1
|
Zhu J, Qiu W, Wei F, Zhang J, Yuan Y, Liu L, Cheng M, Xiong H, Xu R. Toll-like receptor 4 deficiency in Purkinje neurons drives cerebellar ataxia by impairing the BK channel-mediated after-hyperpolarization and cytosolic calcium homeostasis. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:594. [PMID: 39147737 PMCID: PMC11327311 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06988-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 contributes to be the induction of neuroinflammation by recognizing pathology-associated ligands and activating microglia. In addition, numerous physiological signaling factors act as agonists or antagonists of TLR4 expressed by non-immune cells. Recently, TLR4 was found to be highly expressed in cerebellar Purkinje neurons (PNs) and involved in the maintenance of motor coordination through non-immune pathways, but the precise mechanisms remain unclear. Here we report that mice with PN specific TLR4 deletion (TLR4PKO mice) exhibited motor impairments consistent with cerebellar ataxia, reduced PN dendritic arborization and spine density, fewer parallel fiber (PF) - PN and climbing fiber (CF) - PN synapses, reduced BK channel expression, and impaired BK-mediated after-hyperpolarization, collectively leading to abnormal PN firing. Moreover, the impaired PN firing in TLR4PKO mice could be rescued with BK channel opener. The PNs of TLR4PKO mice also exhibited abnormal mitochondrial structure, disrupted mitochondrial endoplasmic reticulum tethering, and reduced cytosolic calcium, changes that may underly abnormal PN firing and ultimately drive ataxia. These results identify a previously unknown role for TLR4 in regulating PN firing and maintaining cerebellar function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Wenqiao Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Fan Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mianyang Orthopaedic Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan Province, 621000, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Meixiong Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Huan Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Ruxiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Grisoli M, Nigri A, Medina Carrion JP, Palermo S, Demichelis G, Giacosa C, Mongelli A, Fichera M, Nanetti L, Mariotti C. Tracking longitudinal thalamic volume changes during early stages of SCA1 and SCA2. LA RADIOLOGIA MEDICA 2024; 129:1215-1223. [PMID: 38954239 PMCID: PMC11322486 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-024-01839-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Spinocerebellar ataxia SCA1 and SCA2 are adult-onset hereditary disorders, due to triplet CAG expansion in their respective causative genes. The pathophysiology of SCA1 and SCA2 suggests alterations of cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway and its connections to the basal ganglia. In this framework, thalamic integrity is crucial for shaping efficient whole-brain dynamics and functions. The aims of the study are to identify structural changes in thalamic nuclei in presymptomatic and symptomatic SCA1 and SCA2 patients and to assess disease progression within a 1-year interval. MATERIAL AND METHODS A prospective 1-year clinical and MRI assessment was conducted in 27 presymptomatic and 23 clinically manifest mutation carriers for SCA1 and SCA2 expansions. Cross-sectional and longitudinal changes of thalamic nuclei volume were investigated in SCA1 and SCA2 individuals and in healthy participants (n = 20). RESULTS Both SCA1 and SCA2 patients had significant atrophy in the majority of thalamic nuclei, except for the posterior and partly medial nuclei. The 1-year longitudinal evaluation showed a specific pattern of atrophy in ventral and posterior thalamus, detectable even at the presymptomatic stage of the disease. CONCLUSION For the first time in vivo, our exploratory study has shown that different thalamic nuclei are involved at different stages of the degenerative process in both SCA1 and SCA2. It is therefore possible that thalamic alterations might significantly contribute to the progression of the disease years before overt clinical manifestations occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Grisoli
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Nigri
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, Milan, Italy.
