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Carbas B, Barros S, Freitas A, Silva AS, Brites C. Comparative Analysis of Maize Physico-Chemical Parameters and Mycotoxin Levels in Dual Environments. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:275. [PMID: 38922169 PMCID: PMC11209266 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) stands as a vital staple food globally, holding significant nutritional and economic value. However, its susceptibility to mycotoxin contamination under stressful environmental conditions poses a considerable concern. This study aimed to assess the quality and pasting characteristics of maize varieties across two distinct regions and examine the occurrence of mycotoxins influenced by climatic factors. Five maize varieties were cultivated in triplicate in the Golegã and Coruche regions. The nutritional composition (protein, fat, fiber, ash, starch, and lutein), pasting properties, and mycotoxin levels were evaluated. A statistical analysis revealed notable differences in the nutritional profiles of the maize varieties between the two regions, particularly in the protein and lutein content. The peak viscosity ranged from 6430 to 8599 cP and from 4548 to 8178 cP in the maize varieties from the Coruche and Golegã regions, respectively. Additionally, a significant correlation was observed between the climatic conditions and the grain nutritional quality components (p < 0.05). The M variety showed the highest ash content, protein content, final viscosity, and setback viscosity and the lowest peak viscosity. The Y variety revealed the lowest fat, fiber, and lutein content and the maximum peak viscosity. The incidence of mycotoxins was notably higher in the varieties from Coruche, which was potentially attributable to higher temperatures and lower precipitation levels leading to more frequent drought conditions. Fumonisin B1 was detected in 58% of the varieties from Coruche and 33% of the samples from Golegã, while deoxynivalenol was found in 87% and 80% of the varieties from Coruche and Golegã, respectively. The H variety, which was harvested in Coruche, exhibited the highest number of fumonisins and higher amounts of protein, lutein, and fat, while fumonisins were not detected in the Golegã region, which was potentially influenced by the precipitation levels. The K variety revealed higher protein and lutein contents, a lower amount of fat, excellent pasting properties (a higher peak viscosity and holding strength and a lower peak time), and no fumonisins B1 or B2. This variety may be considered well adapted to higher temperatures and drier conditions, as verified in the Coruche region. In conclusion, our study underscored the profound impact of environmental factors on the quality and occurrence of mycotoxins in maize varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Carbas
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. Da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (S.B.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.)
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Barros
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. Da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (S.B.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Andreia Freitas
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. Da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (S.B.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Ana Sanches Silva
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. Da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (S.B.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Animal Science Studies (CECA), University of Porto, 4050-453 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Brites
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. Da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (S.B.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.)
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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Assessment of Agricultural Practices for Controlling Fusarium and Mycotoxins Contamination on Maize Grains: Exploratory Study in Maize Farms. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15020136. [PMID: 36828450 PMCID: PMC9964085 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize is a significant crop to the global economy and a key component of food and feed, although grains and whole plants can often be contaminated with mycotoxins resulting in a general exposure of the population and animals. To investigate strategies for mycotoxins control at the grain production level, a pilot study and exploratory research were conducted in 2019 and 2020 to compare levels of mycotoxins in grains of plants treated with two fertilizers, F-BAC and Nefusoil, under real agricultural environment. The 1650 grains selected from the 33 samples were assessed for the presence of both Fusarium species and mycotoxins. Only fumonisins and deoxynivalenol were detected. Fumonisin B1 ranged from 0 to 2808.4 µg/Kg, and fumonisin B2 from 0 to 1041.9 µg/Kg, while deoxynivalenol variated from 0 to 465.8 µg/Kg. Nefusoil showed to be promising in regard to fumonisin control. Concerning the control of fungal contamination rate and the diversity of Fusarium species, no significant differences were found between the two treatments in any of the years. However, a tendency for was observed Nefusoil of lower values, probably due to the guaranteed less stressful conditions to the Fusarium spp. present in the soil, which do not stimulate their fumonisins production.
