1
|
Paquette SJ, Simon AY, XIII A, Kobinger GP, Shahhosseini N. Medically Significant Vector-Borne Viral Diseases in Iran. Microorganisms 2023; 11:3006. [PMID: 38138150 PMCID: PMC10745727 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11123006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne viral diseases (VBVDs) continue to pose a considerable public health risk to animals and humans globally. Vectors have integral roles in autochthonous circulation and dissemination of VBVDs worldwide. The interplay of agricultural activities, population expansion, urbanization, host/pathogen evolution, and climate change, all contribute to the continual flux in shaping the epidemiology of VBVDs. In recent decades, VBVDs, once endemic to particular countries, have expanded into new regions such as Iran and its neighbors, increasing the risk of outbreaks and other public health concerns. Both Iran and its neighboring countries are known to host a number of VBVDs that are endemic to these countries or newly circulating. The proximity of Iran to countries hosting regional diseases, along with increased global socioeconomic activities, e.g., international trade and travel, potentially increases the risk for introduction of new VBVDs into Iran. In this review, we examined the epidemiology of numerous VBVDs circulating in Iran, such as Chikungunya virus, Dengue virus, Sindbis virus, West Nile virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Sandfly-borne phleboviruses, and Hantavirus, in relation to their vectors, specifically mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies, and rodents. In addition, we discussed the interplay of factors, e.g., urbanization and climate change on VBVD dissemination patterns and the consequent public health risks in Iran, highlighting the importance of a One Health approach to further surveil and to evolve mitigation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Jo Paquette
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada;
| | - Ayo Yila Simon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Ara XIII
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (A.X.); (G.P.K.)
| | - Gary P. Kobinger
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (A.X.); (G.P.K.)
| | - Nariman Shahhosseini
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Faraji-Fard P, Ahmadi-Angali K, Behbahani A. Species Variety of the Calf and Human-Attracted Mosquitoes in Southwest Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2022; 15:162-170. [PMID: 35111854 PMCID: PMC8782744 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v15i2.7485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Any mosquito control methods requires precise information about population dynamics, variety, biology and mosquito habitat. This research assessed Culicid mosquitoes’ attraction to a human host and a calf to better understand their behavior. Methods: Adult mosquitoes were sampled in 22 weeks in southwestern Iran’s Nur Ali Village from May to October 2015. The mosquitoes were drawn to the person and calf as bait, while the unbaited trap was also used. A substantial statistical difference between attracted mosquitoes to the hosts was determined in the T-test. Results: Within 22 weeks, 29821 mosquitoes were captured. Only 9% were collected from the human baited net trap, 89.1% from the calf baited net trap, and 1.9% from the unbaited net trap. The number of collected female mosquitoes was statistically significantly higher using the calf baited net trap of the total mosquitoes, 916 were randomly identified at the species level by local identification keys. Of these, 63 were Anopheles stephensi (human: 16%, calf: 75% and unbaited: 9%), 83 An. pulcherrimus (human: 27%, calf: 60% and unbaited: 13%), 118 Aedes caspius (human: 24%, calf: 69% and unbaited: 7%), 493 Culex tritaeniorhynchus (human: 52%, calf: 37% and unbaited: 11%), 153 Cx. quinquefasciatus (human: 44%, calf: 47% and unbaited: 9%), and 6 Cx. theileri (human: 33%, calf: 50% and unbaited: 17%). Conclusion: The obtained results here provide useful insights into the mosquito population and the possibility of using this information as an essential part of integrated vector management regarding the reemergence of malaria or other mosquito-borne.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Faraji-Fard
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kambiz Ahmadi-Angali
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Abdolamir Behbahani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vasmehjani AA, Rezaei F, Farahmand M, Mokhtari-Azad T, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Keshavarz M, Baseri HR, Zaim M, Iranpour M, Turki H, Esmaeilpour-Bandboni M. Epidemiological Evidence of Mosquito-Borne Viruses among Persons and Vectors in Iran: A Study from North to South. Virol Sin 2022; 37:149-152. [PMID: 35234614 PMCID: PMC8922425 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall seroprevalence of DENV, WNV and CHIKV in Iran were 5.9%, 18.8% and 1.8% between 2017 and 2018. No proof of viral RNAs was presence in vectors. Gilan and Hormozgan were high risk regions and the elderlies were at higher risk of infection by WNV and CHIKV.