| | - Jean Paul Medina Carrion
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Palermo
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Greta Demichelis
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Giacosa
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Mongelli
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Fichera
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Nanetti
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Mariotti
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Y, Muraleetharan A, Langiu M, Gregory KJ, Hellyer SD. SCA44- and SCAR13-associated GRM1 mutations affect metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 function through distinct mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 39030902 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGlu1) is a promising therapeutic target for neurodegenerative CNS disorders including spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs). Clinical reports have identified naturally-occurring mGlu1 mutations in rare SCA subtypes and linked symptoms to mGlu1 mutations. However, how mutations alter mGlu1 function remains unknown, as does amenability of receptor function to pharmacological rescue. Here, we explored SCA-associated mutation effects on mGlu1 cell surface expression, canonical signal transduction and allosteric ligand pharmacology. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Orthosteric agonists, positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) and negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) were assessed at two functional endpoints (iCa2+ mobilisation and inositol 1-phosphate [IP1] accumulation) in FlpIn Trex HEK293A cell lines expressing five mutant mGlu1 subtypes. Key pharmacological parameters including ligand potency, affinity and cooperativity were derived using operational models of agonism and allostery. KEY RESULTS mGlu1 mutants exhibited differential impacts on mGlu1 expression, with a C-terminus truncation significantly reducing surface expression. Mutations differentially influenced orthosteric ligand affinity, efficacy and functional cooperativity between allosteric and orthosteric ligands. Loss-of-function mutations L454F and N885del reduced orthosteric affinity and efficacy, respectively. A gain-of-function Y792C mutant mGlu1 displayed enhanced constitutive activity in IP1 assays, which manifested as reduced orthosteric agonist activity. The mGlu1 PAMs restored glutamate potency in iCa2+ mobilisation for loss-of-function mutations and mGlu1 NAMs displayed enhanced inverse agonist activity at Y792C relative to wild-type mGlu1. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Collectively, these data highlight distinct mechanisms by which mGlu1 mutations affect receptor function and show allosteric modulators may present a therapeutic strategy to restore aberrant mGlu1 function in rare SCA subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Wang
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashwin Muraleetharan
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Monica Langiu
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shane D Hellyer
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ghosh Dastidar R, Banerjee S, Lal PB, Ghosh Dastidar S. Multifaceted Roles of AFG3L2, a Mitochondrial ATPase in Relation to Neurological Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3788-3808. [PMID: 38012514 PMCID: PMC11236935 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
AFG3L2 is a zinc metalloprotease and an ATPase localized in an inner mitochondrial membrane involved in mitochondrial quality control of several nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded proteins. Mutations in AFG3L2 lead to diseases like slow progressive ataxia, which is a neurological disorder. This review delineates the cellular functions of AFG3L2 and its dysfunction that leads to major clinical outcomes, which include spinocerebellar ataxia type 28, spastic ataxia type 5, and optic atrophy type 12. It summarizes all relevant AFG3L2 mutations associated with the clinical outcomes to understand the detailed mechanisms attributable to its structure-related multifaceted roles in proteostasis and quality control. We face early diagnostic challenges of ataxia and optic neuropathy due to asymptomatic parents and variable clinical manifestations due to heterozygosity/homozygosity of AFG3L2 mutations. This review intends to promote AFG3L2 as a putative prognostic or diagnostic marker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranita Ghosh Dastidar
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Madhava Nagar, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
| | - Saradindu Banerjee
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Madhava Nagar, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Piyush Behari Lal
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Madhava Nagar, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
| | - Somasish Ghosh Dastidar
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Madhava Nagar, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sekerková G, Kilic S, Cheng YH, Fredrick N, Osmani A, Kim H, Opal P, Martina M. Phenotypical, genotypical and pathological characterization of the moonwalker mouse, a model of ataxia. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 195:106492. [PMID: 38575093 PMCID: PMC11089908 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
We performed a comprehensive study of the morphological, functional, and genetic features of moonwalker (MWK) mice, a mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia caused by a gain of function of the TRPC3 channel. These mice show numerous behavioral symptoms including tremor, altered gait, circling behavior, impaired motor coordination, impaired motor learning and decreased limb strength. Cerebellar pathology is characterized by early and almost complete loss of unipolar brush cells as well as slowly progressive, moderate loss of Purkinje cell (PCs). Structural damage also includes loss of synaptic contacts from parallel fibers, swollen ER structures, and degenerating axons. Interestingly, no obvious correlation was observed between PC loss and severity of the symptoms, as the phenotype stabilizes around 2 months of age, while the cerebellar pathology is progressive. This is probably due to the fact that PC function is severely impaired much earlier than the appearance of PC loss. Indeed, PC firing is already impaired in 3 weeks old mice. An interesting feature of the MWK pathology that still remains to be explained consists in a strong lobule selectivity of the PC loss, which is puzzling considering that TRPC is expressed in every PC. Intriguingly, genetic analysis of MWK cerebella shows, among other alterations, changes in the expression of both apoptosis inducing and resistance factors possibly suggesting that damaged PCs initiate specific cellular pathways that protect them from overt cell loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Sekerková
