1
|
Liu Z, Deng C, Zhou Z, Xiao Y, Jiang S, Zhu B, Naler LB, Jia X, Yao DD, Lu C. Epigenomic tomography for probing spatially defined chromatin state in the brain. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2024; 4:100738. [PMID: 38508188 PMCID: PMC10985265 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2024.100738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Spatially resolved epigenomic profiling is critical for understanding biology in the mammalian brain. Single-cell spatial epigenomic assays were developed recently for this purpose, but they remain costly and labor intensive for examining brain tissues across substantial dimensions and surveying a collection of brain samples. Here, we demonstrate an approach, epigenomic tomography, that maps spatial epigenomes of mouse brain at the scale of centimeters. We individually profiled neuronal and glial fractions of mouse neocortex slices with 0.5 mm thickness. Tri-methylation of histone 3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) or acetylation of histone 3 at lysine 27 (H3K27ac) features across these slices were grouped into clusters based on their spatial variation patterns to form epigenomic brain maps. As a proof of principle, our approach reveals striking dynamics in the frontal cortex due to kainic-acid-induced seizure, linked with transmembrane ion transporters, exocytosis of synaptic vesicles, and secretion of neurotransmitters. Epigenomic tomography provides a powerful and cost-effective tool for characterizing brain disorders based on the spatial epigenome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Chengyu Deng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Zirui Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Ya Xiao
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Shan Jiang
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Bohan Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Lynette B Naler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Xiaoting Jia
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Chang Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ndode-Ekane XE, Ali I, Gomez CS, Andrade P, Immonen R, Casillas-Espinosa P, Paananen T, Manninen E, Puhakka N, Smith G, Brady RD, Silva J, Braine E, Hudson M, Yamakawa GR, Jones NC, Shultz SR, Harris N, Wright DK, Gröhn O, Staba R, O’Brien TJ, Pitkänen A. Epilepsy phenotype and its reproducibility after lateral fluid percussion-induced traumatic brain injury in rats: Multicenter EpiBioS4Rx study project 1. Epilepsia 2024; 65:511-526. [PMID: 38052475 PMCID: PMC10922674 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to assess reproducibility of the epilepsy outcome and phenotype in a lateral fluid percussion model of posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) across three study sites. METHODS A total of 525 adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized to lateral fluid percussion-induced brain injury (FPI) or sham operation. Of these, 264 were assigned to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI cohort, 43 sham, 221 traumatic brain injury [TBI]) and 261 to electrophysiological follow-up (EEG cohort, 41 sham, 220 TBI). A major effort was made to harmonize the rats, materials, equipment, procedures, and monitoring systems. On the 7th post-TBI month, rats were video-EEG monitored for epilepsy diagnosis. RESULTS A total of 245 rats were video-EEG phenotyped for epilepsy on the 7th postinjury month (121 in MRI cohort, 124 in EEG cohort). In the whole cohort (n = 245), the prevalence of PTE in rats with TBI was 22%, being 27% in the MRI and 18% in the EEG cohort (p > .05). Prevalence of PTE did not differ between the three study sites (p > .05). The average seizure frequency was .317 ± .725 seizures/day at University of Eastern Finland (UEF; Finland), .085 ± .067 at Monash University (Monash; Australia), and .299 ± .266 at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA; USA; p < .01 as compared to Monash). The average seizure duration did not differ between UEF (104 ± 48 s), Monash (90 ± 33 s), and UCLA (105 ± 473 s; p > .05). Of the 219 seizures, 53% occurred as part of a seizure cluster (≥3 seizures/24 h; p >.05 between the study sites). Of the 209 seizures, 56% occurred during lights-on period and 44% during lights-off period (p > .05 between the study sites). SIGNIFICANCE The PTE phenotype induced by lateral FPI is reproducible in a multicenter design. Our study supports the feasibility of performing preclinical multicenter trials in PTE to increase statistical power and experimental rigor to produce clinically translatable data to combat epileptogenesis after TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Ekolle Ndode-Ekane
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Idrish Ali
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Cesar Santana Gomez
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Pedro Andrade
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka Immonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pablo Casillas-Espinosa
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Tomi Paananen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eppu Manninen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Noora Puhakka
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gregory Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Rhys D. Brady
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Juliana Silva
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Emma Braine
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Matt Hudson
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Glen R. Yamakawa
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Nigel C. Jones
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sandy R. Shultz
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Neil Harris
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - David K. Wright
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Olli Gröhn
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Richard Staba
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Terence J. O’Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tan W, Ma J, Fu J, Wu B, Zhu Z, Huang X, Du M, Wu C, Balawi E, Zhou Q, Zhang J, Liao Z. Transcriptomic and bioinformatics analysis of the mechanism by which erythropoietin promotes recovery from traumatic brain injury in mice. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:171-179. [PMID: 37488864 PMCID: PMC10479836 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.374135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have found that erythropoietin promotes the recovery of neurological function after traumatic brain injury. However, the precise mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, we induced moderate traumatic brain injury in mice by intraperitoneal injection of erythropoietin for 3 consecutive days. RNA sequencing detected a total of 4065 differentially expressed RNAs, including 1059 mRNAs, 92 microRNAs, 799 long non-coding RNAs, and 2115 circular RNAs. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology analyses revealed that the coding and non-coding RNAs that were differentially expressed after traumatic brain injury and treatment with erythropoietin play roles in the axon guidance pathway, Wnt pathway, and MAPK pathway. Constructing competing endogenous RNA networks showed that regulatory relationship between the differentially expressed non-coding RNAs and mRNAs. Because the axon guidance pathway was repeatedly enriched, the expression of Wnt5a and Ephb6, key factors in the axonal guidance pathway, was assessed. Ephb6 expression decreased and Wnt5a expression increased after traumatic brain injury, and these effects were reversed by treatment with erythropoietin. These findings suggest that erythropoietin can promote recovery of nerve function after traumatic brain injury through the axon guidance pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiayuanyuan Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Biying Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziyu Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuekang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengran Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenrui Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ehab Balawi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengbu Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Golub VM, Reddy DS. Post-Traumatic Epilepsy and Comorbidities: Advanced Models, Molecular Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Novel Therapeutic Interventions. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:387-438. [PMID: 35302046 PMCID: PMC8973512 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is one of the most devastating long-term, network consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI). There is currently no approved treatment that can prevent onset of spontaneous seizures associated with brain injury, and many cases of PTE are refractory to antiseizure medications. Post-traumatic epileptogenesis is an enduring process by which a normal brain exhibits hypersynchronous excitability after a head injury incident. Understanding the neural networks and molecular pathologies involved in epileptogenesis are key to preventing its development or modifying disease progression. In this article, we describe a critical appraisal of the current state of PTE research with an emphasis on experimental models, molecular mechanisms of post-traumatic epileptogenesis, potential biomarkers, and the burden of PTE-associated comorbidities. The goal of epilepsy research is to identify new therapeutic strategies that can prevent PTE development or interrupt the epileptogenic process and relieve associated neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Therefore, we also describe current preclinical and clinical data on the treatment of PTE sequelae. Differences in injury patterns, latency period, and biomarkers are outlined in the context of animal model validation, pathophysiology, seizure frequency, and behavior. Improving TBI recovery and preventing seizure onset are complex and challenging tasks; however, much progress has been made within this decade demonstrating disease modifying, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective strategies, suggesting this goal is pragmatic. Our understanding of PTE is continuously evolving, and improved preclinical models allow for accelerated testing of critically needed novel therapeutic interventions in military and civilian persons at high risk for PTE and its devastating comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Golub
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| | - Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Srinivasan G, Brafman DA. The Emergence of Model Systems to Investigate the Link Between Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:813544. [PMID: 35211003 PMCID: PMC8862182 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.813544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated that individuals who have sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI) have an elevated risk for developing Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's-related dementias (AD/ADRD). Despite these connections, the underlying mechanisms by which TBI induces AD-related pathology, neuronal dysfunction, and cognitive decline have yet to be elucidated. In this review, we will discuss the various in vivo and in vitro models that are being employed to provide more definite mechanistic relationships between TBI-induced mechanical injury and AD-related phenotypes. In particular, we will highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each of these model systems as it relates to advancing the understanding of the mechanisms that lead to TBI-induced AD onset and progression as well as providing platforms to evaluate potential therapies. Finally, we will discuss how emerging methods including the use of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cultures and genome engineering technologies can be employed to generate better models of TBI-induced AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Brafman
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Golub VM, Reddy DS. Contusion brain damage in mice for modelling of post-traumatic epilepsy with contralateral hippocampus sclerosis: Comprehensive and longitudinal characterization of spontaneous seizures, neuropathology, and neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Exp Neurol 2021; 348:113946. [PMID: 34896334 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of acquired epilepsy referred to as post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE), characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) that start in the months or years following TBI. There is a critical need to develop small animal models for advancing the neurotherapeutics of PTE, which accounts for 20% of all acquired epilepsy cases. Despite many previous attempts, there are few PTE models with demonstrated consistency or longitudinal incidence of SRS, a critical feature for creating models for investigation of novel therapeutics for preventing PTE. Over the past few years, we have made in-depth updates and several advances to our mouse model of TBI in which SRS consistently occurs upon 24/7 monitoring for 4 months. Here, we show that an advanced cortical contusion damage in mice elicits a chronic state of PTE with SRS and robust epileptiform activity, along with cognitive comorbidities. We observed SRS in 33% and 87% of moderate and severe injury cohorts, respectively. Though incidence was higher in the severe cohort, moderate injury elicited a robust epileptogenesis. Progressive neuronal damage, neurodegeneration, and inflammation signals were evident in many brain regions; comorbid behavior and cognitive deficits were observed for up to 4-months. SRS onset was correlated with the inception of interneuron loss after TBI. Contralateral hippocampal sclerosis was unique and well correlated with SRS, confirming a potential network basis for epileptogenesis. Collectively, this mouse model exhibits a number of hallmark TBI sequelae reminiscent of human PTE. This model provides a vital tool for probing molecular pathological mechanisms and therapeutic interventions for post-traumatic epileptogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: TBI is a leading cause of post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). Despite many attempts to create PTE in animals, success has been limited due to a lack of consistent spontaneous "epileptic" seizures after TBI. We present a comprehensive phenotype of PTE after contusion brain injury in mice, which exhibits robust spontaneous seizures along with neuronal loss, inflammation, and cognitive dysfunction. Our broad profiling of a TBI mouse reveals features of progressive, long-lasting epileptic activity, unique contralateral hippocampal sclerosis, and comorbid mood and memory deficits. The PTE mouse shows a striking consistency in recapitulating major pathological sequelae of human PTE. This mouse model will be helpful in assessing mechanisms and interventions for TBI-induced epilepsy and mood dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Golub
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sandouka S, Shekh-Ahmad T. Induction of the Nrf2 Pathway by Sulforaphane Is Neuroprotective in a Rat Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111702. [PMID: 34829573 PMCID: PMC8615008 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic disease of the brain that affects over 65 million people worldwide. Acquired epilepsy is initiated by neurological insults, such as status epilepticus, which can result in the generation of ROS and induction of oxidative stress. Suppressing oxidative stress by upregulation of the transcription factor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has been shown to be an effective strategy to increase endogenous antioxidant defences, including in brain diseases, and can ameliorate neuronal damage and seizure occurrence in epilepsy. Here, we aim to test the neuroprotective potential of a naturally occurring Nrf2 activator sulforaphane, in in vitro epileptiform activity model and a temporal lobe epilepsy rat model. Sulforaphane significantly decreased ROS generation during epileptiform activity, restored glutathione levels, and prevented seizure-like activity-induced neuronal cell death. When given to rats after 2 h of kainic acid-induced status epilepticus, sulforaphane significantly increased the expression of Nrf2 and related antioxidant genes, improved oxidative stress markers, and increased the total antioxidant capacity in both the plasma and hippocampus. In addition, sulforaphane significantly decreased status epilepticus-induced neuronal cell death. Our results demonstrate that Nrf2 activation following an insult to the brain exerts a neuroprotective effect by reducing neuronal death, increasing the antioxidant capacity, and thus may also modify epilepsy development.