Collapse
|
4
|
Sarvari J, Hosseini SY, Mosayebi F, Ardekani MT, Joharinia N, Arefinia N, Azad-Manjiri S, Fazlalipour M, Pouriayevali MH, Salehi-Vaziri M. The seroepidemiology and risk factors of West Nile virus infection in blood donors of Fars province, southwest of Iran. Future Virol 2021. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the frequency of West Nile virus (WNV) in blood donors of the blood transfusion center of Fars province, Iran. Materials & methods: A total of 337 participants referred for blood donation to Fars blood centers were included. The presence of anti-WNV antibodies was analyzed using the WNV IgG ELISA kit. Results: Out of all participants, 76 (22.6%) were positive for anti-WNV IgG antibodies. Our results also showed that the frequency of WNV was associated with the age, educational level, job and city of residency of participants (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated the high frequency of WNV seropositivity among blood donors in southwest Iran. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to establish an integrated surveillance system for monitoring WNV infection in Iran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Sarvari
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 1316943551, Iran
- Shiraz Blood Transfusion Organization, Shiraz, 7193734881, Iran
| | - Seyed Y Hosseini
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Faezeh Mosayebi
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Masoud T Ardekani
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 7134845794, Iran
| | - Negar Joharinia
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Nasir Arefinia
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Sanam Azad-Manjiri
- Department of Arboviruses & Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fazlalipour
- Department of Arboviruses & Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Mohammad H Pouriayevali
- Department of Arboviruses & Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri
- Department of Arboviruses & Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
- Research Center for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Disease, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fang Y, Tambo E, Xue JB, Zhang Y, Zhou XN, Khater EIM. Molecular Analysis of Targeted Insecticide Resistance Gene Mutations in Field-Caught Mosquitos of Medical Importance From Saudi Arabia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1839-1848. [PMID: 33864372 PMCID: PMC8285008 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Gene mutations on target sites can be a valuable indicator of the status of insecticide resistance. Jeddah, a global commercial and major port-of-entry city, is bearing the brunt of dengue disease burden in Saudi Arabia. In the current study, six genotypes of three codon combinations (989, 1016, and 1534) were observed on voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene in Jeddah's Aedes aegypti population, with PGF/PGC as the dominant one. Two types of introns between exon 20 and 21 on VGSC have been identified for the first time in Ae. aegypti in Saudi Arabia. Statistical and phylogenetic analyses showed that the intron type was significantly associated with the 1016 allele and may reflect the history of insecticide treatment in different continents. In addition, fixation of the L1014F allele on VGSC and G119S on acetylcholinesterase 1 gene was detected in local Culex quinquefasciatus populations, with frequencies of 95.24 and 100%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of resistant-associated mutations in field-caught Cx. quinquefasciatus in Saudi Arabia. The high prevalence of insecticide resistance gene mutations in local primary mosquito vector species highlights the urgent need to carry out comprehensive insecticide resistance surveillance in Saudi Arabia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention–Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention Joint Laboratory for Imported Tropical Disease Control, Shanghai 200025, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ernest Tambo
- Public Health Pests Laboratory, Municipality of Jeddah Governorate, Jeddah 21577, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jing-Bo Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention–Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention Joint Laboratory for Imported Tropical Disease Control, Shanghai 200025, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention–Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention Joint Laboratory for Imported Tropical Disease Control, Shanghai 200025, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention–Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention Joint Laboratory for Imported Tropical Disease Control, Shanghai 200025, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Emad I M Khater
