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Yang G, Qi Z, Shan S, Xie D, Tan X. Advances in Separation, Biological Properties, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Triterpenoids Derived from Camellia oleifera Abel. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:4574-4586. [PMID: 38385335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Extensive research has been conducted on Camellia oleifera Abel., a cultivar predominantly distributed in China, to investigate its phytochemical composition, owning to its potential as an edible oil crop. Pentacyclic triterpene saponins, as essential active constituents, play a significant role in contributing to the pharmacological effects of this cultivar. The saponins derived from C. oleifera (CoS) offer a diverse array of bioactivity benefits, including antineoplastic/bactericidal/inflammatory properties, cardiovascular protection, neuroprotection, as well as hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the isolation and pharmacological properties of CoS. Specially, we attempt to reveal the antitumor structure-activity relationship (SAR) of CoS-derived triterpenoids. The active substitution sites of CoS, namely, C-3, C-15, C-16, C-21, C-22, C-23, and C-28 pentacyclic triterpenoids, make it a unique and highly valuable substance with significant medicinal and culinary applications. As such, CoS can play a critical role in transforming people's lives, providing unique medicinal benefits, and contributing to the advancement of both medicine and cuisine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guliang Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and Byproducts Processing, Food Science and Engineering College, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwen Qi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry; Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Sijie Shan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and Byproducts Processing, Food Science and Engineering College, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Xie
- Loudi City Farmer Quality Education Center, Loudi, Hunan 417000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cultivation and Utilization for Non-Wood Forest Tree, Academy of Camellia Oil Tree, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
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Zhao Y, Zhao N, Kollie L, Yang D, Zhang X, Zhang H, Liang Z. Sasanquasaponin from Camellia oleifera Abel Exerts an Anti-Inflammatory Effect in RAW 264.7 Cells via Inhibition of the NF-κB/MAPK Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2149. [PMID: 38396824 PMCID: PMC10889153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Sasanquasaponin (SQS), a secondary metabolite that is derived from Camellia seeds, reportedly possesses notable biological properties. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of SQS and its underlying mechanisms remain poorly explored. Herein, we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of SQS against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 cells, focusing on the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and MAPK signaling pathways. SQS was isolated using a deep eutectic solvent and D101 macroporous adsorption resin and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The viability of LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 was assessed using the CCK-8 assay. The presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate. The expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and ELISA. Western blot was performed to analyze the protein expression of LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Herein, SQS exhibited anti-inflammatory activity: 30 μg/mL of SQS significantly reduced ROS generation, inhibited the LPS-induced expression of iNOS and COX-2, and attenuated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. The anti-inflammatory activity was potentially mediated by inhibiting the phosphorylation of IκBα and p65 in the NF-κB signaling pathway and the phosphorylation of ERK and JNK in the MAPK signaling pathway. Accordingly, SQS could inhibit inflammation in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells by suppressing the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. This study demonstrated the potential application of SQS as an anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Haihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Y.Z.); (N.Z.); (L.K.); (D.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Y.Z.); (N.Z.); (L.K.); (D.Y.); (X.Z.)
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Ding N, Lei A, Shi Z, Xiang L, Wei B, Wu Y. Total Flavonoids from Camellia oleifera Alleviated Mycoplasma pneumoniae-Induced Lung Injury via Inhibition of the TLR2-Mediated NF-κB and MAPK Pathways. Molecules 2023; 28:7077. [PMID: 37894556 PMCID: PMC10609408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is an atypical bacterial pathogen responsible for community-acquired pneumonia primarily among school-aged children and young adults. Camellia oleifera (C. oleifera) has been used as a medicinal and edible plant in China for centuries, the constituents from which possessed various bioactivities. Notably, flavonoids existing in residues of C. oleifera defatted seeds exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activities. In the present study, we investigated the impact of total flavonoids from C. oleifera (TFCO) seed extract on M. pneumoniae pneumonia. TFCO was obtained using multiple column chromatography methods and identified as kaempferol glycosides via UPLC-HRESIMS. In a M. pneumoniae pneumonia mouse model, TFCO significantly reduced the lung damage, suppressed IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α production, and curbed TLR2 activation triggered by M. pneumoniae. Similarly, in RAW264.7 macrophage cells stimulated by lipid-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs), TFCO suppressed the generation of proinflammatory cytokines and TLR2 expression. Moreover, TFCO diminished the phosphorylation of IκBα, JNK, ERK, p38, and p65 nuclear translocation in vitro. In conclusion, TFCO alleviated M. pneumoniae-induced lung damage via inhibition of TLR2-mediated NF-κB and MAPK pathways, suggesting its potential therapeutic application in M. pneumoniae-triggered lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ding
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China (A.L.)
| | - Aihua Lei
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China (A.L.)
| | - Zhisheng Shi
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China (A.L.)
| | - Lin Xiang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China (A.L.)
| | - Bo Wei
- Research Lab of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yimou Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China (A.L.)
