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Besin V, Humardani FM, Yulianti T, Justyn M. Genomic profile of Parkinson's disease in Asians. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 552:117682. [PMID: 38016627 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) has witnessed an alarming rise in prevalence, highlighting the suboptimal nature of early diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. To address this issue, genetic testing has emerged as a potential avenue. In this comprehensive review, we have meticulously summarized the variants associated with PD in Asian populations. Our review reveals that these variants exert their influence on diverse biological pathways, encompassing the autophagy-lysosome pathway, cholesterol metabolism, circadian rhythm regulation, immune system response, and synaptic function. Conventionally, PD has been linked to other diseases; however, our findings shed light on a shared genetic susceptibility among these conditions, implying an underlying pathophysiological mechanism that unifies them. Moreover, it is noteworthy that these PD-associated variants can significantly impact drug responses during therapeutic interventions. This review not only provides a consolidated overview of the genetic variants associated with PD in Asian populations but also contributes novel insights into the intricate relationships between PD and other diseases by elucidating shared genetic components. These findings underscore the importance of personalized approaches in diagnosing and treating PD based on individual genetic profiles to optimize patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentinus Besin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Surabaya, Surabaya 60292, Indonesia
| | - Farizky Martriano Humardani
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Surabaya, Surabaya 60292, Indonesia; Magister in Biomedical Science Program, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65112, Indonesia.
| | - Trilis Yulianti
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
| | - Matthew Justyn
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjajaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
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Bauer C, Duplan E, Saint-George-Hyslop P, Checler F. Potentially Pathogenic SORL1 Mutations Observed in Autosomal-Dominant Cases of Alzheimer's Disease Do Not Modulate APP Physiopathological Processing. Cells 2023; 12:2802. [PMID: 38132122 PMCID: PMC10742224 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The SORL1 gene encodes LR11/SorLA, a protein that binds β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and drives its intracellular trafficking. SORL1 mutations, occurring frequently in a subset of familial cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD), have been documented, but their pathogenic potential is not yet clear and questions remain concerning their putative influence on the physiopathological processing of APP. We have assessed the influence of two SORL1 mutations that were described as likely disease-causing and that were associated with either benign (SorLA924) or severe (SorLA511) AD phenotypes. We examined the influence of wild-type and mutants SorLA in transiently transfected HEK293 cells expressing either wild-type or Swedish mutated APP on APP expression, secreted Aβ and sAPPα levels, intracellular Aβ 40 and Aβ42 peptides, APP-CTFs (C99 and C83) expressions, α-, β- and γ-secretases expressions and activities as well as Aβ and CTFs-degrading enzymes. These paradigms were studied in control conditions or after pharmacological proteasomal modulation. We also established stably transfected CHO cells expressing wild-type SorLA and established the colocalization of APP and either wild-type or mutant SorLA. SorLA mutations partially disrupt co-localization of wild-type sorLA with APP. Overall, although we mostly confirmed previous data concerning the influence of wild-type SorLA on APP processing, we were unable to evidence significant alterations triggered by our set of SorLA mutants, whatever the cells or pharmacological conditions examined. Our study , however, does not rule out the possibility that other AD-linked SORL1 mutations could indeed affect APP processing, and that pathogenic mutations examined in the present study could interfere with other cellular pathways/triggers in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Bauer
- INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, Team Labeled “Laboratory of Excellence (LABEX) Distalz”, Université Côte d’Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France; (C.B.); (E.D.)
| | - Eric Duplan
- INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, Team Labeled “Laboratory of Excellence (LABEX) Distalz”, Université Côte d’Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France; (C.B.); (E.D.)
| | - Peter Saint-George-Hyslop
- Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada;
| | - Frédéric Checler
- INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, Team Labeled “Laboratory of Excellence (LABEX) Distalz”, Université Côte d’Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France; (C.B.); (E.D.)
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3
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Fan J, Zhu Z, Chen Y, Yang C, Li X, Chen K, Chen X, Zhang Z. SORL1 rs1699102 Moderates the Effect of Sex on Language Network. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD221133. [PMID: 37212098 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Language ability differs between the sexes. However, it is unclear how this sex difference is moderated by genetic factors and how the brain interacts with genetics to support this specific language capacity. Previous studies have demonstrated that the sorting protein-related receptor (SORL1) polymorphism influences cognitive function and brain structure differently in males and females and is associated with Alzheimer's disease risk. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sex and the SORL1 rs1699102 (CC versus T carriers) genotype on language. METHODS 103 non-demented Chinese older adults from Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative (BABRI) database were included in this study. Participants completed language tests, T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and resting-state functional MRI. Language test performance, gray matter volume, and network connections were compared between genotype and sex groups. RESULTS The rs1699102 polymorphism moderated the effects of sex on language performance, with the female having reversed language advantages in T carriers. The T allele carriers had lower gray matter volume in the left precentral gyrus. The effect of sex on language network connections was moderated by rs1699102; male CC homozygotes and female T carriers had higher internetwork connections, which were negatively correlated with language performance. CONCLUSION These results suggest that SORL1 moderates the effects of sex on language, with T being a risk allele, especially in females. Our findings underscore the importance of considering the influence of genetic factors when examining sex effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibao Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yaojing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Caishui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Kewei Chen