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Osouli M, Yazdanpanah H, Salamzadeh J, Eslamizad S. Performance Evaluation of Biochip Chemiluminescent Immunoassay for Screening Seven Mycotoxins in Wheat Flour Simultaneously. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2023; 22:e140356. [PMID: 38444708 PMCID: PMC10912911 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-140356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Background Wheat grains are susceptible to mycotoxins, toxic natural secondary metabolites generated by certain fungi on agricultural produce in the field during growth, harvest, transportation, or storage. Therefore, wheat flour can be contaminated with mycotoxins, which seriously threaten human health. Methods A rapid method for screening seven mycotoxins in wheat flour was validated in accordance with Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. With this multi-analytical screening method, 7 prevalent mycotoxins (fumonisin B1, ochratoxin A, aflatoxin G1, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, aflatoxin B1, and zearalenone) can be determined simultaneously. The method's applicability was demonstrated by screening 7 mycotoxins in 39 wheat flour samples collected from different bakeries in Tehran province, Iran. Results The validation results indicated that for all 7 mycotoxins, the positivity threshold (T) was above the cut-off value (Fm), and no false positive results were obtained for any of the mycotoxins. The screening results of 12 packaged and 27 bulk wheat flour samples indicated that the concentrations of all mentioned mycotoxins were higher than the cut-off (in the relative light unit [RLU]), and all the samples were compliant. Conclusions The present study revealed that the biochip-based technique is valid for identifying and assessing the levels of 7 mycotoxins in grain samples, such as wheat flour, at the measured validation concentrations. The method was simple, fast, and able to screen 7 mycotoxins simultaneously. The test process of the kit is easy to conduct, and the results are straightforward to interpret.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahraz Osouli
- Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Yazdanpanah
- Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamshid Salamzadeh
- Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Eslamizad
- Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Reliable and Accessible Method for Trichothecenes Type B Determination in Oat Products. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pandey AK, Samota MK, Sanches Silva A. Mycotoxins along the tea supply chain: A dark side of an ancient and high valued aromatic beverage. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8672-8697. [PMID: 35452322 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2061908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTSTea (Camellia sinensis L.) is a high valued beverage worldwide since ancient times; more than three billion cups of tea are consumed each day. Leaf extracts of the plant are used for food preservation, cosmetics, and medicinal purposes. Nevertheless, tea contaminated with mycotoxins poses a serious health threat to humans. Mycotoxin production by tea fungi is induced by a variety of factors, including poor processing methods and environmental factors such as high temperature and humidity. This review summarizes the studies published to date on mycotoxin prevalence, toxicity, the effects of climate change on mycotoxin production, and the methods used to detect and decontaminate tea mycotoxins. While many investigations in this domain have been carried out on the prevalence of aflatoxins and ochratoxins in black, green, pu-erh, and herbal teas, much less information is available on zearalenone, fumonisins, and Alternaria toxins. Mycotoxins in teas were detected using several methods; the most commonly used being the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection, followed by HPLC with tandem mass spectrometry, gas chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Further, mycotoxins decontamination methods for teas included physical, chemical, and biological methods, with physical methods being most prevalent. Finally, research gaps and future directions have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay K Pandey
- Department of Mycology & Microbiology, Tea Research Association, North Bengal Regional R & D Center, Nagrakata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mahesh K Samota
- Horticulture Crop Processing Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering & Technology, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Ana Sanches Silva
- Food Science, National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Oeiras, Portugal
- Center for Study in Animal Science (CECA), ICETA, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal
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Sibanda L, McCallum K, Plotan M, Webb S, Snodgras B, Muenks Q, Porter J, Fitzgerald P. Interlaboratory collaboration to determine the performance of the Randox food diagnostics biochip array technology for the simultaneous quantitative detection of seven mycotoxins in feed. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2021.2696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An inter-laboratory collaborative study was performed to evaluate the performance of the Biochip Array Technology (BAT) Myco 7 method. The Myco 7 Array is a method which simultaneously and quantitatively detects 20 mycotoxins including aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisin B1, B2 and B3 and T-2 and HT-2 toxin. The BAT Myco 7 method was collaboratively evaluated by nine government and private Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) laboratories. Samples were analysed in a proficiency testing round format. Seventeen blind samples were analysed on the same equipment using Myco 7 kits. 99% of the results fell within an acceptable Z-score range of -2|<Z<|+2. Deoxynivalenol had a 100% Z-score pass rate, while a 99% pass was recorded for aflatoxins, zearalenone, ochratoxin A and fumonisins. T-2 toxin had a 97% Z-score pass rate. HorRat analysis for reproducibility used a range of 0.3<|HorRat|≤2. The target was met for deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 and HT-2 toxin, and aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 assays. Fumonisins and ochratoxin A assays had a 93% and 94% pass, respectively. The reproducibility co-efficiency of variation was between 16 and 20% meeting set criterion of <40% and is, therefore, fit-for-purpose for use in the AAFCO control programs for mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Sibanda