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Li W, Mao Y, Hua B, Gu X, Lu C, Xu B, Pan W. Sasanquasaponin inhibited epithelial to mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer by regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Smad pathways. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:1865-1875. [PMID: 36205544 PMCID: PMC9553173 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2123931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sasanquasaponin (SQS) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine proved to have a wide range of pharmacological functions. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to explore the effect and underlying mechanism of SQS in the treatment of prostate cancer (PC). MATERIALS AND METHODS PC cell lines (22Rv1 and PC-3) were treated with SQS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 μM) for 12 or 24 h. The viability of cells was evaluated, while the mRNA and protein levels of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes in PC cell lines were measured (Groups: Control, TGF-β1, TNF-α, TGF-β1 + TNF-α, and TGF-β1 + TNF-α + SQS). The migration and invasion abilities of PC cell lines were evaluated (Groups: Control, SQS). Finally, the antitumour effect of SQS (25, 50,100, and 200 mg/kg) in BALB/c nude mice (6 weeks, 18-20 g) was evaluated (Groups: Control, Vehicle, 25, 50,100, and 200 mg/kg SQS). The study duration was 1 month. RESULTS SQS inhibited the viability and the number of colonies of 22Rv1 or PC-3 cells. The IC50 of SQS of 12 and 24 h in these two cells was 3.25, 1.82, 4.76, and 4.70 μM, respectively. SQS inhibited the adhesion, migration, and invasion of PC cells. It also inhibited the expression of EMT-related markers of PC cells. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Smad2/3 signalling pathways were activated in the process of EMT, and SQS could significantly reduce the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Smad2/3 pathways. Finally, SQS inhibited the growth of xenograft tumours in vivo. CONCLUSIONS SQS inhibited EMT in PC by regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Smad pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Li
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanshen Mao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bao Hua
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Gu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- CONTACT Xu Bin
| | - Weixin Pan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Hainan Western Central Hospital, Danzhou, China
- Weixin Pan Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Manufacturing Bureau Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai200011, China
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Yang L, Gu Y, Zhou J, Yuan P, Jiang N, Wu Z, Tan X. Whole-Genome Identification and Analysis of Multiple Gene Families Reveal Candidate Genes for Theasaponin Biosynthesis in Camellia oleifera. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126393. [PMID: 35742835 PMCID: PMC9223445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Camellia oleifera is an economically important oilseed tree. Seed meals of C. oleifera have a long history of use as biocontrol agents in shrimp farming and as cleaning agents in peoples’ daily lives due to the presence of theasaponins, the triterpene saponins from the genus Camellia. To characterize the biosynthetic pathway of theasaponins in C. oleifera, members of gene families involved in triterpenoid biosynthetic pathways were identified and subjected to phylogenetic analysis with corresponding members in Arabidopsis thaliana, Camellia sinensis, Actinidia chinensis, Panax ginseng, and Medicago truncatula. In total, 143 triterpenoid backbone biosynthetic genes, 1169 CYP450s, and 1019 UGTs were identified in C. oleifera. The expression profiles of triterpenoid backbone biosynthetic genes were analyzed in different tissue and seed developmental stages of C. oleifera. The results suggested that MVA is the main pathway for triterpenoid backbone biosynthesis. Moreover, the candidate genes for theasaponin biosynthesis were identified by WGCNA and qRT-PCR analysis; these included 11 CYP450s, 14 UGTs, and eight transcription factors. Our results provide valuable information for further research investigating the biosynthetic and regulatory network of theasaponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (L.Y.); (Y.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yiyang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (L.Y.); (Y.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Junqin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (L.Y.); (Y.G.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (X.T.)
| | - Ping Yuan
- Hunan Horticultural Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China;
| | - Nan Jiang
- School of Packing and Material Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412000, China;
| | - Zelong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (L.Y.); (Y.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Xiaofeng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (L.Y.); (Y.G.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (X.T.)
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Composition, bioactive substances, extraction technologies and the influences on characteristics of Camellia oleifera oil: A review. Food Res Int 2022; 156:111159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Hu Q, Liao W, Zhang Z, Shi S, Hou S, Ji N, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Liao Y, Li L, Zhu Z, Chen Y, Chen J, Yu F, Yang Q, Xiao H, Fu C, Du H, Wang Q, Cao H, Xiao H, Li R. The hepatoprotective effects of plant-based foods based on the "gut-liver axis": a prospective review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9136-9162. [PMID: 35466839 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2064423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the "gut-liver axis" in the pathogenesis of liver diseases has been revealed recently; which promotes the process of developing preventive and therapeutic strategies. However, considering that there are still many challenges in the medical treatment of liver diseases, potential preventive dietary intervention may be a good alternative choice. Plant-based foods have received much attention due to their reported health-promoting effects in targeting multiple pathways involved in the pathogenesis of liver diseases as well as the relative safety for general use. Based on the PubMed and Web of Science databases, this review emphatically summarizes the plant-based foods and their chemical constituents with reported effects to impact the LPS/TLR4 signaling pathway of gut-liver axis of various liver diseases, reflecting their health benefits in preventing/alleviating liver diseases. Moreover, some plant-based foods with potential gut-liver effects are specifically analyzed from the reported studies and conclusions. This review intends to provide readers an overview of the current progress in the field of this research topic. We expect to see more hepatoprotective measures for alleviating the current prevalence of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongdan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Wan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Sanjun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Shuguang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ningping Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xinjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yangyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Linghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zongping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Fangkun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Qingsong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Hongtao Xiao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
| | - Chaomei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Hengjun Du
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Heping Cao
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
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Liu ZY, Tang XY, Huang C, Zhang J, Huang WQ, Ye Y. 808 nm NIR-triggered Camellia sapogein/curcumin based antibacterial upconversion nanoparticles for synergistic photodynamic-chemical combined therapy. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi01569a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) based photodynamic-chemical combined therapy (UCNP-aPCCT) provides an ideal method to solve the antibiotic-resistant bacteria in deep-tissue infection. Saponin is a kind natural product exhibiting promising antibacterial...
