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He Z. Selective effects of perinatal estrogen on proliferation and new neurons in hippocampus and piriform cortex of rats at weaning. Neurotoxicology 2022; 91:254-261. [PMID: 35618077 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent report links heightened prenatal amniotic estrogen levels to an increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this study, we examined the developmental effects of perinatal estrogen treatment on stem cell activity in weaned rats. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats received ethinyl estradiol (EE2, 10µg/kg/day) or vehicle orally from gestational day 6 until parturition. Offspring were then treated with the same daily dose from postnatal days (PNDs) 1-21. The effects of perinatal estrogen treatment on stem cell activities in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus and the piriform cortex were evaluated in male and female rat pups. RESULTS EE2 treatment increased the total Ki67-immunoreactive (Ki67-ir) cell counts in the SGZ of males and females (p<0.05). However, no treatment or sex differences were detectable in the density of the doublecortin (DCX)-immunoreactive (DCX-ir) deposits in the hippocampus. In the piriform cortex, no treatment or sex differences were detected in Ki67-ir cell counts. However, the EE2 treatment significantly reduced the DCX-ir cell count in male, but not female rats (male EE2 group=292±22/mm2, male vehicle group=402±19/mm2, female EE2 group=342±15/mm2, female vehicle group=331±9/mm2). CONCLUSIONS Perinatal estrogen treatment increased hippocampal Ki67-ir cell counts in both sexes and selectively reduced DCX-ir cell counts in the piriform cortex of males. These data suggest that exposure to abnormally high levels of estrogens early in life may have an impact on neural cell development. Alterations in development so early in life may have long-term cognitive impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z He
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA.
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Carrano A, Juarez JJ, Incontri D, Ibarra A, Cazares HG. Sex-Specific Differences in Glioblastoma. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071783. [PMID: 34359952 PMCID: PMC8303471 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences have been well identified in many brain tumors. Even though glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults and has the worst outcome, well-established differences between men and women are limited to incidence and outcome. Little is known about sex differences in GBM at the disease phenotype and genetical/molecular level. This review focuses on a deep understanding of the pathophysiology of GBM, including hormones, metabolic pathways, the immune system, and molecular changes, along with differences between men and women and how these dimorphisms affect disease outcome. The information analyzed in this review shows a greater incidence and worse outcome in male patients with GBM compared with female patients. We highlight the protective role of estrogen and the upregulation of androgen receptors and testosterone having detrimental effects on GBM. Moreover, hormones and the immune system work in synergy to directly affect the GBM microenvironment. Genetic and molecular differences have also recently been identified. Specific genes and molecular pathways, either upregulated or downregulated depending on sex, could potentially directly dictate GBM outcome differences. It appears that sexual dimorphism in GBM affects patient outcome and requires an individualized approach to management considering the sex of the patient, especially in relation to differences at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carrano
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA;
| | - Juan Jose Juarez
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan 52786, Edo. de México, Mexico; (J.J.J.); (D.I.); (A.I.)
| | - Diego Incontri
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan 52786, Edo. de México, Mexico; (J.J.J.); (D.I.); (A.I.)
| | - Antonio Ibarra
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan 52786, Edo. de México, Mexico; (J.J.J.); (D.I.); (A.I.)
| | - Hugo Guerrero Cazares
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA;
- Correspondence:
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He Z, Patterson TA. A Potential Role for the Existence of Pericytes in the Neurovascular Unit of the Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus of the Rat Preoptic Area to Control Blood-Brain Barrier Function. Curr Neurovasc Res 2019; 16:194-201. [PMID: 31244439 DOI: 10.2174/1567202616666190627120135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed at determining pericytes, a missing component in the previously proposed living neurovascular unit (NVU) of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Calbindin D28K-immunoreactivities (CB28-irs) were used to delineate the SDN-POA in which CD13-immunoreactivities (CD13-irs) or alpha-smooth muscle actinimmunoreactivities (αSMA-irs), two pericyte biomarkers serving the indexes of pericytes, were tagged using two adjacent brain sections (90-micron intervals). In addition, the nestinimmunoreactive (nestin-ir) cells in the SDN-POA were counted as pericytes referring to additional standards: location and nucleic and cellular morphology. Male SDN-POA volume (5.0±0.3x10-3 mm3) was significantly larger than the female (1.7±0.3x10-3 mm3). Within the SDN-POA, the CD13-irs were characterized as dots, densely packed and net-like in distribution, while the αSMAirs, excluding pipe-like or circular structures, appeared as short rod-like structures that were sparsely distributed. RESULTS The immunoreactive counts of alpha-smooth muscle actin were 353±57/mm2 in males and 124±46/mm2 in females (p<0.05). On the other hand, densities of the dot-like CD13-irs were similar between males (4009±301/mm2) and females (4018±414/ mm2). There was no difference between the male and the female in the nestin-ir pericyte count in the SDN-POA. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the present study adds new information concerning pericytes to the living NVU of the SDN-POA. There is a difference of sex in the count of the αSMA-irs in the living NVU of the SDN-POA. However, why such a difference exists warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen He
- Department of Neuroscience, HFT-132, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson AR 72079, United States
| | - Tucker A Patterson
- Office of the Director National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