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Fan LY, Yang J, Li ML, Liu RY, Kong Y, Duan SY, Guo GY, Yang JH, Xu YM. Single-nucleus transcriptional profiling uncovers the reprogrammed metabolism of astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1136398. [PMID: 36910261 PMCID: PMC9992528 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1136398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is widely involved in energy metabolism in the brain by providing nutritional and metabolic support to neurons; however, the alteration in the metabolism of astrocytes in AD remains unknown. Through integrative analysis of single-nucleus sequencing datasets, we revealed metabolic changes in various cell types in the prefrontal cortex of patients with AD. We found the depletion of some important metabolites (acetyl-coenzyme A, aspartate, pyruvate, 2-oxoglutarate, glutamine, and others), as well as the inhibition of some metabolic fluxes (glycolysis and tricarbocylic acid cycle, glutamate metabolism) in astrocytes of AD. The abnormality of glutamate metabolism in astrocytes is unique and important. Downregulation of GLUL (GS) and GLUD1 (GDH) may be the cause of glutamate alterations in astrocytes in AD. These results provide a basis for understanding the characteristic changes in astrocytes in AD and provide ideas for the study of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yuan Fan
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ming-Li Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruo-Yu Liu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Kong
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Su-Ying Duan
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guang-Yu Guo
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing-Hua Yang
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ming Xu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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5
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SORL1 Polymorphisms in Mexican Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040587. [PMID: 35456392 PMCID: PMC9026506 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the risk effect of 12 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the SORL1 gene in the Mexican population using Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease (LOAD) and control subjects. Considering APOE as the strongest genetic risk factor for LOAD, we conducted interaction analyses between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the APOE genotype. Methods: Patients were interviewed during their scheduled visits at neurologic and geriatric clinics from different institutions. The LOAD diagnosis included neurological, geriatric, and psychiatric examinations, as well as the medical history and neuroimaging. Polymorphisms in SORL1 were genotyped by real-time PCR in 156 subjects with LOAD and 221 controls. APOE genotype was determined in each study subject. Allelic, genotypic, and haplotypic frequencies were analyzed; an ancestry analysis was also performed. Results: The A/A genotype in rs1784933 might be associated with an increased LOAD risk. Two blocks with high degree linkage disequilibrium (LD) were identified. The first block composed by the genetic variants rs668387, rs689021 and rs641120 showed a positive interaction (mainly the rs689021) with rs1784933 polymorphism. Moreover, we found a significant association between the APOE ε4 allele carriers and the variant rs2070045 located in the second LD block. Conclusion: The rs1784933 polymorphism is associated with LOAD in Mexican patients. In addition, the presence of APOE ε4 allele and SORL1 variants could represent a genetic interaction effect that favors LOAD risk in the Mexican population. SNPs have been proposed as genetic markers associated with the development of LOAD that can support the clinical diagnosis. Future molecular studies could help understand sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) among the Mexican population, where currently there is a sub-estimate number in terms of disease frequency and incidence.
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Wang P, Ye Y. Astrocytes in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Perspective from Tauopathy and α-Synucleinopathy. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090938. [PMID: 34575087 PMCID: PMC8471224 DOI: 10.3390/life11090938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are aging-associated chronic pathological conditions affecting primarily neurons in humans. Inclusion bodies containing misfolded proteins have emerged as a common pathologic feature for these diseases. In many cases, misfolded proteins produced by a neuron can be transmitted to another neuron or a non-neuronal cell, leading to the propagation of disease-associated pathology. While undergoing intercellular transmission, misfolded proteins released from donor cells can often change the physiological state of recipient cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that astrocytes are highly sensitive to neuron-originated proteotoxic insults, which convert them into an active inflammatory state. Conversely, activated astrocytes can release a plethora of factors to impact neuronal functions. This review summarizes our current understanding of the complex molecular interplays between astrocyte and neuron, emphasizing on Tau and α-synuclein (α-syn), the disease-driving proteins for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yihong Ye
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-594-0845; Fax: +1-301-496-0201
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7
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Korpioja A, Krüger J, Koivuluoma S, Pylkäs K, Moilanen V, Helisalmi S, Hiltunen M, Remes AM. Novel Rare SORL1 Variants in Early-Onset Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:761-770. [PMID: 34092641 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare variants of SORL1 have been associated with an increased risk of early-onset or late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, a lot remains to be clarified about their significance in the pathogenesis of the disease. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of SORL1 variants among Finnish patients with early-onset AD (EOAD). METHODS The rare SORL1variants were screened in a cohort of 115 Finnish EOAD patients (mean age at onset 58.3 years, range 46-65 years) by using the whole-exome sequencing. RESULTS We found one novel nonsense variant (p.Gln290*) and eight missense variants in SORL1. This is the first study reporting the SORL1 variants p.Lys80Arg, p.Ala789Val and p.Arg866Gln in EOAD patients. Furthermore, two of these three missense variants were overrepresented in EOAD patients compared to gnomAD non-neuro Finnish samples. CONCLUSION This study strengthens the earlier findings, that the rare variants in SORL1 are associated with EOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Korpioja
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johanna Krüger
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Susanna Koivuluoma
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, NordLab Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Katri Pylkäs
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, NordLab Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Virpi Moilanen
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M Remes
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Li L, Yang Y, Zhang Q, Wang J, Jiang J, Neuroimaging Initiative AD. Use of Deep-Learning Genomics to Discriminate Healthy Individuals from Those with Alzheimer's Disease or Mild Cognitive Impairment. Behav Neurol 2021; 2021:3359103. [PMID: 34336000 PMCID: PMC8298161 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3359103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder and the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Certain genes have been identified as important clinical risk factors for AD, and technological advances in genomic research, such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS), allow for analysis of polymorphisms and have been widely applied to studies of AD. However, shortcomings of GWAS include sensitivity to sample size and hereditary deletions, which result in low classification and predictive accuracy. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel deep-learning genomics approach and applies it to multitasking classification of AD progression, with the goal of identifying novel genetic biomarkers overlooked by traditional GWAS analysis. METHODS In this study, we selected genotype data from 1461 subjects enrolled in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, including 622 AD, 473 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 366 healthy control (HC) subjects. The proposed deep-learning genomics (DLG) approach consists of three steps: quality control, coding of single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and classification. The ResNet framework was used for the DLG model, and the results were compared with classifications by simple convolutional neural network structure. All data were randomly assigned to one training/validation group and one test group at a ratio of 9 : 1. And fivefold cross-validation was used. RESULTS We compared classification results from the DLG model to those from traditional GWAS analysis among the three groups. For the AD and HC groups, the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of classification were, respectively, 98.78 ± 1.50%, 98.39% ± 2.50%, and 99.44% ± 1.11% using the DLG model, while 71.38% ± 0.63%, 63.13% ± 2.87%, and 85.59% ± 6.66% using traditional GWAS. Similar results were obtained from the other two intergroup classifications. CONCLUSION The DLG model can achieve higher accuracy and sensitivity when applied to progression of AD. More importantly, we discovered several novel genetic biomarkers of AD progression, including rs6311 and rs6313 in HTR2A, rs1354269 in NAV2, and rs690705 in RFC3. The roles of these novel loci in AD should be explored in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yeying Yang
- LongHua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jiehui Jiang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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Mentis AFA, Dardiotis E, Chrousos GP. Apolipoprotein E4 and meningeal lymphatics in Alzheimer disease: a conceptual framework. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1075-1097. [PMID: 32355332 PMCID: PMC7985019 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0731-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The potential existence and roles of the meningeal lymphatic system in normal and pathological brain function have been a long-standing enigma. Recent evidence suggests that meningeal lymphatic vessels are present in both the mouse and human brain; in mice, they seem to play a role in clearing toxic amyloid-beta peptides, which have been connected with Alzheimer disease (AD). Here, we review the evidence linking the meningeal lymphatic system with human AD. Novel findings suggest that the recently described meningeal lymphatic vessels could be linked to, and possibly drain, the efferent paravascular glial lymphatic (glymphatic) system carrying cerebrospinal fluid, after solute and immune cell exchange with brain interstitial fluid. In so doing, the glymphatic system could contribute to the export of toxic solutes and immune cells from the brain (an exported fluid we wish to describe as glymph, similarly to lymph) to the meningeal lymphatic system; the latter, by being connected with downstream anatomic regions, carries the glymph to the conventional cervical lymphatic vessels and nodes. Thus, abnormal function in the meningeal lymphatic system could, in theory, lead to the accumulation, in the brain, of amyloid-beta, cellular debris, and inflammatory mediators, as well as immune cells, resulting in damage of the brain parenchyma and, in turn, cognitive and other neurologic dysfunctions. In addition, we provide novel insights into APOE4-the leading genetic risk factor for AD-and its relation to the meningeal lymphatic system. In this regard, we have reanalyzed previously published RNA-Seq data to show that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) carrying the APOE4 allele (either as APOE4 knock-in or stemming from APOE4 patients) express lower levels of (a) genes associated with lymphatic markers, and (b) genes for which well-characterized missense mutations have been linked to peripheral lymphedema. Taking into account this evidence, we propose a new conceptual framework, according to which APOE4 could play a novel role in the premature shrinkage of meningeal lymphatic vessels (meningeal lymphosclerosis), leading to abnormal meningeal lymphatic functions (meningeal lymphedema), and, in turn, reduction in the clearance of amyloid-beta and other macromolecules and inflammatory mediators, as well as immune cells, from the brain, exacerbation of AD manifestations, and progression of the disease. Altogether, these findings and their potential interpretations may herald novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexios-Fotios A Mentis
- Public Health Laboratories, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Vas. Sofias Avenue 127, 115 21, Athens, Greece.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Thessaly, Panepistimiou 3, Viopolis, 41 500, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, University of Thessaly, Panepistimiou 3, Viopolis, 41 500, Larissa, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Livadias 8, 115 27, Athens, Greece
- UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, Athens, Greece
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Huang MF, Lee WJ, Yeh YC, Liao YC, Wang SJ, Yang YH, Chen CS, Fuh JL. Genetics of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Alzheimer's disease: A 1-year follow-up study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 74:645-651. [PMID: 32909371 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between candidate gene variants and domains of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) and the changes in these associations over a 1-year period. METHODS Seven hundred and ninety-three Taiwanese participants (47.8% female) with Alzheimer's disease (AD) were enrolled. Genes associated with a risk of developing AD were selected as candidate genes. NPS were assessed using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q), and the NPI-Q total score and sub-scores for the Psychosis, Mood, and Frontal Syndrome domains were calculated. RESULTS Patients with AD and the APOE ε4 allele exhibited more obvious symptoms of psychosis. Mood symptoms were associated with CD33 rs3865444 and EPHA1 rs11767557, and frontal symptoms were associated with SORL1 rs3824968. A 1-year Time × Alleles interaction effect of CD33 rs3865444 on mood symptoms was discerned. CONCLUSION Risk genes of AD, which are also associated with NPS, are APOE ε4 for psychosis, CD33 and EPHA1 for mood symptoms, and SORL1 for frontal symptoms. The association between CD33 and mood symptoms is dynamic and could change over 1 year; however, the results should be interpreted with caution because corrections for multiple comparisons were not performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Feng Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ju Lee
- Neurological Institute, Dementia and Parkinson's Disease Integrated Center, and Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Schools of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Yeh
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chu Liao
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Schools of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuu-Jiun Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Schools of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Yang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Sheng Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Ling Fuh