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Sumeyra Kilic
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yen-Hsin Cheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Natalie Fredrick
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Anne Osmani
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Haram Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Puneet Opal
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Marco Martina
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tandon S, Aggarwal P, Sarkar S. Polyglutamine disorders: Pathogenesis and potential drug interventions. Life Sci 2024; 344:122562. [PMID: 38492921 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Polyglutamine/poly(Q) diseases are a group nine hereditary neurodegenerative disorders caused due to abnormally expanded stretches of CAG trinucleotide in functionally distinct genes. All human poly(Q) diseases are characterized by the formation of microscopically discernable poly(Q) positive aggregates, the inclusion bodies. These toxic inclusion bodies are responsible for the impairment of several cellular pathways such as autophagy, transcription, cell death, etc., that culminate in disease manifestation. Although, these diseases remain largely without treatment, extensive research has generated mounting evidences that various events of poly(Q) pathogenesis can be developed as potential drug targets. The present review article briefly discusses the key events of disease pathogenesis, model system-based investigations that support the development of effective therapeutic interventions against pathogenesis of human poly(Q) disorders, and a comprehensive list of pharmacological and bioactive compounds that have been experimentally shown to alleviate poly(Q)-mediated neurotoxicity. Interestingly, due to the common cause of pathogenesis, all poly(Q) diseases share etiology, thus, findings from one disease can be potentially extrapolated to other poly(Q) diseases as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Tandon
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Prerna Aggarwal
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Surajit Sarkar
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Van NTH, Kim WK, Nam JH. Challenges in the Therapeutic Targeting of KCa Channels: From Basic Physiology to Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2965. [PMID: 38474212 PMCID: PMC10932353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcium-activated potassium (KCa) channels are ubiquitously expressed throughout the body and are able to regulate membrane potential and intracellular calcium concentrations, thereby playing key roles in cellular physiology and signal transmission. Consequently, it is unsurprising that KCa channels have been implicated in various diseases, making them potential targets for pharmaceutical interventions. Over the past two decades, numerous studies have been conducted to develop KCa channel-targeting drugs, including those for disorders of the central and peripheral nervous, cardiovascular, and urinary systems and for cancer. In this review, we synthesize recent findings regarding the structure and activating mechanisms of KCa channels. We also discuss the role of KCa channel modulators in therapeutic medicine. Finally, we identify the major reasons behind the delay in bringing these modulators to the pharmaceutical market and propose new strategies to promote their application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nhung Thi Hong Van
- Department of Physiology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea;
- Channelopathy Research Center (CRC), Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Kyung Kim
- Channelopathy Research Center (CRC), Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Nam
- Department of Physiology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea;
- Channelopathy Research Center (CRC), Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Qiu YT, Chen Y, Tan HX, Su W, Guo QF, Gao Q. Efficacy and Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Cerebellar Ataxia: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:243-254. [PMID: 36604400 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01508-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia(CA) is defined as a degenerative disease of the nervous system. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been a promising treatment for neurological and psychiatric diseases. Hence, to find out whether cerebellar rTMS impacts CA as a potential therapy, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. Qualified studies through a systematic search were retrieved for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using acknowledged databases. Review Manager 5.4 software was employed to synthesize the data. A total of seven studies were identified as eligible and included in the quantitative review. Comparing real and sham-rTMS interventions, the utilization of rTMS on cerebellum improved the scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia (SARA) (SMD - 0.87, 95% CI - 1.41 to - 0.34; P = 0.001; I2 = 62%), the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS) (SMD - 1.06, 95% CI - 1.47 to - 0.64; P < 0.00001; I2 = 0%) and Berg balance Scale (BBS) (SMD 0.76, 95% CI 0.33 to 1.19; P = 0.0005; I2 = 39%). The subgroup analysis demonstrated high-frequency of rTMS had a positive effect (SMD - 1.28, 95% CI - 1.82 to - 0.74; P < 0.00001; I2 = 0%). For the safety, the incidence of adverse events between the two groups was not significantly different (OR 1.73, 95% CI 0.55 to 5.46; P = 0.35; I2 = 0%). In conclusion, this meta-analysis provided limited evidence, suggesting a possible strategy that rTMS over the cerebellum could be a viable therapy for symptoms associated with CA. Besides, rTMS intervention was well-attended and did not result in unanticipated negative effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tong Qiu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hui-Xin Tan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei Su