Collapse
|
8
|
Bandopadhyay R, Singh T, Ghoneim MM, Alshehri S, Angelopoulou E, Paudel YN, Piperi C, Ahmad J, Alhakamy NA, Alfaleh MA, Mishra A. Recent Developments in Diagnosis of Epilepsy: Scope of MicroRNA and Technological Advancements. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1097. [PMID: 34827090 PMCID: PMC8615191 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders, characterized by recurrent seizures, resulting from abnormally synchronized episodic neuronal discharges. Around 70 million people worldwide are suffering from epilepsy. The available antiepileptic medications are capable of controlling seizures in around 60-70% of patients, while the rest remain refractory. Poor seizure control is often associated with neuro-psychiatric comorbidities, mainly including memory impairment, depression, psychosis, neurodegeneration, motor impairment, neuroendocrine dysfunction, etc., resulting in poor prognosis. Effective treatment relies on early and correct detection of epileptic foci. Although there are currently a few well-established diagnostic techniques for epilepsy, they lack accuracy and cannot be applied to patients who are unsupportive or harbor metallic implants. Since a single test result from one of these techniques does not provide complete information about the epileptic foci, it is necessary to develop novel diagnostic tools. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current diagnostic tools of epilepsy, including electroencephalography (EEG) as well as structural and functional neuroimaging. We further discuss recent trends and advances in the diagnosis of epilepsy that will enable more effective diagnosis and clinical management of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritam Bandopadhyay
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India;
| | - Tanveer Singh
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA;
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Efthalia Angelopoulou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.A.); (C.P.)
| | - Yam Nath Paudel
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.A.); (C.P.)
| | - Javed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Mohamed A. Alfaleh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (M.A.A.)
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awanish Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)—Guwahati, Changsari, Guwahati 781101, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xia W, Xie J, Cai Z, Liu X, Wen J, Cui ZK, Zhao R, Zhou X, Chen J, Mao X, Gu Z, Zou Z, Zou Z, Zhang Y, Zhao M, Mac M, Song Q, Bai X. Damaged brain accelerates bone healing by releasing small extracellular vesicles that target osteoprogenitors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6043. [PMID: 34654817 PMCID: PMC8519911 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26302-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence has established that concomitant traumatic brain injury (TBI) accelerates bone healing, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. This study shows that after TBI, injured neurons, mainly those in the hippocampus, release osteogenic microRNA (miRNA)-enriched small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), which targeted osteoprogenitors in bone to stimulate bone formation. We show that miR-328a-3p and miR-150-5p, enriched in the sEVs after TBI, promote osteogenesis by directly targeting the 3'UTR of FOXO4 or CBL, respectively, and hydrogel carrying miR-328a-3p-containing sEVs efficiently repaires bone defects in rats. Importantly, increased fibronectin expression on sEVs surface contributes to targeting of osteoprogenitors in bone by TBI sEVs, thereby implying that modification of the sEVs surface fibronectin could be used in bone-targeted drug delivery. Together, our work unveils a role of central regulation in bone formation and a clear link between injured neurons and osteogenitors, both in animals and clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhiqing Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xuhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Radiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zhong-Kai Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Run Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China
| | - Xinru Mao
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zhengtao Gu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zhimin Zou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zhipeng Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Maegele Mac
- Institute for Research in Operative Medicine, Private University of Witten-Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center, Ostmerheimerstr 200, D-51109, Cologne, Germany
| | - Qiancheng Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Xiaochun Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Santana-Gomez CE, Medel-Matus JS, Rundle BK. Animal models of post-traumatic epilepsy and their neurobehavioral comorbidities. Seizure 2021; 90:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
|
11
|
Pitkänen A, Paananen T, Kyyriäinen J, Das Gupta S, Heiskanen M, Vuokila N, Bañuelos-Cabrera I, Lapinlampi N, Kajevu N, Andrade P, Ciszek R, Lara-Valderrábano L, Ekolle Ndode-Ekane X, Puhakka N. Biomarkers for posttraumatic epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 121:107080. [PMID: 32317161 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A biomarker is a characteristic that can be objectively measured as an indicator of normal biologic processes, pathogenic processes, or responses to an exposure or intervention, including therapeutic interventions. Biomarker modalities include molecular, histologic, radiographic, or physiologic characteristics. To improve the understanding and use of biomarker terminology in biomedical research, clinical practice, and medical product development, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-National Institutes of Health (NIH) Joint Leadership Council developed the BEST Resource (Biomarkers, EndpointS, and other Tools). The seven BEST biomarker categories include the following: (a) susceptibility/risk biomarkers, (b) diagnostic biomarkers, (c) monitoring biomarkers, (d) prognostic biomarkers, (e) predictive biomarkers, (f) pharmacodynamic/response biomarkers, and (g) safety biomarkers. We hypothesize some potential overlap between the reported biomarkers of traumatic brain injury (TBI), epilepsy, and posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE). Here, we tested this hypothesis by reviewing studies focusing on biomarker discovery for posttraumatic epileptogenesis and epilepsy. The biomarker modalities reviewed here include plasma/serum and cerebrospinal fluid molecular biomarkers, imaging biomarkers, and electrophysiologic biomarkers. Most of the reported biomarkers have an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve greater than 0.800, suggesting both high sensitivity and high specificity. Our results revealed little overlap in the biomarker candidates between TBI, epilepsy, and PTE. In addition to using single parameters as biomarkers, machine learning approaches have highlighted the potential for utilizing patterns of markers as biomarkers. Although published data suggest the possibility of identifying biomarkers for PTE, we are still in the early phase of the development curve. Many of the seven biomarker categories lack PTE-related biomarkers. Thus, further exploration using proper, statistically powered, and standardized study designs with validation cohorts, and by developing and applying novel analytical methods, is needed for PTE biomarker discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asla Pitkänen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tomi Paananen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jenni Kyyriäinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Shalini Das Gupta
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mette Heiskanen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Niina Vuokila
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ivette Bañuelos-Cabrera