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Schools of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Zeng FF, Liu J, He H, Gao XP, Liao MQ, Yu XX, Liu YH, Zhu S, Jing CX. Association of PICALM Gene Polymorphisms with Alzheimer's Disease: Evidence from an Updated Meta-Analysis. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:1196-1205. [PMID: 31385771 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190805165607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have examined the roles of three polymorphisms (rs3851179, rs541458, and rs592297) of the PICALM gene in susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease (AD) with inconclusive findings. OBJECTIVE We performed a meta-analysis to explore whether these three polymorphisms in the PICALM gene were associated with susceptibility to AD. METHODS Bibliographical searches were conducted in the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases. Summary Odds Ratios (ORs) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of association in a random effects model. Potential sources of heterogeneity were identified by subgroup and meta-regression analyses. RESULTS Twenty studies (9,017 cases and 15,448 controls) on rs3851179, 12 studies (8,077 cases and 12,022 controls) on rs541458, and 4 studies (2,106 cases and 2,234 controls) on rs592297 were considered eligible for meta-analyses. For both rs3851179 and rs541458, the overall ORs were significant under all genetic models with mild heterogeneity. Compared with G carriers, A carriers of rs3851179 were associated with a decreased risk of AD (OR = 0.88; 95% CI 0.84, 0.91, P for Z-test <0.001, I2 = 0.0%). Compared with T carriers, C carriers of rs541458 were inversely associated with AD risk (OR = 0.86; 95% CI 0.81, 0.92, P for Z-test <0.001, I2 = 39.5%). No association was observed for rs592297. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses indicated that the protective effect of the rs541458 C allele was observed only among Caucasians, not among Asians (P for interaction: 0.021~<0.001). CONCLUSION rs3851179 and rs541458 appear to be associated with decreased AD risk. The null associations for rs592297 with AD risk need further confirmation with a larger number of participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of preventive medicine laboratory, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Hong He
- Health Care and Physical Examination Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xu-Ping Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Min-Qi Liao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yan-Hua Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Sui Zhu
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No.601 Huangpu Road West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Chun-Xia Jing
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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12
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El Bitar F, Qadi N, Al Rajeh S, Majrashi A, Abdulaziz S, Majrashi N, Al Inizi M, Taher A, Al Tassan N. Genetic Study of Alzheimer's Disease in Saudi Population. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 67:231-242. [PMID: 30636737 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurological disorder associated with mental decline and dementia. Several studies focused on investigating the molecular basis of the disease that led to the identification of several causative genes and risk associated alleles. Replication of these studies and findings from different populations is very important. OBJECTIVE Molecular assessment of a cohort of 117 familial and sporadic AD cases from Saudi Arabia. METHODS Comprehensive screening for point mutations was carried out by direct sequencing of coding regions in the three known AD causative genes: PSEN1, PSEN2, APP, as well as the AD associated gene SORL1. All patients were also genotyped for APOE alleles. In silico 3D protein structure analysis was performed for two novel SORL1 variants. RESULTS We identified a total of eight potential pathogenic missense variants in all studied genes. Five of these variants were not previously reported including four in SORL1 (p.Val297Met, p.Arg1084Cys, p.Asp1100Asn, and p.Pro1213Ser) and one in APP (p.Glu380Lys). The frequency of APOE-ɛ4 allele was 21.37% of total investigated cases. In silico 3D protein structure analysis of two SORL1 novel missense variants (p.Pro1213Ser and p.Arg1084Cys) suggested that these variants may affect the folding of the proteins and disturb their structure. CONCLUSIONS Our comprehensive analysis of the open reading frame of the known genes have identified potential pathogenic rare variants in 18/117 cases. We found that point mutations in AD main genes (PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP) were underrepresented in our cohort of patients. Our results confirm involvement of SORL1 in familial and sporadic AD cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadia El Bitar
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Najeeb Qadi
- Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Al Rajeh
- Al Habib Medical Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Amna Majrashi
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Abdulaziz
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Majrashi
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maznah Al Inizi
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Taher
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Al Tassan
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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13
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Hampel H, Lista S, Neri C, Vergallo A. Time for the systems-level integration of aging: Resilience enhancing strategies to prevent Alzheimer’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 181:101662. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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14
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Arranz AM, De Strooper B. The role of astroglia in Alzheimer's disease: pathophysiology and clinical implications. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18:406-414. [PMID: 30795987 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30490-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astrocytes, also called astroglia, maintain homoeostasis of the brain by providing trophic and metabolic support to neurons. They recycle neurotransmitters, stimulate synaptogenesis and synaptic neurotransmission, form part of the blood-brain barrier, and regulate regional blood flow. Although astrocytes have been known to display morphological alterations in Alzheimer's disease for more than a century, research has remained neurocentric. Emerging evidence suggests that these morphological changes reflect functional alterations that affect disease. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS Genetic studies indicate that most of the risk of developing late onset Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of the disease, affecting patients aged 65 years and older, is associated with genes (ie, APOE, APOJ, and SORL) that are mainly expressed by glial cells (ie, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes). This insight has moved the focus of research away from neurons and towards glial cells and neuroinflammation. Molecular studies in rodent models suggest a direct contribution of astrocytes to neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes causing Alzheimer's disease; however, these models might insufficiently mimic the human disease, because rodent astrocytes differ considerably in morphology, functionality, and gene expression. In-vivo studies using stem-cell derived human astrocytes are allowing exploration of the human disease and providing insights into the neurotoxic or protective contributions of these cells to the pathogenesis of disease. The first attempts to develop astrocytic biomarkers and targeted therapies are emerging. WHERE NEXT?: Single-cell transcriptomics allows the fate of individual astrocytes to be followed in situ and provides the granularity needed to describe healthy and pathological cellular states at different stages of Alzheimer's disease. Given the differences between human and rodent astroglia, study of human cells in this way will be crucial. Although refined single-cell transcriptomic analyses of human post-mortem brains are important for documentation of pathology, they only provide snapshots of a dynamic reality. Thus, functional work studying human astrocytes generated from stem cells and exposed to pathological conditions in rodent brain or cell culture are needed to understand the role of these cells in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. These studies will lead to novel biomarkers and hopefully a series of new drug targets to tackle this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia M Arranz
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.