- Randox Food Diagnostics Ltd., 55 Diamond Road, Crumlin, BT29 4QY, United Kingdom
| | - K. McCallum
- Colorado Department of Agriculture, Division of Laboratory Services – Biochemistry Laboratory, 300 South Technology Court, Broomfield, CO 80021, USA
| | - M. Plotan
- Randox Food Diagnostics Ltd., 55 Diamond Road, Crumlin, BT29 4QY, United Kingdom
| | - S. Webb
- University of Kentucky, Division of Regulatory Services, 103 Regulatory Services Bldg, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - B. Snodgras
- American Association of Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), Proficiency Testing Program, 1800 S. Oak Street, Suite 100, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Q. Muenks
- Missouri Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Feed and Seed, 115 Constitution Drive, Jefferson City, MI 65109, USA
| | - J. Porter
- Randox Food Diagnostics Ltd., 55 Diamond Road, Crumlin, BT29 4QY, United Kingdom
| | - P. Fitzgerald
- Randox Food Diagnostics Ltd., 55 Diamond Road, Crumlin, BT29 4QY, United Kingdom
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Soares Mateus AR, Barros S, Pena A, Sanches Silva A. Mycotoxins in Pistachios ( Pistacia vera L.): Methods for Determination, Occurrence, Decontamination. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:682. [PMID: 34678975 PMCID: PMC8538126 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of pistachios (Pistacia vera L.) has been increasing, given their important benefit to human health. In addition to being an excellent nutritional source, they have been associated with chemical hazards, such as mycotoxins, resulting in fungal contamination and its secondary metabolism. Aflatoxins (AFs) are the most common mycotoxins in pistachio and the most toxic to humans, with hepatotoxic effects. More mycotoxins such as ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FBs), zearalenone (ZEA) and trichothecenes (T2, HT2 and DON) and emerging mycotoxins have been involved in nuts. Because of the low levels of concentration and the complexity of the matrix, the determination techniques must be very sensitive. The present paper carries out an extensive review of the state of the art of the determination of mycotoxins in pistachios, concerning the trends in analytical methodologies for their determination and the levels detected as a result of its contamination. Screening methods based on immunoassays are useful due to their simplicity and rapid response. Liquid chromatography (LC) is the gold standard with new improvements to enhance accuracy, precision and sensitivity and a lower detection limit. The reduction of Aspergillus' and aflatoxins' contamination is important to minimize the public health risks. While prevention, mostly in pre-harvest, is the most effective and preferable measure to avoid mycotoxin contamination, there is an increased number of decontamination processes which will also be addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Soares Mateus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Stª Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.R.S.M.); (A.S.S.)
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal;
| | - Sílvia Barros
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal;
| | - Angelina Pena
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Stª Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.R.S.M.); (A.S.S.)
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Stª Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Sanches Silva
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Stª Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.R.S.M.); (A.S.S.)
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal;
- Center for Study in Animal Science (CECA), ICETA, University of Oporto, 55142 Oporto, Portugal
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Xiao X, Hu S, Lai X, Peng J, Lai W. Developmental trend of immunoassays for monitoring hazards in food samples: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wang Y, Song W, Zhao H, Ma X, Yang S, Qiao X, Sheng Q, Yue T. DNA walker-assisted aptasensor for highly sensitive determination of Ochratoxin A. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 182:113171. [PMID: 33773380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a toxic secondary metabolite produced via various fungus, poses a serious threat to the health of human beings and animals. In this paper, an aptasensor for OTA detection based on gold nanoparticles decorated molybdenum oxide (AuNPs-MoOx) nanocomposites, hybridization chain reaction (HCR) and a restriction endonuclease (Nb.BbvCI)-aided walker DNA machine was successfully constructed. In this electrochemical platform, the HCR was also used to embed more electrical signal molecules of methylene blue (MB) on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to achieve signal amplification. Under the optimum conditions, after adding OTA and Nb.BbvCI in turn and responding adequately under appropriate conditions, aptamer-DNA (6-DNA) carries the OTA away from the electrode surface, and walker DNA was hybridized autonomously with 5-DNA, releasing a large amount of 5'-DNA with the help of Nb.BBVCI. Finally, the electrochemical signal obtained by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was weakened. As an artificial and popular signal amplification technique, the DNA walking machine greatly improved the sensitivity. The proposed biosensor exhibited excellent analytical performance in the range of 0.01-10000 pg mL-1 with a detection limit as low as 3.3 fg mL-1. Furthermore, direct comparison with ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) indicates excellent agreement to actual samples such as apple juice, orange juice, red wine and serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Wang
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science/Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education/Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Wei Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering/Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science/Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education/Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Xin Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering/Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Shuying Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering/Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Xiujuan Qiao