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Teixeira AM, Sousa C. A Review on the Biological Activity of Camellia Species. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082178. [PMID: 33918918 PMCID: PMC8069326 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants have been used since antiquity to cure illnesses and injuries. In the last few decades, natural compounds extracted from plants have garnered the attention of scientists and the Camellia species are no exception. Several species and cultivars are widespread in Asia, namely in China, Japan, Vietnam and India, being also identified in western countries like Portugal. Tea and oil are the most valuable and appreciated Camellia subproducts extracted from Camellia sinensis and Camellia oleifera, respectively. The economic impact of these species has boosted the search for additional information about the Camellia genus. Many studies can be found in the literature reporting the health benefits of several Camellia species, namely C. sinensis, C. oleifera and Camellia japonica. These species have been highlighted as possessing antimicrobial (antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral) and antitumoral activity and as being a huge source of polyphenols such as the catechins. Particularly, epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), and specially epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenols of green tea. This paper presents a detailed review of Camellia species’ antioxidant properties and biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Teixeira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-290 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Clara Sousa
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Chiang SS, Chen LS, Chu CY. Active food ingredients production from cold pressed processing residues of Camellia oleifera and Camellia sinensis seeds for regulation of blood pressure and vascular function. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 267:129267. [PMID: 33338714 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the most common illnesses worldwide. Accurate control of blood pressure can help reduce the incidence of complications. Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) is a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor that increases oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, activating the expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), which thickens the vessel wall and ultimately contributes to hypertension. Studies have shown that seeds of Camellia oleifera Abel and Camellia sinensis (L). O. Kuntze (Oolong tea) possesses antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory functions. Therefore, this study aimed was to investigate the functional components in the seed pomace ethanol extracts of C. oleifera Abel (CPE) and Oolong tea (OPE) and to evaluate the ameliorative effects of CPE and OPE on oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular remodeling in l-NAME induced hypertensive C57BL/6J mice. After 8 weeks of treatment, all CPE and OPE dose groups significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure, by over 30 mmHg and 15 mmHg, respectively. Additionally, CPE and OPE decreased transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) expression in the thoracic aortic and thoracic aortic intima-media thickness. Moreover, CPE and OPE decreased the malondialdehyde concentration in the liver by over 33%, as well as levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 6, and interleukin-1β in the kidney and heart. Collectively, CPE and OPE can reduce oxidative stress and vascular remodeling, lowering blood pressure, and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Shih Chiang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 40227, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Le-Shu Chen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 40227, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Yeon Chu
- Institute of Green Products, Feng Chia University, 40724, Taichung, Taiwan; Master's Program of Green Energy Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, 40724, Taichung, Taiwan.
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11
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Recent advances in Camellia oleifera Abel: A review of nutritional constituents, biofunctional properties, and potential industrial applications. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Wu L, Li GQ, Gu Z, Fu JP, Li ZJ, Zhang J, Xiong W, Ma GQ, Bae YS. A New Triterpenoid Saponin from Camellia oleifera Fruit Hull. Chem Nat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-020-03063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Liu Y, Xiao X, Ji L, Xie L, Wu S, Liu Z. Camellia cake extracts reduce burn injury through suppressing inflammatory responses and enhancing collagen synthesis. Food Nutr Res 2020; 64:3782. [PMID: 32425739 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v64.3782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Burn injury accidents happen in our daily life, and the burn mortality is especially high in the low-to-middle-income countries. Camellia cake extracts (CCEs) are compound extracts from Camellia cake, and the major ingredients in CCEs may have antimicrobial, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the effects of CCEs on burn inflammation and injury remain unknown. Objective This study is to investigate the effects of CCEs in burn injury and explore its mechanism. Design First, CCEs were identified to mainly contain camelliaside A and B using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer (UHPLC-TOF-MS) method. Second, the CCEs' effect on burn was tested. Burn was induced by boiling water in mice, and then CCEs (30, 50, and 100 mg/mL) were applied on the damaged skin at 3, 7, and 14 days after burn induction. Results The results showed that CCEs protected the skin from burn-induced inflammation and enhanced the wound healing in a dose-dependent manner. CCEs decreased the expression levels of various cytokines including IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, TGF-β, and IL-10, as well as inflammatory related factors iNOS. Moreover, CCEs increased the levels of collagens, including the mRNA of COLα-1 and COL-3, and inhibited the mRNA of MMP-1 and TIMP-1, and increased the collagen staining. CCEs also reversed the impairment of activity levels of anti-oxidative enzymes. Furthermore, CCEs suppressed the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated human skin keratinocyte, possibly through inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway. In addition, toxicological safety experiments on CCEs showed that the oral median lethal dose (LD50) was 2,000 mg/kg, the percutaneous LD50 was greater than 2,000 mg/kg, and CCEs did not cause gene mutation. Conclusion CCEs exert a potent anti-inflammatory effect against burn damage in mice. And toxicological safety experiments suggest that CCEs are safe for usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Liu