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Niina Lapinlampi
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Natallie Kajevu
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pedro Andrade
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Robert Ciszek
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Leonardo Lara-Valderrábano
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Xavier Ekolle Ndode-Ekane
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Noora Puhakka
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dulla CG, Pitkänen A. Novel Approaches to Prevent Epileptogenesis After Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1582-1601. [PMID: 34595732 PMCID: PMC8608993 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as an alteration in brain function or other evidence of brain pathology caused by an external force. When epilepsy develops following TBI, it is known as post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). PTE occurs in a subset of patients suffering from different types and severities of TBI, occurs more commonly following severe injury, and greatly impacts the quality of life for patients recovering from TBI. Similar to other types of epilepsy, PTE is often refractory to drug treatment with standard anti-seizure drugs. No therapeutic approaches have proven successful in the clinic to prevent the development of PTE. Therefore, novel treatment strategies are needed to stop the development of PTE and improve the quality of life for patients after TBI. Interestingly, TBI represents an excellent clinical opportunity for intervention to prevent epileptogenesis as typically the time of initiation of epileptogenesis (i.e., TBI) is known, the population of at-risk patients is large, and animal models for preclinical studies of mechanisms and treatment targets are available. If properly identified and treated, there is a true opportunity to prevent epileptogenesis after TBI and stop seizures from ever happening. With that goal in mind, here we review previous attempts to prevent PTE both in animal studies and in humans, we examine how biomarkers could enable better-targeted therapeutics, and we discuss how genetic variation may predispose individuals to PTE. Finally, we highlight exciting new advances in the field that suggest that there may be novel approaches to prevent PTE that should be considered for further clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris G Dulla
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, 70 211, Kuopio, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu X, Xie Y, Wan X, Wu J, Fan Z, Yang L. Protective Effects of Aquaporin-4 Deficiency on Longer-term Neurological Outcomes in a Mouse Model. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1380-1389. [PMID: 33651262 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been a crucial health problem, with more than 50 million patients worldwide each year. Glymphatic system is a fluid exchange system that relies on the polarized water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) at the astrocytes, accounting for the clearance of abnormal proteins and metabolites from brain tissues. However, the dysfunction of glymphatic system and alteration of AQP4 polarization during the progression of TBI remain unclear. AQP4-/- and Wild Type (WT) mice were used to establish the TBI mouse model respectively. Brain edema and Evans blue extravasation were conducted 24 h post-injury to evaluate the acute TBI. Morris water maze (MWM) was used to establish the long-term cognitive functions of AQP4-/- and WT mice post TBI. Western-blot and qRT-PCR assays were performed to demonstrate protective effects of AQP4 deficiency to blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and amyloid-β clearance. The inflammation of cerebral tissues post TBI was estimated by ELISA assay. AQP4 deficiency alleviated the brain edema and neurological deficit in TBI mice. AQP4-knockout led to improved cognitive outcomes in mice post TBI. The BBB integrity and cerebral amyloid-β clearance were protected by AQP4 deficiency in TBI mice. AQP4 deficiency ameliorated the TBI-induced inflammation. AQP4 deficiency improved longer-term neurological outcomes in a mouse model of TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.215, Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Yingxin Xie
- Department of Doppler Ultrasound, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.215, Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Xiangdong Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.215, Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Jianliang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.215, Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Zhenzeng Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.215, Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.215, Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Long QH, Wu YG, He LL, Ding L, Tan AH, Shi HY, Wang P. Suan-Zao-Ren Decoction ameliorates synaptic plasticity through inhibition of the Aβ deposition and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in AD model of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Chin Med 2021; 16:14. [PMID: 33478552 PMCID: PMC7818567 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00425-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Suan-Zao-Ren Decoction (SZRD) has been widely used to treat neurological illnesses, including dementia, insomnia and depression. However, the mechanisms underlying SZRD’s improvement in cognitive function remain unclear. In this study, we examined SZRD’s effect on APP/PS1 transgenic mice and mechanisms associated with SZRD’s action in alleviating neuroinflammation and improving synaptic plasticity. Methods
The APP/PS1 mice were treated with different dosages of SZRD (12.96 and 25.92 g/kg/day, in L-SZRD and H-SZRD groups, respectively) for 4 weeks. Morris water maze was conducted to determine changes in behaviors of the mice after the treatment. Meanwhile, in the samples of the hippocampus, Nissl staining and Golgi-Cox staining were used to detect synaptic plasticity. ELISA was applied to assess the expression levels of Aβ1−40 and Aβ1−42 in the hippocampus of mice. Western blot (WB) was employed to test the protein expression level of Aβ1−42, APP, ADAM10, BACE1, PS1, IDE, IBA1, GFAP, PSD95 and SYN, as well as the expressions of JAK2, STAT3 and their phosphorylation patterns to detect the involvement of JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Besides, we examined the serum and hippocampal contents of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α through ELISA. Results Compared to the APP/PS1 mice without any treatment, SZRD, especially the L-SZRD, significantly ameliorated cognitive impairment of the APP/PS1 mice with decreases in the loss of neurons and Aβ plaque deposition as well as improvement of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus (P < 0.05 or 0.01). Also, SZRD, in particular, the L-SZRD markedly inhibited the serum and hippocampal concentrations of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α, while reducing the expression of p-JAK2-Tyr1007 and p-STAT3-Tyr705 in the hippocampus of the APP/PS1 mice (P < 0.05 or 0.01). Conclusions The SZRD, especially the L-SZRD, may improve the cognitive impairment and ameliorate the neural degeneration in APP/PS1 transgenic mice through inhibiting Aβ accumulation and neuroinflammation via the JAK2/STAT3 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hua Long
- School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, Hubei, China
| | - Yong-Gui Wu
- School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, Hubei, China
| | - Li-Ling He
- School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, Hubei, China
| | - Li Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, Hubei, China
| | - Ai-Hua Tan
- School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, Hubei, China
| | - He-Yuan Shi
- School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, Hubei, China.