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15
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Ponomareva NV, Andreeva TV, Protasova MA, Filippova YV, Kolesnikova EP, Fokin VF, Illarioshkin SN, Rogaev EI. Genetic Association between Alzheimer's Disease Risk Variant of the PICALM Gene and Auditory Event-Related Potentials in Aging. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:1075-1082. [PMID: 30472946 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918090092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aging and genetic predisposition are major risk factors in age-related neurodegenerative disorders. The most common neurodegenerative disorder is Alzheimer's disease (AD). Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified statistically significant association of the PICALM rs3851179 polymorphism with AD. The PICALM G allele increases the risk of AD, while the A allele has a protective effect. We examined the association of the PICALM rs3851179 polymorphism with parameters of the P3 component of auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) in 87 non-demented volunteers (age, 19-77 years) subdivided into two cohorts younger and older than 50 years of age. We found statistically significant association between the AD risk variant PICALM GG and increase in the P3 latency in subjects over 50 years old. The age-dependent increase in the P3 latency was more pronounced in the PICALM GG carriers than in the carriers of the PICALM AA and PICALM AG genotypes. The observed PICALM-associated changes in the neurophysiological processes indicate a decline in the information processing speed with aging due, probably, to neuronal dysfunction and subclinical neurodegeneration of the neuronal networks in the hippocampus and the frontal and parietal cortical areas. Such changes were less pronounced in the carriers of the PICALM gene A allele, which might explain the protective effect of this allele in the cognitive decline and AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Ponomareva
- Research Center for Neurology, Moscow, 125367, Russia. .,Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - T V Andreeva
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biology, Center of Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - M A Protasova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | | | | | - V F Fokin
- Research Center for Neurology, Moscow, 125367, Russia
| | | | - E I Rogaev
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biology, Center of Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
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16
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Julien C, Tomberlin C, Roberts CM, Akram A, Stein GH, Silverman MA, Link CD. In vivo induction of membrane damage by β-amyloid peptide oligomers. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:131. [PMID: 30497524 PMCID: PMC6263551 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0634-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) is toxic to neurons and other cell types, but the mechanism(s) involved are still unresolved. Synthetic Aβ oligomers can induce ion-permeable pores in synthetic membranes, but whether this ability to damage membranes plays a role in the ability of Aβ oligomers to induce tau hyperphosphorylation, or other disease-relevant pathological changes, is unclear. To examine the cellular responses to Aβ exposure independent of possible receptor interactions, we have developed an in vivo C. elegans model that allows us to visualize these cellular responses in living animals. We find that feeding C. elegans E. coli expressing human Aβ induces a membrane repair response similar to that induced by exposure to the CRY5B, a known pore-forming toxin produced by B. thuringensis. This repair response does not occur when C. elegans is exposed to an Aβ Gly37Leu variant, which we have previously shown to be incapable of inducing tau phosphorylation in hippocampal neurons. The repair response is also blocked by loss of calpain function, and is altered by loss-of-function mutations in the C. elegans orthologs of BIN1 and PICALM, well-established risk genes for late onset Alzheimer's disease. To investigate the role of membrane repair on tau phosphorylation directly, we exposed hippocampal neurons to streptolysin O (SLO), a pore-forming toxin that induces a well-characterized membrane repair response. We find that SLO induces tau hyperphosphorylation, which is blocked by calpain inhibition. Finally, we use a novel biarsenical dye-tagging approach to show that the Gly37Leu substitution interferes with Aβ multimerization and thus the formation of potentially pore-forming oligomers. We propose that Aβ-induced tau hyperphosphorylation may be a downstream consequence of induction of a membrane repair process.
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17
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Feng LD, Tian Y, Wang X, Dai R, Cai S, Cao YJ, Si YC. Therapy of Dredging the Bowels Enhanced the Neuroprotective Effect of Nourishing Kidney Herbs on Hippocampal Cholinergic System in Alzheimer's Disease Model Rat Induced by A β 1-42. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:3282385. [PMID: 30298092 PMCID: PMC6157172 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3282385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapy of nourishing kidney has been used for treating memory deficits of Alzheimer's disease (AD) for thousands of years based on traditional Chinese medicine. However, we found the therapy of dredging the bowels could alleviate both memory deficits and mental symptoms of AD in clinic. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the therapy of dredging the bowels could enhance the neuroprotective effect of nourishing kidney herbs for treating AD rats, and to explore the underlying mechanism of the combination of nourishing kidney and dredging the bowels (NKDB) herbs. METHODS 60 rats were randomly divided into sham-operated group (SOG), model group (MG), nourishing kidney group (NKG), dredging the bowels group (DBG), nourishing kidney and dredging the bowels group (NKDBG), and donepezil hydrochloride group (DHG). The model establishment was performed by injecting Aβ 1-42 into the hippocampal CA1 region. Animals received aqueous solution of Chinese herbal medicine or western medicine while SOG received only distilled water. Ability of learning and memory were assessed by Morris water maze. Acetylcholinesterase(AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and positive cells in the hippocampus were detected by the biochemical and immunofluorescent assay. RESULTS All rats were in the same baseline. While after model establishment, ability of learning and memory of MG, NKG, DBG, NKDBG, and DHG were significantly impaired compared with SOG. Whereas after treatment, ability of learning and memory of NKG, DBG, NKDBG, and DHG were significantly improved compared with MG. Additionally, AChE activity of NKG, DBG, and NKDBG was significantly decreased, meanwhile ChAT activity showed an increased tendency. The number of AChE-positive cells and ChAT-positive cells of both NKDBG and DHG were significantly decreased and increased respectively, superior to those when compared with NKG and DBG. What's more, there was no significant difference between NKDBG and DHG. CONCLUSION Therapy of dredging the bowels could enhance the neuroprotective effect of nourishing kidney herbs by reversing morphological damage of hippocampal cholinergic system. Furthermore, treatment with NKDB herbs could be effectively against AD, providing a practical therapeutic strategy in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Da Feng
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, China
- Neuroscience Department, Tufts University, Boston MA, 02111, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Research Center of TCM Information Engineering, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Run Dai
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Song Cai
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yu-Jia Cao
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yin-Chu Si
- Department of Anatomy, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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18