- Center for Immunology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaomei Xiao
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China.,Department of Gynaecology, Huiyang SanHe Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Luling Ji
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lu Xie
- School of Basic Medicine-Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Suzhen Wu
- School of Basic Medicine-Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Zhiping Liu
- Center for Immunology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China.,School of Basic Medicine-Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
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14
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Zhu C, Zhang M, Tang Q, Yang Q, Li J, He X, Ye Y. Structure and Activity of the Camellia oleifera Sapogenin Derivatives on Growth and Biofilm Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:14143-14151. [PMID: 31469956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sapogenin is the main block of Camellia oleifera saponin, which was purified and structurally modified by the C28 acylation reaction to synthesize 19 new derivatives. The growth and biofilm inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was measured to evaluate their antibacterial effects. A three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) assay indicated that the antibacterial activities were significantly enhanced after sapogenin was modified with an aromatic ring or heterocyclic ring and electron-withdrawing substituents at the meta or para position. Among them, the derivative of sapogenin with a 2-mercapto-4-methyl-5-thiazolyl acetyl group obviously destroyed bacterial biofilm and made bacteria lysis. 3D-QSAR provides practical information for the structural design of sapogenin derivatives with strong antibacterial activity, and the C. oleifera sapogenin derivative 28-O-(2-mercapto-4-methyl-5-thiazolyl)-3β,16α,21β,22α-O-tetrahydroxy-oleantel-2-ene-23-aldehyde (S-16) is an effective candidate as an antibacterial agent for the prevention of bacterial resistance against antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510640 , People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510640 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoling Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510640 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510640 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510640 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan He
- Gannan Medical University Collaborative Innovation Center for Gannan Oil-Tea Camellia Industrial Development , Ganzhou , Jiangxi 341000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510640 , People's Republic of China
- Gannan Medical University Collaborative Innovation Center for Gannan Oil-Tea Camellia Industrial Development , Ganzhou , Jiangxi 341000 , People's Republic of China
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15
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Crude extract of Camellia oleifera pomace ameliorates the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via decreasing fat accumulation, insulin resistance and inflammation. Br J Nutr 2019; 123:508-515. [PMID: 31771682 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519003027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of a high-fat diet increases fat accumulation and may further lead to inflammation and hepatic injuries. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of Camellia oleifera seed extract (CSE) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). After a 16-week NAFLD-inducing period, rats were assigned to experimental groups fed an NAFLD diet with or without CSE. At the end of the study, we found that consuming CSE decreased the abdominal fat weight and hepatic fat accumulation and modulated circulating adipokine levels. We also found that CSE groups had lower hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β protein expressions. In addition, we found that CSE consumption may have affected the gut microbiota and reduced toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88, toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) expression and proinflammatory cytokine concentrations in the liver. Our results suggest that CSE may alleviate the progression of NAFLD in rats with diet-induced steatosis through reducing fat accumulation and improving lipid metabolism and hepatic inflammation.
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16
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Zhang J, Ye CZ, Liu ZY, Yang Q, Ye Y. Preparation And Antibacterial Effects Of Carboxymethyl Chitosan-Modified Photo-Responsive Camellia Sapogenin Derivative Cationic Liposomes. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:8611-8626. [PMID: 31802873 PMCID: PMC6830381 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s218101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a persistent and intractable problem. The sapogenin isolated from the seeds of Camellia oleifera can inhibit antibiotic-resistant bacteria after structural modification. PURPOSE This study aims to improve sapogenin's antibacterial activity and avoid bacterial resistance based on nano-preparation with photo responsiveness. METHODS The liposome shell material of carboxymethyl chitosan-phosphatidyl ethanolamine (CMC-PE) was prepared using amidation reaction, and photo-responsive cationic (PCC) liposomes containing Camellia sapogenin derivative (CSD) and photosensitizer pheophorbide-a were prepared by film dispersion method. Encapsulation efficiency, drug loading, zeta potential, particle size distribution, morphology and stability of the PCC liposomes were determined by HPLC, particle size analyzer, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and fluorescence microscopy. Photo-responsive release of CSD in the PCC liposomes was determined