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science/Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education/Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Qinglin Sheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering/Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China; College of Chemistry & Materials Science/Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education/Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering/Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
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Carbas B, Simões D, Soares A, Freitas A, Ferreira B, Carvalho ARF, Silva AS, Pinto T, Diogo E, Andrade E, Brites C. Occurrence of Fusarium spp. in Maize Grain Harvested in Portugal and Accumulation of Related Mycotoxins during Storage. Foods 2021; 10:375. [PMID: 33572250 PMCID: PMC7915971 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize is an important worldwide commodity susceptible to fungal contamination in the field, at harvest, and during storage. This work aimed to determine the occurrence of Fusarium spp. in maize grains produced in the Tagus Valley region of Portugal and the levels of related mycotoxins in the 2018 harvest and during their storage for six months in barrels, mimicking silos conditions. Continuous monitoring of temperature, CO2, and relative humidity levels were done, as well as the concentration of mycotoxins were evaluated and correlated with the presence of Fusarium spp. F. verticillioides was identified as the predominant Fusarium species. Zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and toxin T2 were not found at harvest and after storage. Maize grains showed some variability in the levels of fumonisins (Fum B1 and Fum B2). At the harvest, fumonisin B1 ranged from 1297 to 2037 µg/kg, and fumonisin B2 ranged from 411 to 618 µg/kg. Fumonisins showed a tendency to increase (20 to 40%) during six months of storage. Although a correlation between the levels of fumonisins and the monitoring parameters was not established, CO2 levels may be used to predict fungal activity during storage. The composition of the fungal population during storage may predict the incidence of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Carbas
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (D.S.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.); (E.D.); (E.A.)
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (CITAB-UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Daniela Simões
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (D.S.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.); (E.D.); (E.A.)
| | - Andreia Soares
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (D.S.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.); (E.D.); (E.A.)
| | - Andreia Freitas
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (D.S.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.); (E.D.); (E.A.)
| | - Bruno Ferreira
- ISQ—Intelligent & Digital Systems, R&Di, Instituto de Soldadura e Qualidade, 4415-491 Grijó, Portugal; (B.F.); (A.R.F.C.)
- Universidade Lusíada—Norte & COMEGI, 4760-108 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Alexandre R. F. Carvalho
- ISQ—Intelligent & Digital Systems, R&Di, Instituto de Soldadura e Qualidade, 4415-491 Grijó, Portugal; (B.F.); (A.R.F.C.)
| | - Ana Sanches Silva
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (D.S.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.); (E.D.); (E.A.)
- Centre for Animal Science Studies (CECA), ICETA, University of Porto, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Pinto
- ANPROMIS—Associação Nacional dos Produtores de Milho e do Sorgo, Rua Mestre Lima de Freitas nº 1–5º Andar, 1549-012 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Eugénio Diogo
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (D.S.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.); (E.D.); (E.A.)
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Andrade
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (D.S.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.); (E.D.); (E.A.)
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Carla Brites
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (D.S.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.); (E.D.); (E.A.)
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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Miklós G, Angeli C, Ambrus Á, Nagy A, Kardos V, Zentai A, Kerekes K, Farkas Z, Jóźwiak Á, Bartók T. Detection of Aflatoxins in Different Matrices and Food-Chain Positions. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1916. [PMID: 32983001 PMCID: PMC7480073 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins, produced mainly by filamentous fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, are one of the most carcinogenic compounds that have adverse health effects on both humans and animals consuming contaminated food and feed, respectively. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) as well as aflatoxin G1(AFG1) and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2) occur in the contaminated foods and feed. In the case of dairy ruminants, after the consumption of feed contaminated with aflatoxins, aflatoxin metabolites [aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and aflatoxin M2 (AFM2)] may appear in milk. Because of the health risk and the official maximum limits of aflatoxins, there is a need for application of fast and accurate testing methods. At present, there are several analytical methods applied in practice for determination of aflatoxins. The aim of this review is to provide a guide that summarizes worldwide aflatoxin regulations and analytical methods for determination of aflatoxins in different food and feed matrices, that helps in the decision to choose the most appropriate method that meets the practical requirements of fast and sensitive control of their contamination. Analytical options are outlined from the simplest and fastest methods with the smallest instrument requirements, through separation methods, to the latest hyphenated techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Miklós
- Székesfehérvár Regional Food Chain Laboratory, National Food Chain Safety Office, Székesfehérvár, Hungary
| | | | - Árpád Ambrus
- University of Debrecen Doctoral School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Nagy
- Food Chain Safety Laboratory Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Valéria Kardos
- Food Chain Safety Laboratory Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Zentai
- System Management and Supervision Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kata Kerekes
- System Management and Supervision Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Farkas
- Digital Food Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Jóźwiak
- Digital Food Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
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