- Public Health Pests Laboratory, Municipality of Jeddah Governorate, Jeddah 21577, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 12413, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Amin M, Zaim M, Edalat H, Basseri HR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Rezaei F, Azizi K, Salehi-Vaziri M, Ghane M, Yousefi S, Dabaghmanesh S, Kheirandish S, Najafi ME, Mohammadi J. Seroprevalence Study on West Nile Virus (WNV) Infection, a Hidden Viral Disease in Fars Province, Southern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2020; 14:173-184. [PMID: 33365345 PMCID: PMC7738928 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v14i2.3735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: West Nile Virus, a mosquito-borne flavivirus, causes a variety of symptoms in human, from asymptomatic infection to neuroinvasive disease. Several studies have been conducted on the seroprevalence of WNV infection in different areas from Iran. This study was performed to find the presence of antiviral antibodies in human serum among some high risk population and awareness of health care staff about symptom of the WNV infection. Methods: Study performed in five geographical districts based on high population of immigrant and domestic birds and prevalence of the antiviral antibodies in horses which was reported previously. Totally 150 human blood samples were collected during 2018. The samples collected from patients referred to the clinics. The ELISA method used to detect IgG and IgM antibody against WNV. Logistic regression models used to analyze the effect of sex, age, keeping birds and urban/rural residence on the risk of infection. The awareness of health care staff about symptom of infection surveyed. Results: From all blood donors, 41 samples (27.33%) showed positive to IgG antibody. From which 56.10% were males and remaining females. None of the mentioned factors had a significant relationship. Health care staff had less attention to the infection. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of antibodies was relatively high, due to the similarity to other viral diseases, health care staff had less attention to the disease. The study showed that people in these areas have been exposed to the virus. Further research activities are recommended for control of this arbovirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Amin
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Morteza Zaim
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Edalat
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Basseri
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Rezaei
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kourosh Azizi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Ref Lab), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ghane
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saideh Yousefi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sorna Dabaghmanesh
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Kheirandish
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohammad Esmaeil Najafi
- Environmental Health Unit, Faculty of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jalal Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Seropositivity of Chikungunya and West Nile Viruses in Iranian Children in 2018. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.94416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Several surveys have been conducted on the seroprevalence of viral infections caused by Chikungunya and West Nile viruses in humans. However, there is a paucity of studies on the seroprevalence and spread of these viruses in children. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the seropositivity of IgG antibodies against Chikungunya and West Nile viruses in a group of Iranian children aged one month to 14 years. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on blood samples collected from children aged one month to 14 years in Tehran who attended the outpatient clinics of a children’s hospital from March to December 2018. The serum IgG levels against Chikungunya and West Nile viruses were assessed using the ELISA technique. Results: Of 180 serum samples assessed for positivity, four (three from boys and one from girls) had positive IgG for Chikungunya and 11 (seven from boys and four from girls) had positive IgG for West Nile, causing overall seropositivity of 2.2% and 6.1% for Chikungunya and West Nile infections, respectively. Moreover, Chikungunya and West Nile viruses showed no significant association between seropositivity and sex. High seropositivity was observed predominantly in the age groups of below two years and over 10 years in Chikungunya and West Nile infections, respectively. However, the difference was not significant (P-value > 0.05). In the age group of one month to two years, all cases with positive IgG were less than six-month-old. Conclusions: The results of the seroprevalence of Chikungunya and West Nile viruses among children in Tehran showed the prevalence of these viral infections in this region. Therefore, these infections should be considered in the differential diagnosis for children with clinical symptoms of viral diseases.