| | - Ping Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
APOE4 genetic polymorphism results in impaired recovery in a repeated mild traumatic brain injury model and treatment with Bryostatin-1 improves outcomes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19919. [PMID: 33199792 PMCID: PMC7670450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76849-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
After traumatic brain injury (TBI), some people have worse recovery than others. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Apolipoprotein E (APOE) are known to increase risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease, however there is controversy from human and rodent studies as to whether ApoE4 is a risk factor for worse outcomes after brain trauma. To resolve these conflicting studies we have explored the effect of the human APOE4 gene in a reproducible mouse model that mimics common human injuries. We have investigated cellular and behavioral outcomes in genetically engineered human APOE targeted replacement (TR) mice following repeated mild TBI (rmTBI) using a lateral fluid percussion injury model. Relative to injured APOE3 TR mice, injured APOE4 TR mice had more inflammation, neurodegeneration, apoptosis, p-tau, and activated microglia and less total brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the cortex and/or hippocampus at 1 and/or 21 days post-injury. We utilized a novel personalized approach to treating APOE4 susceptible mice by administering Bryostatin-1, which improved cellular as well as motor and cognitive behavior outcomes at 1 DPI in the APOE4 injured mice. This study demonstrates that APOE4 is a risk factor for poor outcomes after rmTBI and highlights how personalized therapeutics can be a powerful treatment option.
Collapse
|
16
|
Chu TH, Cummins K, Stys PK. Traumatic Injury Reduces Amyloid Plaque Burden in the Transgenic 5xFAD Alzheimer's Mouse Spinal Cord. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 77:1315-1330. [PMID: 32925040 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Axonal injury has been implicated in the development of amyloid-β in experimental brain injuries and clinical cases. The anatomy of the spinal cord provides a tractable model for examining the effects of trauma on amyloid deposition. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to examine the effects of axonal injury on plaque formation and clearance using wild type and 5xFAD transgenic Alzheimer's disease mice. METHODS We contused the spinal cord at the T12 spinal level at 10 weeks, an age at which no amyloid plaques spontaneously accumulate in 5xFAD mice. We then explored plaque clearance by impacting spinal cords in 27-week-old 5xFAD mice where amyloid deposition is already well established. We also examined the cellular expression of one of the most prominent amyloid-β degradation enzymes, neprilysin, at the lesion site. RESULTS No plaques were found in wild type animals at any time points examined. Injury in 5xFAD prevented plaque deposition rostral and caudal to the lesion when the cords were examined at 2 and 4 months after the impact, whereas age-matched naïve 5xFAD mice showed extensive amyloid plaque deposition. A massive reduction in the number of plaques around the lesion was found as early as 7 days after the impact, preceded by neprilysin upregulation in astrocytes at 3 days after injury. At 7 days after injury, the majority of amyloid was found inside microglia/macrophages. CONCLUSION These observations suggest that the efficient amyloid clearance after injury in the cord may be driven by the orchestrated efforts of astroglial and immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tak-Ho Chu
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Karen Cummins
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Peter K Stys
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Casillas‐Espinosa PM, Ali I, O'Brien TJ. Neurodegenerative pathways as targets for acquired epilepsy therapy development. Epilepsia Open 2020; 5:138-154. [PMID: 32524040 PMCID: PMC7278567 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of clinical and experimental evidence that neurodegenerative diseases and epileptogenesis after an acquired brain insult may share common etiological mechanisms. Acquired epilepsy commonly develops as a comorbid condition in patients with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, although it is likely much under diagnosed in practice. Progressive neurodegeneration has also been described after traumatic brain injury, stroke, and other forms of brain insults. Moreover, recent evidence has shown that acquired epilepsy is often a progressive disorder that is associated with the development of drug resistance, cognitive decline, and worsening of other neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Therefore, new pharmacological therapies that target neurobiological pathways that underpin neurodegenerative diseases have potential to have both an anti-epileptogenic and disease-modifying effect on the seizures in patients with acquired epilepsy, and also mitigate the progressive neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Here, we review the neurodegenerative pathways that are plausible targets for the development of novel therapies that could prevent the development or modify the progression of acquired epilepsy, and the supporting published experimental and clinical evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo M. Casillas‐Espinosa
- Departments of Neuroscience and MedicineCentral Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of MedicineThe Royal Melbourne HospitalThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Idrish Ali
- Departments of Neuroscience and MedicineCentral Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of MedicineThe Royal Melbourne HospitalThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Terence J. O'Brien
- Departments of Neuroscience and MedicineCentral Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of MedicineThe Royal Melbourne HospitalThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of NeurologyThe Alfred HospitalMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of NeurologyThe Royal Melbourne HospitalParkvilleVic.Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dynamics of clusterin protein expression in the brain and plasma following experimental traumatic brain injury. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20208. [PMID: 31882899 PMCID: PMC6934775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in the preclinical and clinical development of neuroprotective and antiepileptogenic treatments for traumatic brain injury (TBI) necessitates the discovery of prognostic biomarkers for post-injury outcome. Our previous mRNA-seq data revealed a 1.8–2.5 fold increase in clusterin mRNA expression in lesioned brain areas in rats with lateral fluid-percussion injury (FPI)-induced TBI. On this basis, we hypothesized that TBI leads to increases in the brain levels of clusterin protein, and consequently, increased plasma clusterin levels. For evaluation, we induced TBI in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 80) by lateral FPI. We validated our mRNA-seq findings with RT-qPCR, confirming increased clusterin mRNA levels in the perilesional cortex (FC 3.3, p < 0.01) and ipsilateral thalamus (FC 2.4, p < 0.05) at 3 months post-TBI. Immunohistochemistry revealed a marked increase in extracellular clusterin protein expression in the perilesional cortex and ipsilateral hippocampus (7d to 1 month post-TBI), and ipsilateral thalamus (14d to 12 months post-TBI). In the thalamus, punctate immunoreactivity was most intense around activated microglia and mitochondria. Enzyme-linked immunoassays indicated that an acute 15% reduction, rather than an increase in plasma clusterin levels differentiated animals with TBI from sham-operated controls (AUC 0.851, p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that plasma clusterin is a candidate biomarker for acute TBI diagnosis.
