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Fang CY, Liu CC. Novel strategies for the development of hand, foot, and mouth disease vaccines and antiviral therapies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:27-39. [PMID: 34382876 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1965987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) poses a great threat to young children in the Asia-Pacific region. HFMD is usually caused by enterovirus A, and infection with enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is particularly associated with severe complications. However, coxsackievirus CV-A16, CV-A6, and CV-A10 pandemics have been observed in recent HFMD outbreaks. Inactivated monovalent EV-A71 vaccines are available to prevent EV-A71 infection; however, they cannot prevent infections by non-EV-A71 enteroviruses. Anti-enteroviral drugs are still in the developmental stage. Application of novel strategies will facilitate the development of new therapies against these emerging HFMD-associated enteroviruses. AREAS COVERED The authors highlight the current approaches for anti-enterovirus therapeutic development and discuss the application of these novel strategies for the discovery of vaccines and antiviral drugs for enteroviruses. EXPERT OPINION The maturation of DNA/RNA vaccine technology could be applied for rapid and robust development of multivalent enterovirus vaccines. Structure biology and neutralization antibody studies decipher the immunodominant sites of enteroviruses for vaccine design. Nucleotide aptamer library screening is a novel, fast, and cost-effective strategy for the development of antiviral agents. Animal models carrying viral receptors and attachment factors are required for enterovirus study and vaccine/antiviral development. Currently developed antivirals require effectiveness evaluation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yeu Fang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chyi Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
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Wang M, Yan J, Zhu L, Wang M, Liu L, Yu R, Chen M, Xun J, Zhang Y, Yi Z, Zhang S. The Establishment of Infectious Clone and Single Round Infectious Particles for Coxsackievirus A10. Virol Sin 2020; 35:426-435. [PMID: 32144688 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00198-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A10 (CVA10) is one of the major etiological agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease. There are no vaccine and antiviral drugs for controlling CVA10 infection. Reverse genetic tools for CVA10 will benefit its mechanistic study and development of vaccines and antivirals. Here, two infectious clones for the prototype and a Myc-tagged CVA10 were constructed. Viable CVA10 viruses were harvested by transfecting the viral mRNA into human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. Rescued CVA10 was further confirmed by next generation sequencing and characterized experimentally. We also constructed the vectors for CVA10 subgenomic replicon with luciferase reporter and viral capsid with EGFP reporter, respectively. Co-transfection of the viral replicon RNA and capsid expresser in human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells led to the production of single round infectious particles (SRIPs). Based on CVA10 replicon RNA, SRIPs with either the enterovirus A71 (EVA71) capsid or the CVA10 capsid were generated. Infection by EVA71 SRIPs required SCARB2, while CVA10 SRIPs did not. Finally, we showed great improvement of the replicon activity and SRIPs production by insertion of a cis-active hammerhead ribozyme (HHRib) before the 5'-untranslated region (UTR). In summary, reverse genetic tools for prototype strain of CVA10, including both the infectious clone and the SRIPs system, were successfully established. These tools will facilitate the basic and translational study of CVA10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jingjing Yan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Liuyao Zhu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Lizhen Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jingna Xun
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Zhigang Yi
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Shuye Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
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Pan M, Gao S, Zhou Z, Zhang K, Liu S, Wang Z, Wang T. A reverse genetics system for enterovirus D68 using human RNA polymerase I. Virus Genes 2018; 54:484-492. [PMID: 29777445 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Human enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a highly contagious virus, which causes respiratory tract infections. However, no effective vaccines are currently available for controlling EV-D68 infection. Here, we developed a reverse genetics system to recover EV-D68 minireplicons and infectious EV-D68 from transfected plasmids using the RNA polymerase I (Pol I) promoter. The EV-D68 minireplicons contained the luciferase reporter gene, which flanked by the non-coding regions of the EV-D68 RNA. The luciferase signals could be detected in cells after transfection and Pol I promoter-mediated luciferase signal was significantly stronger than that mediated by the T7 promoter. Furthermore, recombinant viruses were generated by transfecting plasmids that contained the genomic RNA segments of EV-D68, under the control of Pol I promoter into 293T cells or RD cells. On plaque morphology and growth kinetics, the rescued virus and parental virus were indistinguishable. In addition, we showed that the G394C mutation disrupts the viral 5'-UTR structure and suppresses the viral cap-independent translation. This reverse genetics system for EV-D68 recovery can greatly facilitate research into EV-D68 biology. Moreover, this system could accelerate the development of EV-D68 vaccines and anti-EV-D68 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglei Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shuai Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhenwei Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Keke Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Sihua Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhiyun Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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