogenic pathways. Med Oncol 2023; 40:334. [PMID: 37855910 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a complex disease characterized by genetic and epigenetic alterations, playing a crucial role in its development and progression. This review aims to provide insights into the emerging landscape of these alterations in CRC pathogenesis to develop effective diagnostic tools and targeted therapies. Genetic alterations in signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR are pivotal in CRC development. Genetic profiling has identified distinct molecular subtypes, enabling personalized treatment strategies. Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, also contribute to CRC pathogenesis by influencing critical cellular processes through gene silencing or activation. Non-coding RNAs have emerged as essential players in epigenetic regulation and CRC progression. Recent research highlights the interplay between genetic and epigenetic alterations in CRC. Genetic mutations can affect epigenetic modifications, leading to dysregulated gene expression and signaling cascades. Conversely, epigenetic changes can modulate genetic expression, amplifying or dampening the effects of genetic alterations. Advancements in understanding pathogenic pathways have potential clinical applications. Identifying genetic and epigenetic markers as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers promises more accurate risk assessment and early detection. Challenges remain, including validating biomarkers and developing robust therapeutic strategies through extensive research and clinical trials. The dynamic nature of genetic and epigenetic alterations necessitates a comprehensive understanding of their temporal and spatial patterns during CRC progression. In conclusion, the genetic and epigenetic landscape of CRC is increasingly being unraveled, providing valuable insights into its pathogenesis. Integrating genetic and epigenetic knowledge holds great potential for improving diagnostics, prognostics, and personalized therapies in CRC. Continued research efforts are vital to translate these findings into clinical practice, ultimately improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humzah Postwala
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Yesha Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Priyajeet S Parekh
- AV Pharma LLC, 1545 University Blvd N Ste A, Jacksonville, Florida, 32211, USA
| | - Mehul R Chorawala
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India.
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