Collapse
|
19
|
Γ-Aminobutyric acid in adult brain: an update. Behav Brain Res 2019; 376:112224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
20
|
von Rüden EL, Zellinger C, Gedon J, Walker A, Bierling V, Deeg CA, Hauck SM, Potschka H. Regulation of Alzheimer's disease-associated proteins during epileptogenesis. Neuroscience 2019; 424:102-120. [PMID: 31705965 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence and pathological studies suggest a bidirectional link between temporal lobe epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Data analysis from omic studies offers an excellent opportunity to identify the overlap in molecular alterations between the two pathologies. We have subjected proteomic data sets from a rat model of epileptogenesis to a bioinformatics analysis focused on proteins functionally linked with AD. The data sets have been obtained for hippocampus (HC) and parahippocampal cortex samples collected during the course of epileptogenesis. Our study confirmed a relevant dysregulation of proteins linked with Alzheimer pathogenesis. When comparing the two brain areas, a more prominent regulation was evident in parahippocampal cortex samples as compared to the HC. Dysregulated protein groups comprised those affecting mitochondrial function and calcium homeostasis. Differentially expressed mitochondrial proteins included proteins of the mitochondrial complexes I, III, IV, and V as well as of the accessory subunit of complex I. The analysis also revealed a regulation of the microtubule associated protein Tau in parahippocampal cortex tissue during the latency phase. This was further confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, we demonstrated a complex epileptogenesis-associated dysregulation of proteins involved in amyloid β processing and its regulation. Among others, the amyloid precursor protein and the α-secretase alpha disintegrin metalloproteinase 17 were included. Our analysis revealed a relevant regulation of key proteins known to be associated with AD pathogenesis. The analysis provides a comprehensive overview of shared molecular alterations characterizing epilepsy development and manifestation as well as AD development and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Lotta von Rüden
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Zellinger
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Gedon
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Walker
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Vera Bierling
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia A Deeg
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany; Experimental Ophthalmology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ojo JO, Leary P, Lungmus C, Algamal M, Mouzon B, Bachmeier C, Mullan M, Stewart W, Crawford F. Subchronic Pathobiological Response Following Chronic Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in an Aged Preclinical Model of Amyloid Pathogenesis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 77:1144-1162. [PMID: 30395237 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (r-mTBI) is a risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD). The precise nature of how r-mTBI leads to, or precipitates, AD pathogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we explore subchronic effects of chronic r-mTBI (12-impacts) administered over 1-month in aged-PS1/APP mice and littermate controls. We investigate specific mechanisms that may elucidate the molecular link between AD and r-mTBI, focusing primarily on amyloid and tau pathology, amyloid processing, glial activation states, and associated clearance mechanisms. Herein, we demonstrate r-mTBI in aged PS1/APP mice does not augment, glial activation, amyloid burden, or tau pathology (with exception of pS202-positive Tau) 1 month after exposure to the last-injury. However, we observed a decrease in brain soluble Aβ42 levels without any appreciable change in peripheral soluble Aβ42 levels. This was accompanied by an increase in brain insoluble to soluble Aβ42 ratio in injured PS1/APP mice compared with sham injury. A parallel reduction in phagocytic receptor, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2, was also observed. This study demonstrates very subtle subchronic effects of r-mTBI on a preexisting amyloid pathology background, which may be on a continuum toward a slow and worsening neurodegenerative outcome compared with sham injury, and therefore, have many implications, especially in the elderly population exposed to TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O Ojo
- Experimental Neuropathology and TBI Research Division, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, Florida.,Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Paige Leary
- Experimental Neuropathology and TBI Research Division, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida
| | - Caryln Lungmus
- Experimental Neuropathology and TBI Research Division, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida
| | - Moustafa Algamal
- Experimental Neuropathology and TBI Research Division, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida.,Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Benoit Mouzon
- Experimental Neuropathology and TBI Research Division, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, Florida.,Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Corbin Bachmeier
- Experimental Neuropathology and TBI Research Division, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida.,Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.,Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, Florida
| | - Michael Mullan
- Experimental Neuropathology and TBI Research Division, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida.,Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - William Stewart
- Queen Elizabeth University Hospital and University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fiona Crawford
- Experimental Neuropathology and TBI Research Division, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, Florida.,Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Karttunen J, Heiskanen M, Lipponen A, Poulsen D, Pitkänen A. Extracellular Vesicles as Diagnostics and Therapeutics for Structural Epilepsies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1259. [PMID: 30871144 PMCID: PMC6470789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles involved in intercellular communication. Data is emerging that EVs and their cargo have potential as diagnostic biomarkers and treatments for brain diseases, including traumatic brain injury and epilepsy. Here, we summarize the current knowledge regarding changes in EV numbers and cargo in status epilepticus (SE) and traumatic brain injury (TBI), which are clinically significant etiologies for acquired epileptogenesis in animals and humans. We also review encouraging data, which suggests that EVs secreted by stem cells may serve as recovery-enhancing treatments for SE and TBI. Using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, we show that brain EV-related transcripts are positively enriched in rodent models of epileptogenesis and epilepsy, and altered in response to anti-seizure drugs. These data suggest that EVs show promise as biomarkers, treatments and drug targets for epilepsy. In parallel to gathering conceptual knowledge, analytics platforms for the isolation and analysis of EV contents need to be further developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Karttunen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mette Heiskanen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anssi Lipponen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - David Poulsen