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Guimas Almeida C, Sadat Mirfakhar F, Perdigão C, Burrinha T. Impact of late-onset Alzheimer's genetic risk factors on beta-amyloid endocytic production. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2577-2589. [PMID: 29704008 PMCID: PMC11105284 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2825-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The increased production of the 42 aminoacids long beta-amyloid (Aβ42) peptide has been established as a causal mechanism of the familial early onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). In contrast, the causal mechanisms of the late-onset AD (LOAD), that affects most AD patients, remain to be established. Indeed, Aβ42 accumulation has been detected more than 30 years before diagnosis. Thus, the mechanisms that control Aβ accumulation in LOAD likely go awry long before pathogenesis becomes detectable. Early on, APOE4 was identified as the biggest genetic risk factor for LOAD. However, since APOE4 is not present in all LOAD patients, genome-wide association studies of thousands of LOAD patients were undertaken to identify other genetic variants that could explain the development of LOAD. PICALM, BIN1, CD2AP, SORL1, and PLD3 are now with APOE4 among the identified genes at highest risk in LOAD that have been implicated in Aβ42 production. Recent evidence indicates that the regulation of the endocytic trafficking of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and/or its secretases to and from sorting endosomes is determinant for Aβ42 production. Thus, here, we will review the described mechanisms, whereby these genetic risk factors can contribute to the enhanced endocytic production of Aβ42. Dissecting causal LOAD mechanisms of Aβ42 accumulation, underlying the contribution of each genetic risk factor, will be required to identify therapeutic targets for novel personalized preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Guimas Almeida
- Neuronal Trafficking in Aging Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Farzaneh Sadat Mirfakhar
- Neuronal Trafficking in Aging Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Perdigão
- Neuronal Trafficking in Aging Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Burrinha
- Neuronal Trafficking in Aging Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the main form of dementia in the elderly, is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by rapidly progressive cognitive dysfunction and behavior impairment. AD exhibits a considerable heritability and great advances have been made in approaches to searching the genetic etiology of AD. In AD genetic studies, methods have developed from classic linkage-based and candidate-gene-based association studies to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and next generation sequencing (NGS). The identification of new susceptibility genes has provided deeper insights to understand the mechanisms underlying AD. In addition to searching novel genes associated with AD in large samples, the NGS technologies can also be used to shed light on the 'black matter' discovery even in smaller samples. The shift in AD genetics between traditional studies and individual sequencing will allow biomaterials of each patient as the central unit of genetic studies. This review will cover genetic findings in AD and consequences of AD genetic findings. Firstly, we will discuss the discovery of mutations in APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, APOE, and ADAM10. Then we will summarize and evaluate the information obtained from GWAS of AD. Finally, we will outline the efforts to identify rare variants associated with AD using NGS.
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20
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Cong L, Kong X, Wang J, Du J, Xu Z, Xu Y, Zhao Q. Association between SORL1 polymorphisms and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. J Integr Neurosci 2018. [DOI: 10.3233/jin-170051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lele Cong
- Department of Neurology, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiangyi Kong
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jianshi Du
- Department of Vascular Surgery, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhongxin Xu
- Department of Neurology, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yanan Xu
- Department of Neurology, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin Province, China
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22
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Rindflesch TC, Blake CL, Fiszman M, Kilicoglu H, Rosemblat G, Schneider J, Zeiss CJ. Informatics Support for Basic Research in Biomedicine. ILAR J 2017; 58:80-89. [PMID: 28838071 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilx004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Informatics methodologies exploit computer-assisted techniques to help biomedical researchers manage large amounts of information. In this paper, we focus on the biomedical research literature (MEDLINE). We first provide an overview of some text mining techniques that offer assistance in research by identifying biomedical entities (e.g., genes, substances, and diseases) and relations between them in text.We then discuss Semantic MEDLINE, an application that integrates PubMed document retrieval, concept and relation identification, and visualization, thus enabling a user to explore concepts and relations from within a set of retrieved citations. Semantic MEDLINE provides a roadmap through content and helps users discern patterns in large numbers of retrieved citations. We illustrate its use with an informatics method we call "discovery browsing," which provides a principled way of navigating through selected aspects of some biomedical research area. The method supports an iterative process that accommodates learning and hypothesis formation in which a user is provided with high level connections before delving into details.As a use case, we examine current developments in basic research on mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease. Out of the nearly 90 000 citations returned by the PubMed query "Alzheimer's disease," discovery browsing led us to 73 citations on sortilin and that disorder. We provide a synopsis of the basic research reported in 15 of these. There is wide-spread consensus among researchers working with a range of animal models and human cells that increased sortilin expression and decreased receptor expression are associated with amyloid beta and/or amyloid precursor protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Rindflesch
- Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Center for Informatics in Science and Scholarship. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Catherine L Blake
- Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Center for Informatics in Science and Scholarship. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Marcelo Fiszman
- Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Center for Informatics in Science and Scholarship. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Halil Kilicoglu
- Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Center for Informatics in Science and Scholarship. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Graciela Rosemblat
- Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Center for Informatics in Science and Scholarship. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jodi Schneider
- Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Center for Informatics in Science and Scholarship. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Caroline J Zeiss
- Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Center for Informatics in Science and Scholarship. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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23
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Guo X, Qiu W, Garcia-Milian R, Lin X, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Tan Y, Wang Z, Shi J, Wang J, Liu D, Song L, Xu Y, Wang X, Liu N, Sun T, Zheng J, Luo J, Zhang H, Xu J, Kang L, Ma C, Wang K, Luo X. Genome-wide significant, replicated and functional risk variants for Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:1455-1471. [PMID: 28770390 PMCID: PMC5654670 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have reported numerous associations between risk variants and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, these associations do not necessarily indicate a causal relationship. If the risk variants can be demonstrated to be biologically functional, the possibility of a causal relationship would be increased. In this article, we reviewed all of the published GWASs to extract the genome-wide significant (p < 5×10-8) and replicated associations between risk variants and AD or AD-biomarkers. The regulatory effects of these risk variants on the expression of a novel class of non-coding RNAs (piRNAs) and protein-coding RNAs (mRNAs), the alteration of proteins caused by these variants, the associations between AD and these variants in our own sample, the expression of piRNAs, mRNAs and proteins in human brains targeted by these variants, the expression correlations between the risk genes and APOE, the pathways and networks that the risk genes belonged to, and the possible long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) that might regulate the risk genes were analyzed, to investigate the potential biological functions of the risk variants and explore the potential mechanisms underlying the SNP-AD associations. We found replicated and significant associations for AD or AD-biomarkers, surprisingly, only at 17 SNPs located in 11 genes/snRNAs/LncRNAs in eight genomic regions. Most of these 17 SNPs enriched some AD-related pathways or networks, and were potentially functional in regulating piRNAs and mRNAs; some SNPs were associated with AD in our sample, and some SNPs altered protein structures. Most of the protein-coding genes regulated by the risk SNPs were expressed in human brain and correlated with APOE expression. We conclude that these variants were most robust risk markers for AD, and their contributions to AD risk was likely to be causal. As expected, APOE and the lipoprotein metabolism pathway possess the highest weight among these contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Guo