by laser (0.5 mW/cm2) at 665 nm. Antibacterial activity of the PCC liposomes with or without irradiation was analyzed by MIC50, MBC, MBIC50, and bacterial morphology to evaluate the antibacterial effects on amoxicillin resistant Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. RESULTS Size distribution, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and drug loading of the PCC liposomes were 189.23 ± 2.12 nm, 18.80 ± 1.57 mV, 83.52 ± 1.53% and 2.83 ± 0.05%, respectively. The PCC liposomes had higher storage stability and gastrointestinal stability, and no obvious hemolytic toxicity to rabbit red blood cells and no cytotoxicity after incubation with Hela cells. The photosensitizer pheophorbide-a was uniformly dispersed in the phospholipid layer of the PCC liposomes and increased the CSD release after irradiation. The PCC liposomes could bind to bacteria and impaired their morphology and structure, and had significant bactericidal effect on amoxicillin resistant E. coli and S. aureus. CONCLUSION The photo-responsive PCC liposomes are efficient antibacterial agents for avoidance of bacterial resistance against antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Zhen Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze-Yu Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang X, Zhang S, Yang Y, Wang D, Gao H. Natural barrigenol-like triterpenoids: A comprehensive review of their contributions to medicinal chemistry. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 161:41-74. [PMID: 30818173 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Barrigenol-like triterpenoids (BATs), which contain an unusual oleanane substituted by many hydroxyl groups as the skeleton, are subdivided into five subtypes: barrigenol A1, barrigenol A2, barrigenol R1, barringtogenol C, and 16-deoxybarringtogenol C. The variations in acyl derivatives, hydroxyl groups, and carbohydrate chains in their structures have enhanced the diversity of BATs. Moreover, the stable polyhydroxy-replaced pentacyclic skeleton provides an ideal platform for structural modifications. To date, more than 500 BAT derivatives have been isolated from plants. Synchronously, BATs possess anti-tumour, anti-Alzheimer's disease, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-obesity and anti-allergic activities by regulating numerous cellular molecules. Some BAT derivatives, such as escin obtained from Aesculus hippocastanum L. and xanthoceraside isolated from Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge, have been used to treat encephaloedema or inflammatory diseases. This review aims to provide comprehensive information about the chemistry, sources, bioavailability, and anti-tumour effects of BATs, with a particular emphasis on the molecular mechanisms of action. The pharmacokinetics and clinical progress are also concerned. More than 300 structures identified over past 25 years are summarized here (249 compounds) and in the supplementary information (114 compounds). Accordingly, the pharmaceutical activity of barrigenol triterpenoids suggests that some compounds should be developed as promising anti-tumour or anti- Alzheimer's disease agents in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiren Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huiyuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Yang HY, Yeh WJ, Ko J, Chen JR. Camellia oleifera seed extract attenuated abdominal and hepatic fat accumulation in rats fed a high-fat diet. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:320-325. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the hot-water extract of defatted Camellia oleifera seeds (CSE) on body and liver fat accumulation in rats. Forty rats were divided into 5 groups and each group was fed either an isocaloric control diet or a high-fat liquid diet with 0% (H), 0.12% (H1), 0.24% (H2), or 0.48% CSE (H3) for 8 weeks. Ingestion of the high-fat liquid diet increased abdominal and liver fat accumulation, although no difference was found in body weights compared with rats fed the control diet. We found that rats fed the H2 and H3 diets had lower plasma alanine aminotransferase activities than the H group in the fourth and eighth weeks. At the end of the study, the H2 and H3 groups also had lower epididymal and retroperitoneal fat masses, and all CSE groups had lower circulatory leptin levels than the H group. CSE consumption decreased hepatic fat accumulation in terms of liver triglycerides and a histopathology analysis, and ameliorated high-fat diet-induced elevation of hepatic tumor necrosis factor-α levels. We also found that CSE groups had lower malondialdehyde and hydroxyproline levels in the liver. Our results suggested that CSE may exert beneficial effects through decreasing body fat accumulation and hepatic steatosis and regulating adipokine levels in diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Yang
- Department of Nutrition, I-Shou University, No. 8 Yida Rd., Jiaosu Village, Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ju Yeh
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jung Ko
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Rong Chen
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
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19
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In vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activities of some saponins and flavonoids against parasitic nematodes of goats. Parasitology 2018; 145:1884-1889. [PMID: 29781423 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018000689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the anthelmintic activity of plant-derived compounds against gastrointestinal nematodes of goats using the egg hatch and larval motility assays. The compounds tested were saponins (digitonin and aescin) and their respective sapogenins (aglycones), hecogenin acetate and flavonoids (catechin, hesperidin, isocordoin and a mixture of isocordoin and cordoin). Additionally, cytotoxicity of active substances was analysed on Vero cell through 3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl,2,5diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and propidium iodide (PI) tests. Significant reduction on the egg hatching (P 90%). Nevertheless, higher cytotoxicity was observed in the MTT assay, with IC50 of 0.20 mg mL-1 (aescin) and 0.0074 mg mL-1 (digitonin). Aescin and digitonin have a pronounced in vitro anthelmintic effect and the glycone portion of these saponins plays an important role in this activity.