Collapse
|
8
|
Epidemiology of West Nile Virus in the Eastern Mediterranean region: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007081. [PMID: 30695031 PMCID: PMC6368338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background West Nile Virus (WNV), a member of the genus Flavivirus, is one of the most widely distributed arboviruses in the world. Despite some evidence for circulation of WNV in countries summarized by the World Health Organization as the Eastern Mediterrian Regional Office (EMRO), comprehensive knowledge about its epidemiology remains largely unknown. This study aims to provide a concise review of the published literature on WNV infections in the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office of WHO (EMRO). Methodology/principal findings A systematic review of WNV prevalence studies on humans, animals and vectors in the EMRO region was performed by searching: Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar. Finally, 77 citations were included, comprising 35 seroprevalence studies on general population (24460 individuals), 15 prevalence studies among patients (3439 individuals), 22 seroprevalence studies among animals (10309 animals), and 9 studies on vectors (184242 vector species). Of the 22 countries in this region, five had no data on WNV infection among different populations. These countries include Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, Syria and Somalia. On the other hand, among countries with available data, WNV-specific antibodies were detected in the general population of all investigated countries including Djibouti (0.3–60%), Egypt (1–61%), Iran (0–30%), Iraq (11.6–15.1%), Jordan (8%), Lebanon (0.5–1%), Libya (2.3%), Morocco (0–18.8%), Pakistan (0.6–65.0%), Sudan (2.2–47%), and Tunisia (4.3–31.1%). WNV RNA were also detected in patient populations of Iran (1.2%), Pakistan (33.3%), and Tunisia (5.3% –15.9%). WNV-specific antibodies were also detected in a wide range of animal species. The highest seropositivity rate was observed among equids (100% in Morocco) and dogs (96% in Morocco). The highest seroprevalence among birds was seen in Tunisia (23%). In addition, WNV infection was detected in mosquitoes (Culex, and Aedes) and ticks (Argas reflexus hermanni). The primary vector of WNV (Culex pipiens s.l.) was detected in Djibouti, Egypt, Iran and Tunisia, and in mosquitoes of all these countries, WNV was demonstrated. Conclusions This first systematic regional assessment of WNV prevalence provides evidence to support the circulation of WNV in the EMRO region as nearly all studies showed evidence of WNV infection in human as well as animal/vector populations. These findings highlight the need for continued prevention and control strategies and the collection of epidemiologic data for WNV epidemic status, especially in countries that lack reliable surveillance systems. West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne Flavivirus belonging to the Flaviviridae family, which is endemic in a vast geographical area, including the EMRO region. However, the epidemiology of WNV in the EMRO region remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we performed a systematic review on WNV prevalence studies conducted on human populations, animals and vectors across Eastern Mediterranean countries. Our review indicated the infection of most investigated human, animal and vector populations with WNV; however, the paucity of epidemiological data underline the need for integrated surveillance programs as well as continued deployment of prevention and control strategies.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zohaib A, Niazi SK, Saqib M, Sajid MS, Khan I, Sial AUR, Athar MA, Taj Z, Abbas G, Rathore MA, Ghani E, Naeem MA, Imran M, Iqbal N, Rehman SU, Waruhiu C, Shi ZL. Detection of West Nile virus lineage 1 sequences in blood donors, Punjab Province, Pakistan. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 81:137-139. [PMID: 30664985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was performed to determine the presence of West Nile virus (WNV) in mosquito specimens and human blood donors in Pakistan. METHODS A total of 4150 mosquito specimens were collected using CO2-baited traps from five selected districts of Punjab Province, Pakistan. The mosquitoes were taxonomically identified using standard morphological keys, resulting in 166 pools. In addition, 1070 serum samples were collected from human blood donors. RNA was extracted from mosquito and human samples and screened for WNV using a reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). RESULTS None of the mosquito pools tested positive for WNV, whereas three samples from asymptomatic humans tested positive. To determine the WNV strains, partial sequences were compared against a global representation of 23 WNV sequences. The study strains were determined to come from WNV lineage 1. CONCLUSIONS This study is novel in reporting the circulation of lineage 1 WNV in Pakistan. Given its ability to transmit from human to human via blood transfusion, this highlights the urgent need for nationwide surveillance to assess the distribution and impact of WNV in Pakistan. Determining the source of human infection will require more extensive mosquito sampling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zohaib
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Muhammad Saqib
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | | | - Iahtasham Khan
- Section of Epidemiology and Public Health, Dept. Clinical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore Sub-campus, Jhang, Pakistan
| | - Awais-Ur-Rahman Sial
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS Aird Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ammar Athar
- Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers and Liquid Biopsy, College of Pharmacy, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Zeeshan Taj
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ghazanfar Abbas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Eijaz Ghani
- Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahsan Naeem
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Iqbal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad-Ur Rehman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Cecilia Waruhiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ziyaeyan M, Behzadi MA, Leyva-Grado VH, Azizi K, Pouladfar G, Dorzaban H, Ziyaeyan A, Salek S, Jaber Hashemi A, Jamalidoust M. Widespread circulation of West Nile virus, but not Zika virus in southern Iran. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0007022. [PMID: 30557321 PMCID: PMC6312345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) are mosquito-borne viral infections. Over the past few decades, WNV has been associated with several outbreaks involving high numbers of neuroinvasive diseases among humans. The recent re-emergence of ZIKV has been associated with congenital malformation and also with Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults. The geographic range of arthropod-borne viruses has been rapidly increasing in recent years. The objectives of this study were to determine the presence of IgG specific antibodies and the genome of WNV and ZIKV in human samples, as well as WNV and ZIKV genomes in wild-caught mosquitoes in urban and rural areas of the Hormozgan province, in southern Iran. A total of 494 serum samples were tested for the presence of WNV and ZIKV IgG antibodies using ELISA assays. One hundred and two (20.6%) samples were reactive for WNV IgG antibodies. All serum samples were negative for ZIKV IgG antibodies. Using the multivariable logistic analysis, age (45+ vs. 1-25; OR = 3.4, 95% C.I.: 1.8-6.3), occupation (mostly outdoor vs. mostly indoor; OR = 2.4, 95% C.I.: 1.1-5.2), and skin type(type I/II vs. type III/IV and type V/VI; OR = 4.3, 95% C.I.: 1.7-10.8 and OR = 2.7, 95% C.I.: 1.3-5.5 respectively, skin types based on Fitzpatrick scale) showed significant association with WNV seroreactivity. We collected 2,015 mosquitoes in 136 pools belonging to 5 genera and 14 species. Three pools of Culex pipiens complex were positive for WNV RNA using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rtRT-PCR). ZIKV RNA was not detected in any of the pools. All WNV ELISA reactive serum samples were negative for WNV RNA. In conclusion, we provided evidence of the establishment of WNV in southern Iran and no proof of ZIKV in serum samples or in mosquito vectors. The establishment of an organized arbovirus surveillance system and active case finding strategies seems to be necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mazyar Ziyaeyan
- Department of Clinical Virology, Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Victor Hugo Leyva-Grado
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kourosh Azizi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Pouladfar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hedayat Dorzaban
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Sanaz Salek
- Department of Clinical Virology, Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aghyl Jaber Hashemi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Jamalidoust
- Department of Clinical Virology, Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kollars TM. Potential for the Invasive Species Aedes Albopictus and Arboviral Transmission through the Chabahar Port in Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018; 43:393-400. [PMID: 30046208 PMCID: PMC6055213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses are emerging infectious disease threats wherever suitable vectors, hosts, and habitat are present. The aim of the present study was to use the bioagent transport and environmental modeling system (BioTEMS) to identify the potential for arbovirus-infected Aedes species to invade the Chabahar area in southeastern Iran. METHODS ArcGIS geospatial analysis software, Statistica software, and BioTEMS were used to analyze geographic information and conduct data analysis. BioTEMS utilizes up to several hundred abiotic and biotic factors to produce risk and vulnerability assessments for biological agents and infectious diseases. The output of BioTEMS was validated using published predictive models, and most importantly published collection data of Aedes species in Iran. RESULTS There appears to have been two separate invasion events by Ae. albopictus into the southern region of Iran, first preceding 2009 and then again in 2013. BioTEMS identified two probable areas of introduction during the 2009 time frame, either through one or both the Chabahar ports or the Iranshahr airport with subsequent spread through vehicular transport. BioTEMS identified the port as an introduction zone for ZIKAV with high-risk zones and identifies gap zones during the 2013 time frame. Recommended surveillance sites are provided. CONCLUSION The air and maritime ports of Iran serve international customers, and are therefore vulnerable to import and invasion of mosquito vectors and arboviruses. Based on comparisons with other published low-resolution models, BioTEMS provides information for medical and public health professionals conducting integrated mosquito management, preventive medicine, and epidemiological surveillance.