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200030, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New
Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Wenying Qiu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of
Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,
School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Rolando Garcia-Milian
- Curriculum & Research Support Department, Cushing/Whitney
Medical Library, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Xiandong Lin
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, the
Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Yuping Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South
University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Biological Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital,
Beijing 100096, China
| | - Zhiren Wang
- Biological Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital,
Beijing 100096, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Biological Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital,
Beijing 100096, China
| | - Jijun Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Dengtang Liu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Lisheng Song
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yifeng Xu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Na Liu
- Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029,
China
| | - Tao Sun
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University School of Medicine, Shanghai
200040, China
| | - Jianming Zheng
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University School of Medicine, Shanghai
200040, China
| | - Justine Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New
Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Huihao Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou
350001, China
| | - Jianying Xu
- Zhuhai Municipal Maternal and Children’s Health Hospital,
Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Longli Kang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention
Research on High Altitude Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, Xizang Minzu
University School of Medicine, Xiangyang, Shaanxi 712082, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of
Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,
School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Kesheng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public
Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Xingguang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New
Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Biological Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital,
Beijing 100096, China
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24
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Genetic Variants in SNCA and the Risk of Sporadic Parkinson's Disease and Clinical Outcomes: A Review. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2017; 2017:4318416. [PMID: 28781905 PMCID: PMC5525082 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4318416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of the contribution of genetic susceptibility to the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Genetic variations in the SNCA gene are well established by linkage and genome-wide association studies. Positive associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SNCA and increased risk for PD were found. However, the role of SNCA variants in individual traits or phenotypes of PD is unknown. Here, we reviewed the current literature and identified 57 studies, performed in fourteen different countries, that investigated SNCA variants and susceptibility to PD. We discussed the findings based on environmental factors, history of PD, clinical outcomes, and ethnicity. In conclusion, SNPs within the SNCA gene can modify the susceptibility to PD, leading to increased or decreased risk. The risk associations of some SNPs varied among samples. Of notice, no studies in South American or African populations were found. There is little information about the effects of these variants on particular clinical aspects of PD, such as motor and nonmotor symptoms. Similarly, evidence of possible interactions between SNCA SNPs and environmental factors or disease progression is scarce. There is a need to expand the clinical applicability of these data as well as to investigate the role of SNCA SNPs in populations with different ethnic backgrounds.
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25
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López-López A, Gelpi E, Lopategui DM, Vidal-Taboada JM. Association of the CX3CR1-V249I Variant with Neurofibrillary Pathology Progression in Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2340-2349. [PMID: 28343297 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and microglial dysfunction have a prominent role in the pathogenesis of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). CX3CR1 is a microglia-specific gene involved in microglia-neuron crosstalk and neuroinflammation. Numerous evidence show the involvement of CX3CR1 in AD. The aim of this study was to investigate if some functional genetic variants of this gene could influence on LOAD's outcome, in a neuropathologically confirmed Spanish cohort. We designed an open, pragmatic, case-control retrospective study including a total of 475 subjects (205 pathologically confirmed AD cases and 270 controls). We analyzed the association of the two CX3CR1 functional variants (V249I, rs3732379; and T280M, rs3732378) with neurofibrillary pathology progression rate according to Braak's staging system, age at onset (AAO), survival time, and risk of suffering LOAD. We found that individuals heterozygous for CX3CR1-V249I presented a lower neurofibrillary pathology stage at death (OR = 0.42, 95%CI [0.23, 0.74], p = 0.003, adj-p = 0.013) than the other genotypes. Eighty percent of the subjects homozygous for 249I had higher neurofibrillary pathology progression (Braak's stage VI). Moreover, homozygosis for 280M and 249I could be associated with a higher AAO in the subgroups of AD with Lewy bodies and without Lewy bodies. These CX3CR1 genetic variants could represent new modifying factors of pathology progression and age at onset in LOAD. These results provide further evidence of the involvement of CX3CR1 pathway and microglia/macrophages in the pathogenesis of LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan López-López
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ellen Gelpi
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobank, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diana Maria Lopategui
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Miami Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jose M Vidal-Taboada
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institut de Neurociencies, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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26
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Kim DH, Gim JA, Mishra A, Lee K, Cho Y, Kim HS. SNP analysis of genes related to cholesterol metabolism and associated with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Genes Genomics 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-017-0524-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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27