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20
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Guo N, Tong T, Ren N, Tu Y, Li B. Saponins from seeds of Genus Camellia: Phytochemistry and bioactivity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 149:42-55. [PMID: 29459215 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Camellia seeds have been traditionally used as oil raw materials in Asia, and are known for a wide spectrum of applications. Oleanane-type triterpene saponins are the major specialised metabolites in Camellia seeds, and more than seventy saponins have been isolated and characterized. These natural compounds have caught much attention due to their various biological and pharmacological activities, including modulation of gastrointestinal system, anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, anti-microorganism, antioxidation, neuroprotection, hypolipidemic effects, foaming and detergence, as well as helping the accumulation of pollutants by plants. These compounds have a promising application in medicine, agriculture, industry and environmental protection. The present paper summarized the information from current publications on Camellia seed saponins, with a focus on the advances made in chemical structures, determination methods, bioactivities and toxicity. We hope this article will stimulate further investigations on these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Guo
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tuantuan Tong
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ning Ren
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Youying Tu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Cui C, Zong J, Sun Y, Zhang L, Ho CT, Wan X, Hou R. Triterpenoid saponins from the genus Camellia: structures, biological activities, and molecular simulation for structure–activity relationship. Food Funct 2018; 9:3069-3091. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00755a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the isolation, chemical identification, and biochemical activities of Camellia triterpenoid saponins, updating a previous review and encompassing all new studies through September 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects
- School of Tea and Food Science & Technology
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Jianfa Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects
- School of Tea and Food Science & Technology
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects
- School of Tea and Food Science & Technology
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects
- School of Tea and Food Science & Technology
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Rutgers University
- Food Science Department
- New Brunswick
- USA 08901-8520
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects
- School of Tea and Food Science & Technology
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Ruyan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects
- School of Tea and Food Science & Technology
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
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22
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Yang Q, Zhao C, Zhao J, Ye Y. Synthesis and neuroprotective effects of the complex nanoparticles of iron and sapogenin isolated from the defatted seeds of Camellia oleifera. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:428-434. [PMID: 27937035 PMCID: PMC6130765 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1245346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The defatted seeds of Camellia oleifera var. monosperma Hung T. Chang (Theaceae) are currently discarded without effective utilization. However, sapogenin has been isolated and shows antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities suggestive of its neuroprotective function. OBJECTIVE In order to improve the activities of sapogenin, the nanoparticles of iron-sapogenin have been synthesized, and the neuroprotective effects are evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Structural characters of the nanoparticles were analyzed, and the antioxidant effect was assessed by DPPH method, and the neuroprotective effect was evaluated by rotenone-induced neurodegeneration in Kunming mice injected subcutaneously into the back of neck with rotenone (50 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks and then treated by tail intravenous injection with the iron-sapogenin at the dose of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg for 7 days. Mice behaviour and neurotransmitters were tested. RESULTS The product had an average size of 162 nm with spherical shape, and scavenged more than 90% DPPH radicals at 0.8 mg/mL concentration. It decreased behavioural disorder and malondialdehyde content in mice brain, and increased superoxide dismutase activity, tyrosine hydroxylase expression, dopamine and acetylcholine levels in brain in dose dependence, and their maximum changes were respectively up to 60.83%, 25.17%, 22.13%, 105.26%, 42.17% and 22.89% as compared to vehicle group. Iron-sapogenin nanoparticle shows significantly better effects than the sapogenin. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Iron-sapogenin alleviates neurodegeneration of mice injured by neurotoxicity of rotenone, it is a superior candidate of drugs for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chuang Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yong Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
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Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of Camellia oleifera Abel components. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:2069-2079. [PMID: 28793800 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Camellia oleifera Abel is a member of Camellia, and its seeds are used to extract Camellia oil, which is generally used as cooking oil in the south of China. Camellia oil consists of unsaturated fatty acids, tea polyphenol, squalene, saponin, carrot element and vitamins, etc. The seed remains after oil extraction of C. oleifera Abel are by-products of oil production, named as Camellia oil cake. Its extracts contain bioactive compounds including sasanquasaponin, flavonoid and tannin. Major components from Camellia oil and its cake have been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antimicrobial and antitumor activities. In this review, we will summarize the latest advance in the studies on anti-inflammatory or antioxidative effects of C. oleifera products, thus providing valuable reference for the future research and development of C. oleifera Abel.
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Sasanquasaponin-induced cardioprotection involves inhibition of mPTP opening via attenuating intracellular chloride accumulation. Fitoterapia 2016; 116:1-9. [PMID: 27838499 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sasanquasaponin (SQS) has been reported to elicit cardioprotection by suppressing hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced elevation of intracellular chloride ion concentration ([Cl-]i). Given that the increased [Cl-]i is involved to modulate the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), we herein sought to further investigate the role of mPTP in the cardioprotective effect of SQS on H/R injury. H9c2 cells were incubated for 24h with or without 10μM SQS followed by H/R. The involvement of mPTP was determined with a specific mPTP agonist atractyloside (ATR). The results showed that SQS attenuated H/R-induced the elevation of [Cl-]i, accompanied by reduction of lactate dehydrogenase release and increase of cell viability. Moreover, SQS suppressed mPTP opening, and protected mitochondria, as indicated by preserved mitochondrial membrane potential and respiratory chain complex activities, decreased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation, and increased ATP content. Interestingly, extracellular Cl--free condition created by replacing Cl- with equimolar gluconate resulted in a decrease in [Cl-]i and induced protective effects similar to SQS preconditioning, whereas pharmacologically opening of the mPTP with ATR abolished all the protective effects induced by SQS or Cl--free, including suppression of mPTP opening, maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential, and subsequent improvement of mitochondrial function. The above results allow us to conclude that SQS-induced cardioprotection may be mediated by preserving the mitochondrial function through preventing mPTP opening via inhibition of H/R-induced elevation of [Cl-]i.