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ghorbani F, Vatandoost H, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Abai MR, Nikookar H, Enayati AA. High Resistance of Vector of West Nile Virus, Culex pipiens Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae) to Different Insecticides Recommended by WHO in Northern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2018; 12:24-30. [PMID: 30018991 PMCID: PMC6046112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culex pipiens is a mosquito species distributed in different parts of Iran. It is known as vector of some diseases as well as a nuisance insect. A successful control campaign needs to study the biology, ecology and susceptibility status of the target pest. The aim of this study was to investigate the susceptibility status of Culex pipiens to some insecticides recommended by WHO in north of Iran. METHODS Larvae were collected from different breeding places in Sari County by standard dipping method. They were reared to adult stage in an under standard condition. World Health Organization (WHO) standard test kits and the diagnostic dose of 12 imagicides were used for adults, while two larvicides were used against larvae. RESULTS The least and highest mortality rates after exposure to insecticides were 4.7% (Propoxur 0.1%) and 76.4% (Etofenprox 0.5%), respectively. Larvae showed high resistance to temephos (19.19%) and malathion (54.63%). Culex pipiens was found to be resistant to all used insecticides/larvicides at diagnostic dose. CONCLUSION Intensive use of pesticides against agriculture and urban pests increased the resistance level of this species to different insecticides, although currently there is no control program against it. Study on the mechanisms of resistant in this species to different insecticides is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ghorbani
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding authors: Dr Ahmad Ali Enayati, , Dr Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd,
| | - Mohammad Reza Abai
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Nikookar
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Student Research Committee, Health Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Enayati
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran,Corresponding authors: Dr Ahmad Ali Enayati, , Dr Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Heydari M, Metanat M, Rouzbeh-Far MA, Tabatabaei SM, Rakhshani M, Sepehri-Rad N, Keshtkar-Jahromi M. Dengue Fever as an Emerging Infection in Southeast Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:1469-1471. [PMID: 29557328 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue fever (DF) is a mosquito-borne acute viral disease presenting with hemorrhagic manifestations in severe cases. Southeast Iran is in close proximity to Pakistan, an endemic country for DF. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Sistan and Baluchestan province in the southeast of Iran to investigate possibility of DF (immunoglobulin M [IgM], immunoglobulin G [IgG], and nonstructural protein 1 [NS1] antigen tests) in 60 clinically suspected patients (April 2013 to August 2015). NS1 protein was detected in 5% (N = 3), at least one of the antibodies (IgM and/ or IgG) was detected in 11% (N = 7) of the samples. Five patients identified as of acutely infected. There was a simultaneous presence of NS1 protein and IgG or IgM antibodies in 4% (N = 2) of patients. Previous studies show establishment of potential vectors in this area. These evidences support the hypothesis that DF can be a health concern in Southeast Iran with potential future outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Heydari
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Maliheh Metanat
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Ali Rouzbeh-Far
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Tabatabaei
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rakhshani
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Nahid Sepehri-Rad
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Maryam Keshtkar-Jahromi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Khan E, Barr KL, Farooqi JQ, Prakoso D, Abbas A, Khan ZY, Ashi S, Imtiaz K, Aziz Z, Malik F, Lednicky JA, Long MT. Human West Nile Virus Disease Outbreak in Pakistan, 2015-2016. Front Public Health 2018. [PMID: 29535994 PMCID: PMC5835076 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Like most of the world, Pakistan has seen an increase in mosquito-transmitted diseases in recent years. The magnitude and distribution of these diseases are poorly understood as Pakistan does not have a nation-wide system for reporting disease. A cross-sectional study to determine which flaviviruses were causing of arboviral disease in Pakistan was instituted. West Nile virus (WNV) is a cause of seasonal fever with neurotropic findings in countries that share borders with Pakistan. Here, we describe the active and persistent circulation of WNV in humans in the southern region of Pakistan. This is the first report of WNV causing neurological disease in human patients in this country. Of 997 enrolled patients presenting with clinical features suggestive of arboviral disease, 105 were positive for WNV IgM antibodies, and 71 of these patients possessed WNV-specific neutralizing antibodies. Cross-reactivity of WNV IgM antibodies with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) occurred in 75 of these 105 patients. WNV co-infections with Dengue viruses were not a contributing factor for the severity of disease. Nor did prior exposure to dengue virus contribute to incidence of neurological involvement in WNV-infected patients. Patients with WNV infections were more likely to present with altered mental status, seizures, and reduced Glasgow Coma scores when compared with JEV-infected patients. Human WNV cases and vector numbers exhibited a temporal correlation with climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erum Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kelli L Barr
- Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Joveria Qais Farooqi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Dhani Prakoso
- Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alizeh Abbas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zain Yar Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shanze Ashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kehkashan Imtiaz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Z Aziz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Malik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - John A Lednicky
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Maureen T Long
- Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|