- University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Clinical and Translational Research Center (CTRC), Department of Neurosurgery, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abid NB, Naseer MI, Kim MO. Comparative Gene-Expression Analysis of Alzheimer's Disease Progression with Aging in Transgenic Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051219. [PMID: 30862043 PMCID: PMC6429175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory dysfunction and a decline in cognition. One of the biggest challenges to study the pathological process at a molecular level is that there is no simple, cost-effective, and comprehensive gene-expression analysis tool. The present study provides the most detailed (Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) RT-PCR-based gene-expression assay, encompassing important genes, based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) disease pathway. This study analyzed age-dependent disease progression by focusing on pathological events such as the processing of the amyloid precursor protein, tau pathology, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, disrupted calcium signaling, inflammation, and apoptosis. Messenger RNA was extracted from the cortex and hippocampal region of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Samples were divided into three age groups, six-, nine-, and 12-month-old transgenic mice, and they were compared with normal C57BL/6J mice of respective age groups. Findings of this study provide the opportunity to design a simple, effective, and accurate clinical analysis tool that can not only provide deeper insight into the disease, but also act as a clinical diagnostic tool for its better diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noman Bin Abid
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK 21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
| | - Muhammad Imran Naseer
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Myeong Ok Kim
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK 21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Collins JM, King AE, Woodhouse A, Kirkcaldie MTK, Vickers JC. Age Moderates the Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury on Beta-Amyloid Plaque Load in APP/PS1 Mice. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:1876-1889. [PMID: 30623730 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been identified as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, how such neural damage contributes to AD pathology remains unclear; specifically, the relationship between the timing of a TBI relative to aging and the onset of AD pathology is not known. In this study, we have examined the effect of TBI on subsequent beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposition in APP/PS1 (APPSWE/PSEN1dE9) transgenic mice either before (3 months of age) or after the onset (6 months of age) of plaque pathology. Lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI), a model of diffuse brain injury, was induced in APP/PS1 and C57Bl/6 wild-type (WT) littermates. LFPI caused a significant increase in both total (p < 0.001) and fibrillar (p < 0.001) Aβ plaque load in the cortex of 3-month-old APP/PS1 mice compared to sham-treated mice at 30 days post-injury. However, in the cortex of 6-month-old mice at 30 days post-injury, LFPI caused a significant decrease in total (p < 0.01), but not fibrillar (p > 0.05), Aβ plaque load compared to sham-treated mice. No Aβ plaques were present in any WT mice across these conditions. Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunolabeling of astrocytes and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 immunolabeling of microglial/macrophages was not significantly different (p < 0.05) in injured animals compared to sham mice, or APP/PS1 mice compared to WT mice. The current data indicate that TBI may have differential effects on Aβ plaque deposition depending on the age and the stage of amyloidosis at the time of injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Collins
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Anna E King
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Adele Woodhouse
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Matthew T K Kirkcaldie
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - James C Vickers
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ali I, Silva JC, Liu S, Shultz SR, Kwan P, Jones NC, O'Brien TJ. Targeting neurodegeneration to prevent post-traumatic epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 123:100-109. [PMID: 30099094 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the quest for developing new therapeutic targets for post-traumatic epilepsies (PTE), identifying mechanisms relevant to development and progression of disease is critical. A growing body of literature suggests involvement of neurodegenerative mechanisms in the pathophysiology of acquired epilepsies, including following traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this review, we discuss the potential of some of these mechanisms to be targets for the development of a therapy against PTE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Idrish Ali
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Juliana C Silva
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shijie Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Patrick Kwan
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nigel C Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pitkänen A, Ekolle Ndode-Ekane X, Lapinlampi N, Puhakka N. Epilepsy biomarkers - Toward etiology and pathology specificity. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 123:42-58. [PMID: 29782966 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A biomarker is a characteristic that is measured as an indicator of normal biologic processes, pathogenic processes, or responses to an exposure or intervention, including therapeutic interventions. Biomarker modalities include molecular, histologic, radiographic, or physiologic characteristics. In 2015, the FDA-NIH Joint Leadership Council developed the BEST Resource (Biomarkers, EndpointS, and other Tools) to improve the understanding and use of biomarker terminology in biomedical research, clinical practice, and medical product development. The BEST biomarker categories include: (a) susceptibility/risk biomarkers, (b) diagnostic biomarkers, (c) monitoring biomarkers, (d) prognostic biomarkers, (e) predictive biomarkers, (f) pharmacodynamic/response biomarkers, and (g) safety biomarkers. Here we review 30 epilepsy biomarker studies that have identified (a) diagnostic biomarkers for epilepsy, epileptogenesis, epileptogenicity, drug-refractoriness, and status epilepticus - some of the epileptogenesis and epileptogenicity biomarkers can also be considered prognostic biomarkers for the development of epilepsy in subjects with a given brain insult, (b) predictive biomarkers for epilepsy surgery outcome, and (c) a response biomarker for therapy outcome. The biomarker modalities include plasma/serum/exosomal and cerebrospinal fluid molecular biomarkers, brain tissue molecular biomarkers, imaging biomarkers, electrophysiologic biomarkers, and behavioral/cognitive biomarkers. Both single and combinatory biomarkers have been described. Most of the reviewed biomarkers have an area under the curve >0.800 in receiver operating characteristics analysis, suggesting high sensitivity and specificity. As discussed in this review, we are in the early phase of the learning curve in epilepsy biomarker discovery. Many of the seven biomarker categories lack epilepsy-related biomarkers. There is a need for epilepsy biomarker discovery using proper, statistically powered study designs with validation cohorts, and the development and use of novel analytical methods. A strategic roadmap to discuss the research priorities in epilepsy biomarker discovery, regulatory issues, and optimization of the use of resources, similar to those devised in the cancer and Alzheimer's disease research areas, is also needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asla Pitkänen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Xavier Ekolle Ndode-Ekane