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Kim JK, Lim HJ, Kim MS, Choi SJ, Kim MJ, Kim CR, Shin DH, Shin EC. Responsive Surface Methodology Optimizes Extraction Conditions of Industrial by-products, Camellia japonica Seed Cake. Pharmacogn Mag 2016; 12:184-7. [PMID: 27601847 PMCID: PMC4989792 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.186339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The central nervous system is easily damaged by oxidative stress due to high oxygen consumption and poor defensive capacity. Hence, multiple studies have demonstrated that inhibiting oxidative stress-induced damage, through an antioxidant-rich diet, might be a reasonable approach to prevent neurodegenerative disease. Objective: In the present study, response surface methodology was utilized to optimize the extraction for neuro-protective constituents of Camellia japonica byproducts. Materials and Methods: Rat pheochromocytoma cells were used to evaluate protective potential of Camellia japonica byproducts. Results: Optimum conditions were 33.84 min, 75.24%, and 75.82°C for time, ethanol concentration and temperature. Further, we demonstrated that major organic acid contents were significantly impacted by the extraction conditions, which may explain varying magnitude of protective potential between fractions. Conclusions: Given the paucity of information in regards to defatted C. japonica seed cake and their health promoting potential, our results herein provide interesting preliminary data for utilization of this byproduct from oil processing in both academic and industrial applications. SUMMARY Neuro-protective potential of C. japonica seed cake on cell viability was affected by extraction conditions Extraction conditions effectively influenced on active constituents of C. japonica seed cake Biological activity of C. japonica seed cake was optimized by the responsive surface methodology.
Abbreviations used: GC-MS: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, PC12 cells: Pheochromocytoma, RSM: Response surface methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kyeom Kim
- School of Human Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Ho-Jeong Lim
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 660-758, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-So Kim
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 660-758, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jung Choi
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jeong Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho Rong Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Shin
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 660-758, Republic of Korea
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Chiou SY, Ha CL, Wu PS, Yeh CL, Su YS, Li MP, Wu MJ. Antioxidant, Anti-Tyrosinase and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Oil Production Residues from Camellia tenuifloria. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:29522-41. [PMID: 26690417 PMCID: PMC4691127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Camellia tenuifloria is an indigenous Camellia species used for the production of camellia oil in Taiwan. This study investigated for the first time the potential antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and anti-inflammatory activities of oil production byproducts, specifically those of the fruit shell, seed shell, and seed pomace from C. tenuifloria. It was found that the crude ethanol extract of the seed shell had the strongest DPPH scavenging and mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activities, followed by the fruit shell, while seed pomace was the weakest. The IC50 values of crude extracts and fractions on monophenolase were smaller than diphenolase. The phenolic-rich methanol fraction of seed shell (SM) reduced nitric oxide (NO) production, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. It also repressed the expression of IL-1β, and secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and IL-6 in response to LPS. SM strongly stimulated heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression and addition of zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP), a HO-1 competitive inhibitor, reversed the inhibition of NO production, indicating the involvement of HO-1 in its anti-inflammatory activity. The effects observed in this study provide evidence for the reuse of residues from C. tenuifloria in the food additive, medicine and cosmetic industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yuan Chiou
- Crop Environment Section, Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Hualien 973, Taiwan.
| | - Choi-Lan Ha
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Shan Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
| | - Chiu-Ling Yeh
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Shan Su
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
| | - Man-Po Li
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Jiuan Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
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Ye Y, Yang Q, Fang F, Li Y. The camelliagenin from defatted seeds of Camellia oleifera as antibiotic substitute to treat chicken against infection of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:214. [PMID: 26282272 PMCID: PMC4539705 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0529-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are the main pathogens infectious to poultry, and their resistances against antibiotics have become troublesome currently. Biofilm formation is an important reason for drug resistance. Our previous research has found that the extract of Camellia oleifera seeds has lots of pharmacological effects. In order to find the substitute for antibiotics, the saponin was isolated from the defatted C. oleifera seeds with structural identification. Its efficacy was evaluated by the inhibition on amoxicillin-resistant E. coli and erythromycin-resistant S. aureus and therapeutic effect on chicks infected by the two bacteria. Results The bacterial growth inhibition rate increased and the bacterial count in vivo decreased significantly in dose dependence after administration of the saponin and its combination with amoxicillin or erythromycin, suggesting its antibacterial effect. The saponin identified as camelliagenin shows significant inhibition on the biofilm of E. coli and S. aureus, and it is related to the decrease of mannitol dehydrogenase (MDH) activity and extracellular DNA (eDNA) content. Molecular simulation reveals the strong interaction existing between the saponin and MDH or eDNA. Conclusions The mechanism of camelliagenin’s improvement on antibiotic effects is its interaction with MDH and eDNA in biofilm. The saponin is a prospective substitute of antibiotics, and molecular simulation is a convenient alternative method to find out hopeful candidates of antibiotics substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P R China.
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P R China.
| | - Fei Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P R China.
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P R China.