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He Z, Cui L, Ferguson SA, Paule MG. A Working Module for the Neurovascular Unit in the Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus of the Preoptic Area. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:156-163. [PMID: 28840477 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0729-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) can be conceptualized as a functional entity consisting of neurons, astrocytes, pericytes, and endothelial and smooth muscle cells that operate in concert to affect blood flow to a very circumscribed area. Although we are currently in a "golden era" of bioengineering, there are, as yet, no living NVUs-on-a-chip modules available and the development of a neural chip that would mimic NVUs is a seemingly lofty goal. The sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) is a tiny brain structure (between 0.001~0.007 mm3 in rats) with an assessable biological function (i.e., male sexual behavior). The present effort was undertaken to determine whether there are identifiable NVUs in the SDN-POA by assessing its vasculature relative to its known neural components. First, a thorough and systematic review of thousands of histologic and immunofluorescent images from 201 weanling and adult rats was undertaken to define the characteristics of the vessels supplying the SDN-POA: its primary supply artery/arteriole and capillaries are physically inseparable from their neural elements. A subsequent immunofluorescent study targeting α-smooth muscle actin confirmed the identity of an artery/arteriole supplying the SDN-POA. In reality, the predominant components of the SDN-POA are calbindin D28k-positive neurons that are comingled with tyrosine hydroxylase-positive projections. Finally, a schematic of an SDN-POA NVU is proposed as a working model of the basic building block of the CNS. Such modules could serve the study of neurovascular mechanisms and potentially inform the development of next generation bioengineered neural transplants, i.e., the construct of an NVU neural chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen He
- Division of Neurotoxicology, HFT-132, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Sherry A Ferguson
- Division of Neurotoxicology, HFT-132, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Merle G Paule
- Division of Neurotoxicology, HFT-132, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
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Jiao Q, Li X, An J, Zhang Z, Chen X, Tan J, Zhang P, Lu H, Liu Y. Cell-Cell Connection Enhances Proliferation and Neuronal Differentiation of Rat Embryonic Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:200. [PMID: 28785204 PMCID: PMC5519523 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell interaction as one of the niche signals plays an important role in the balance of stem cell quiescence and proliferation or differentiation. In order to address the effect and the possible mechanisms of cell-cell connection on neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs) proliferation and differentiation, upon passaging, NSCs/NPCs were either dissociated into single cell as usual (named Group I) or mechanically triturated into a mixture of single cell and small cell clusters containing direct cell-cell connections (named Group II). Then the biological behaviors including proliferation and differentiation of NSCs/NPCs were observed. Moreover, the expression of gap junction channel, neurotrophic factors and the phosphorylation status of MAPK signals were compared to investigate the possible mechanisms. Our results showed that, in comparison to the counterparts in Group I, NSCs/NPCs in Group II survived well with preferable neuronal differentiation. In coincidence with this, the expression of connexin 45 (Cx45), as well as brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) in Group II were significantly higher than those in Group I. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK2 were significantly upregulated in Group II too, while no change was found about p38. Furthermore, the differences of NSCs/NPCs biological behaviors between Group I and II completely disappeared when ERK and JNK phosphorylation were inhibited. These results indicated that cell-cell connection in Group II enhanced NSCs/NPCs survival, proliferation and neuronal differentiation through upregulating the expression of gap junction and neurotrophic factors. MAPK signals- ERK and JNK might contribute to the enhancement. Efforts for maintaining the direct cell-cell connection are worth making to provide more favorable niches for NSCs/NPCs survival, proliferation and neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiao
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityBeijing, China.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao UniversityQingdao, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jing An
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xinlin Chen
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jing Tan
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'an, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'an, China
| | - Pengbo Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Haixia Lu
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityBeijing, China
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Betancur MI, Mason HD, Alvarado-Velez M, Holmes PV, Bellamkonda RV, Karumbaiah L. Chondroitin Sulfate Glycosaminoglycan Matrices Promote Neural Stem Cell Maintenance and Neuroprotection Post-Traumatic Brain Injury. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:420-430. [PMID: 29744379 PMCID: PMC5937277 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
There are currently no effective treatments for moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). The paracrine functions of undifferentiated neural stem cells (NSCs) are believed to play a significant role in stimulating the repair and regeneration of injured brain tissue. We therefore hypothesized that fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) enriching chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan (CS-GAG) matrices can maintain the undifferentiated state of neural stem cells (NSCs) and facilitate brain tissue repair subacutely post-TBI. Rats subjected to a controlled cortical impactor (CCI) induced TBI were intraparenchymally injected with CS-GAG matrices alone or with CS-GAG matrices containing PKH26GL labeled allogeneic NSCs. Nissl staining of brain tissue 4 weeks post-TBI demonstrated the significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) tissue protection in CS-GAG treated animals when compared to TBI only control, and NSC only treated animals. CS-GAG-NSC treated animals demonstrated significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) FGF2 retention, and maintenance of PKH26GL labeled NSCs as indicated by enhanced Sox1+ and Ki67+ cell presence over other differentiated cell types. Lastly, all treatment groups and sham controls exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated GFAP+ reactive astrocyte presence in the lesion site when compared to TBI only controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha I. Betancur
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, The University of Georgia, 425 River Road, ADS Complex, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Hannah D. Mason
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, The University of Georgia, 425 River Road, ADS Complex, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Melissa Alvarado-Velez
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Phillip V. Holmes
- Psychology Department, The University of Georgia, 125 Baldwin Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Ravi V. Bellamkonda
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Lohitash Karumbaiah
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, The University of Georgia, 425 River Road, ADS Complex, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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