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Niina Lapinlampi
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Noora Puhakka
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pijet B, Stefaniuk M, Kostrzewska-Ksiezyk A, Tsilibary PE, Tzinia A, Kaczmarek L. Elevation of MMP-9 Levels Promotes Epileptogenesis After Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:9294-9306. [PMID: 29667129 PMCID: PMC6208832 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a recurrent seizure disorder that often develops secondary to traumatic brain injury (TBI) that is caused by an external mechanical force. Recent evidence shows that the brain extracellular matrix plays a major role in the remodeling of neuronal connections after injury. One of the proteases that is presumably responsible for this process is matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). The levels of MMP-9 are elevated in rodent brain tissue and human blood samples after TBI. However, no studies have described the influence of MMP-9 on the development of PTE. The present study used controlled cortical impact (CCI) as a mouse model of TBI. We examined the detailed kinetics of MMP-9 levels for 1 month after TBI and observed two peaks after injury (30 min and 6 h after injury). We tested the hypothesis that high levels of MMP-9 predispose individuals to the development of PTE, and MMP-9 inhibition would protect against PTE. We used transgenic animals with either MMP-9 knockout or MMP-9 overexpression. MMP-9 overexpression increased the number of mice that exhibited TBI-induced spontaneous seizures, and MMP-9 knockout decreased the appearance of seizures. We also evaluated changes in responsiveness to a single dose of the chemoconvulsant pentylenetetrazol. MMP-9-overexpressing mice exhibited a significantly shorter latency between pentylenetetrazol administration and the first epileptiform spike. MMP-9 knockout mice exhibited the opposite response profile. Finally, we found that the occurrence of PTE was correlated with the size of the lesion after injury. Overall, our data emphasize the contribution of MMP-9 to TBI-induced structural and physiological alterations in brain circuitry that may lead to the development of PTE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pijet
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marzena Stefaniuk
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kostrzewska-Ksiezyk
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Photini-Effie Tsilibary
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55405, USA.,Brain Sciences Center, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA
| | - Athina Tzinia
- Laboratory of Cell and Matrix Pathobiology, Institute of Bioscience and Applications, NCSR Demokritos, 153 10 Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Leszek Kaczmarek
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kokiko-Cochran ON, Godbout JP. The Inflammatory Continuum of Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:672. [PMID: 29686672 PMCID: PMC5900037 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The post-injury inflammatory response is a key mediator in long-term recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI). Moreover, the immune response to TBI, mediated by microglia and macrophages, is influenced by existing brain pathology and by secondary immune challenges. For example, recent evidence shows that the presence of beta-amyloid and phosphorylated tau protein, two hallmark features of AD that increase during normal aging, substantially alter the macrophage response to TBI. Additional data demonstrate that post-injury microglia are “primed” and become hyper-reactive following a subsequent acute immune challenge thereby worsening recovery. These alterations may increase the incidence of neuropsychiatric complications after TBI and may also increase the frequency of neurodegenerative pathology. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize experimental studies examining the relationship between TBI and development of AD-like pathology with an emphasis on the acute and chronic microglial and macrophage response following injury. Furthermore, studies will be highlighted that examine the degree to which beta-amyloid and tau accumulation as well as pre- and post-injury immune stressors influence outcome after TBI. Collectively, the studies described in this review suggest that the brain’s immune response to injury is a key mediator in recovery, and if compromised by previous, coincident, or subsequent immune stressors, post-injury pathology and behavioral recovery will be altered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga N Kokiko-Cochran
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lukiw WJ, Rogaev EI. Genetics of Aggression in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:87. [PMID: 28443016 PMCID: PMC5385328 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a terminal, age-related neurological syndrome exhibiting progressive cognitive and memory decline, however AD patients in addition exhibit ancillary neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) and these include aggression. In this communication we provide recent evidence for the mis-regulation of a small family of genes expressed in the human hippocampus that appear to be significantly involved in expression patterns common to both AD and aggression. DNA array- and mRNA transcriptome-based gene expression analysis and candidate gene association and/or genome-wide association studies (CGAS, GWAS) of aggressive attributes in humans have revealed a surprisingly small subset of six brain genes that are also strongly associated with altered gene expression patterns in AD. These genes encoded on five different chromosomes (chr) include the androgen receptor (AR; chrXq12), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF; chr11p14.1), catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT; chr22q11.21), neuronal specific nitric oxide synthase (NOS1; chr12q24.22), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH chr9q34.2) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH1, chr11p15.1 and TPH2, chr12q21.1). Interestingly, (i) the expression of three of these six genes (COMT, DBH, NOS1) are highly variable; (ii) three of these six genes (COMT, DBH, TPH1) are involved in DA or serotonin metabolism, biosynthesis and/or neurotransmission; and (iii) five of these six genes (AR, BDNF, COMT, DBH, NOS1) have been implicated in the development, onset and/or propagation of schizophrenia. The magnitude of the expression of genes implicated in aggressive behavior appears to be more pronounced in the later stages of AD when compared to MCI. These recent genetic data further indicate that the extent of cognitive impairment may have some bearing on the degree of aggression which accompanies the AD phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter J. Lukiw
- Louisiana State University (LSU) Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science CenterNew Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Science CenterNew Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science CenterNew Orleans, LA, USA
- Bollinger Professor of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Louisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Evgeny I. Rogaev
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia
- Center for Brain Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesNovosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Psychiatry, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcester, MA, USA
- School of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|