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28
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Song D, Zong X, Zhang H, Wang T, Yi H, Luan C, Wang Y. Antimicrobial peptide Cathelicidin-BF prevents intestinal barrier dysfunction in a mouse model of endotoxemia. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 25:141-7. [PMID: 25639228 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal barrier functions are altered during the development of sepsis. Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides, such as LL-37 and mCRAMP, can protect animals against intestinal barrier dysfunction. Cathelicidin-BF (C-BF), a new cathelicidin peptide purified from the venom of the snake Bungarus fasciatus, has been shown to have both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigated whether C-BF pretreatment could protect the intestinal barrier against dysfunction in a mouse model of endotoxemia, induced by intraperitoneal injection of LPS (10mg/kg). Mice were treated with low or high dose C-BF before treatment with LPS, and samples were collected 5h after LPS treatment. C-BF reduced LPS induced intestinal histological damage and gut permeability to 4 KD Fluorescein-isothiocyanate-conjugated dextran. Pretreatment with C-BF prevented LPS induced intestinal tight junction disruption and epithelial cell apoptosis. Moreover, C-BF down regulated the expression and secretion of TNF-α, a process involving the NF-κB signaling pathway. C-BF also reduced LPS induced TNF-α expression through the NF-κB signaling pathway in mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages. These findings indicate that C-BF can prevent gut barrier dysfunction induced by LPS, suggesting that C-BF may be used to develop a prophylactic agent for intestinal injury in endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deguang Song
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zong
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiwen Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tenghao Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongbo Yi
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Luan
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Ye Y, Xing H, Li Y. Nanoencapsulation of the sasanquasaponin from Camellia oleifera, its photo responsiveness and neuroprotective effects. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:4475-84. [PMID: 25278752 PMCID: PMC4178501 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s64313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sasanquasaponin, a bioactive compound isolated from seeds of Camellia oleifera, shows central effects in our previous research. In order to investigate its neuroprotective effects, a new kind of nanocapsule with photo responsiveness was designed to deliver sasanquasaponin into the brain and adjusted by red light. The nanocapsule was prepared using sasanquasaponin emulsified with soybean lecithin and cholesterol solution. The natural phaeophorbide from silkworm excrement as a photosensitizer was added in the lipid phase to make the nanocapsules photo responsive. The physicochemical properties of encapsulation efficiency, size distribution, morphology and stability were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography, particle size analyzer, transmission electron microscope, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry. Photo responsiveness was determined by the sasanquasaponin release in pH 7.5 phosphate buffer under the laser at 670 nm. The neuroprotective effects were evaluated by the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), decrease of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β in the brain, and amelioration of kainic acid-induced behavioral disorder in mice. The nanocapsules had higher encapsulation efficiency and stability when the phaeophorbide content was 2% of lecithin weight. The average size was 172.2 nm, distributed in the range of 142-220 nm. The phaeophorbide was scattered sufficiently in the outer lecithin layer of the nanocapsules and increased the drug release after irradiation. TH expression in brain tissues and locomotive activities in mice were reduced by kainic acid, but could be improved by the sasanquasaponin nanocapsules after tail vein injection with 15 minutes of irradiation at the nasal cavity. The sasanquasaponin took effect through inflammatory alleviation in central tissues. The sasanquasaponin nanocapsules with phaeophorbide have photo responsiveness and neuroprotective effects under the irradiation of red light. This preparation presents a new approach to brain neuroprotection, and has potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiting Xing
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Kim JK, Kim CR, Lim HJ, Nam SH, Joo OS, Shin DH, Shin EC. An optimized extraction technique for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from the Camellia japonica seed cake by using response surface methodology. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:1237-41. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.915723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction conditions for the acetylcholinesterase (AchE) inhibitory activity and extraction yield from Camellia japonica seed cake. Predicted values for AchE inhibition and extraction yield were 19.41 and 13.35%, respectively, which are in good agreement with the experimental values from validation, suggesting that RSM may provide a useful tool to optimization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kyeom Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Cho Rong Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jeong Lim
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hae Nam
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Soo Joo
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Shin
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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31
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Ye Y, Fang F, Li Y. Isolation of the sapogenin from defatted seeds of Camellia oleifera and its neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic neurons. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:6175-6182. [PMID: 24909656 DOI: 10.1021/jf501166w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sasanqua saponin is a major active compound in the defatted seeds of Camellia oleifera but is always discarded without effective utilization. The sapogenin from hydrolysis of sasanqua saponin was purified, and its amination derivative was investigated on its neuroprotective effects, which were evaluated by animal models of Parkinson disease in mice induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). The results showed that the sapogenin and its derivative increased dopamine content in striatum and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive cells in substantia nigra and relieved inflammation and behavioral disorder, but the effect on movement was reversed by dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol and was not intervened by adenosine receptor antagonist CGS 15943. Molecular simulation showed the interaction between dopamine receptor and the sapogenin or its derivative. It is proven that the sapogenin can protect dopamine neurons through antineuroinflammation and activation of dopamine receptor rather than adenosine receptor, and its amination improves the effects. This research provides the prospective prodrugs for Parkinson disease and a new medicinal application of sasanqua saponin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
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