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Zuroff L, Daley D, Black KL, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. Clearance of cerebral Aβ in Alzheimer's disease: reassessing the role of microglia and monocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2167-2201. [PMID: 28197669 PMCID: PMC5425508 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2463-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency in cerebral amyloid β-protein (Aβ) clearance is implicated in the pathogenesis of the common late-onset forms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Accumulation of misfolded Aβ in the brain is believed to be a net result of imbalance between its production and removal. This in turn may trigger neuroinflammation, progressive synaptic loss, and ultimately cognitive decline. Clearance of cerebral Aβ is a complex process mediated by various systems and cell types, including vascular transport across the blood–brain barrier, glymphatic drainage, and engulfment and degradation by resident microglia and infiltrating innate immune cells. Recent studies have highlighted a new, unexpected role for peripheral monocytes and macrophages in restricting cerebral Aβ fibrils, and possibly soluble oligomers. In AD transgenic (ADtg) mice, monocyte ablation or inhibition of their migration into the brain exacerbated Aβ pathology, while blood enrichment with monocytes and their increased recruitment to plaque lesion sites greatly diminished Aβ burden. Profound neuroprotective effects in ADtg mice were further achieved through increased cerebral recruitment of myelomonocytes overexpressing Aβ-degrading enzymes. This review summarizes the literature on cellular and molecular mechanisms of cerebral Aβ clearance with an emphasis on the role of peripheral monocytes and macrophages in Aβ removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Zuroff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente, AHSP A8115, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David Daley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente, AHSP A8115, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente, AHSP A8115, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente, AHSP A8115, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
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28
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Andersen OM, Rudolph IM, Willnow TE. Risk factor SORL1: from genetic association to functional validation in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:653-665. [PMID: 27638701 PMCID: PMC5073117 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1615-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents one of the most dramatic threats to healthy aging and devising effective treatments for this devastating condition remains a major challenge in biomedical research. Much has been learned about the molecular concepts that govern proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein to amyloid-β peptides (Aβ), and how accelerated accumulation of neurotoxic Aβ peptides underlies neuronal cell death in rare familial but also common sporadic forms of this disease. Out of a plethora of proposed modulators of amyloidogenic processing, one protein emerged as a key factor in AD pathology, a neuronal sorting receptor termed SORLA. Independent approaches using human genetics, clinical pathology, or exploratory studies in animal models all converge on this receptor that is now considered a central player in AD-related processes by many. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the evidence implicating SORLA-mediated protein sorting in neurodegenerative processes, and how receptor gene variants in the human population impair functional receptor expression in sporadic but possibly also in autosomal-dominant forms of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav M Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE-Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Alle 3, Aarhus C, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Ina-Maria Rudolph
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas E Willnow
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
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29
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Immunity factor contributes to altered brain functional networks in individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease: Neuroimaging-genetic evidence. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 56:84-95. [PMID: 26899953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Clusterin (CLU) is recognized as a secreted protein that is related to the processes of inflammation and immunity in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The effects of the risk variant of the C allele at the rs11136000 locus of the CLU gene are associated with variations in the brain structure and function. However, the relationship of the CLU-C allele to architectural disruptions in resting-state networks in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) subjects (i.e., individuals with elevated risk of AD) remains relatively unknown. Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and an imaging genetic approach, this study investigated whether individual brain functional networks, i.e., the default mode network (DMN) and the task-positive network, were modulated by the CLU-C allele (rs11136000) in 50 elderly participants, including 26 aMCI subjects and 24 healthy controls. CLU-by-aMCI interactions were associated with the information-bridging regions between resting-state networks rather than with the DMN itself, especially in cortical midline regions. Interestingly, the complex communications between resting-state networks were enhanced in aMCI subjects with the CLU rs11136000 CC genotype and were modulated by the degree of memory impairment, suggesting a reconstructed balance of the resting-state networks in these individuals with an elevated risk of AD. The neuroimaging-genetic evidence indicates that immunity factors may contribute to alterations in brain functional networks in aMCI. These findings add to the evidence that the CLU gene may represent a potential therapeutic target for slowing disease progression in AD.
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30
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A comprehensive study of the genetic impact of rare variants in SORL1 in European early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:213-224. [PMID: 27026413 PMCID: PMC4947104 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1566-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1) gene has been associated with increased risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Rare genetic variants in the SORL1 gene have also been implicated in autosomal dominant early-onset AD (EOAD). Here we report a large-scale investigation of the contribution of genetic variability in SORL1 to EOAD in a European EOAD cohort. We performed massive parallel amplicon-based re-sequencing of the full coding region of SORL1 in 1255 EOAD patients and 1938 age- and origin-matched control individuals in the context of the European Early-Onset Dementia (EOD) consortium, originating from Belgium, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Sweden, Germany, and Czech Republic. We identified six frameshift variants and two nonsense variants that were exclusively present in patients. These mutations are predicted to result in haploinsufficiency through nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, which could be confirmed experimentally for SORL1 p.Gly447Argfs*22 observed in a Belgian EOAD patient. We observed a 1.5-fold enrichment of rare non-synonymous variants in patients (carrier frequency 8.8 %; SkatOMeta p value 0.0001). Of the 84 non-synonymous rare variants detected in the full patient/control cohort, 36 were only detected in patients. Our findings underscore a role of rare SORL1 variants in EOAD, but also show a non-negligible frequency of these variants in healthy individuals, necessitating the need for pathogenicity assays. Premature stop codons due to frameshift and nonsense variants, have so far exclusively been found in patients, and their predicted mode of action corresponds with evidence from in vitro functional studies of SORL1 in AD.
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31
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease and the most common form of dementia in elderly people. It is an emerging public health problem that poses a huge societal burden. Linkage analysis was the first milestone in unraveling the mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 that cause early-onset AD, followed by the discovery of apolipoprotein E-ε4 allele as the only one genetic risk factor for late-onset AD. Genome-wide association studies have revolutionized genetic research and have identified over 20 genetic loci associated with late-onset AD. Recently, next-generation sequencing technologies have enabled the identification of rare disease variants, including unmasking small mutations with intermediate risk of AD in PLD3, TREM2, UNC5C, AKAP9, and ADAM10. This review provides an overview of the genetic basis of AD and the relationship between these risk genes and the neuropathologic features of AD. An understanding of genetic mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis and the potentially implicated pathways will lead to the development of novel treatment for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Giri
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Man Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Lü
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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