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qi-Fan Guo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Leung TCS, Fields E, Rana N, Shen RYL, Bernstein AE, Cook AA, Phillips DE, Watt AJ. Mitochondrial damage and impaired mitophagy contribute to disease progression in SCA6. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:26. [PMID: 38286873 PMCID: PMC10824820 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02680-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) is a neurodegenerative disease that manifests in midlife and progressively worsens with age. SCA6 is rare, and many patients are not diagnosed until long after disease onset. Whether disease-causing cellular alterations differ at different disease stages is currently unknown, but it is important to answer this question in order to identify appropriate therapeutic targets across disease duration. We used transcriptomics to identify changes in gene expression at disease onset in a well-established mouse model of SCA6 that recapitulates key disease features. We observed both up- and down-regulated genes with the major down-regulated gene ontology terms suggesting mitochondrial dysfunction. We explored mitochondrial function and structure and observed that changes in mitochondrial structure preceded changes in function, and that mitochondrial function was not significantly altered at disease onset but was impaired later during disease progression. We also detected elevated oxidative stress in cells at the same disease stage. In addition, we observed impairment in mitophagy that exacerbates mitochondrial dysfunction at late disease stages. In post-mortem SCA6 patient cerebellar tissue, we observed metabolic changes that are consistent with mitochondrial impairments, supporting our results from animal models being translatable to human disease. Our study reveals that mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired mitochondrial degradation likely contribute to disease progression in SCA6 and suggests that these could be promising targets for therapeutic interventions in particular for patients diagnosed after disease onset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eviatar Fields
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Namrata Rana
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Anna A Cook
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Alanna J Watt
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Modi AD, Parekh A, Patel ZH. Methods for evaluating gait associated dynamic balance and coordination in rodents. Behav Brain Res 2024; 456:114695. [PMID: 37783346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Balance is the dynamic and unconscious control of the body's centre of mass to maintain postural equilibrium. Regulated by the vestibular system, head movement and acceleration are processed by the brain to adjust joints. Several conditions result in a loss of balance, including Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Menière's Disease and cervical spondylosis, all of which are caused by damage to certain parts of the vestibular pathways. Studies about the impairment of the vestibular system are challenging to carry out in human trials due to smaller study sizes limiting applications of the results and a lacking understanding of the human balance control mechanism. In contrast, more controlled research can be performed in animal studies which have fewer confounding factors than human models and allow specific conditions that affect balance to be replicated. Balance control can be studied using rodent balance-related behavioural tests after spinal or brain lesions, such as the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) Locomotor Scale, Foot Fault Scoring System, Ledged Beam Test, Beam Walking Test, and Ladder Beam Test, which are discussed in this review article along with their advantages and disadvantages. These tests can be performed in preclinical rodent models of femoral nerve injury, stroke, spinal cord injury and neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akshat D Modi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5T 0S8, Canada.
| | - Anavi Parekh
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Zeenal H Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kumar M, Tyagi N, Faruq M. The molecular mechanisms of spinocerebellar ataxias for DNA repeat expansion in disease. Emerg Top Life Sci 2023; 7:289-312. [PMID: 37668011 DOI: 10.1042/etls20230013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a heterogenous group of neurodegenerative disorders which commonly inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. They cause muscle incoordination due to degeneration of the cerebellum and other parts of nervous system. Out of all the characterized (>50) SCAs, 14 SCAs are caused due to microsatellite repeat expansion mutations. Repeat expansions can result in toxic protein gain-of-function, protein loss-of-function, and/or RNA gain-of-function effects. The location and the nature of mutation modulate the underlying disease pathophysiology resulting in varying disease manifestations. Potential toxic effects of these mutations likely affect key major cellular processes such as transcriptional regulation, mitochondrial functioning, ion channel dysfunction and synaptic transmission. Involvement of several common pathways suggests interlinked function of genes implicated in the disease pathogenesis. A better understanding of the shared and distinct molecular pathogenic mechanisms in these diseases is required to develop targeted therapeutic tools and interventions for disease management. The prime focus of this review is to elaborate on how expanded 'CAG' repeats contribute to the common modes of neurotoxicity and their possible therapeutic targets in management of such devastating disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Nishu Tyagi
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Mohammed Faruq
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Manolaras I, Del Bondio A, Griso O, Reutenauer L, Eisenmann A, Habermann BH, Puccio H. Mitochondrial dysfunction and calcium dysregulation in COQ8A-ataxia Purkinje neurons are rescued by CoQ10 treatment. Brain 2023; 146:3836-3850. [PMID: 36960552 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
COQ8A-ataxia is a rare form of neurodegenerative disorder due to mutations in the COQ8A gene. The encoded mitochondrial protein is involved in the regulation of coenzyme Q10 biosynthesis. Previous studies on the constitutive Coq8a-/- mice indicated specific alterations of cerebellar Purkinje neurons involving altered electrophysiological function and dark cell degeneration. In the present manuscript, we extend our understanding of the contribution of Purkinje neuron dysfunction to the pathology. By generating a Purkinje-specific conditional COQ8A knockout, we demonstrate that loss of COQ8A in Purkinje neurons is the main cause of cerebellar ataxia. Furthermore, through in vivo and in vitro approaches, we show that COQ8A-depleted Purkinje neurons have abnormal dendritic arborizations, altered mitochondria function and intracellular calcium dysregulation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that oxidative phosphorylation, in particular Complex IV, is primarily altered at presymptomatic stages of the disease. Finally, the morphology of primary Purkinje neurons as well as the mitochondrial dysfunction and calcium dysregulation could be rescued by CoQ10 treatment, suggesting that CoQ10 could be a beneficial treatment for COQ8A-ataxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Manolaras
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of translational medecine and neurogenetics, 67404 Illkirch, France
- Inserm, U1258, 67404 Illkirch, France
- CNRS, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Andrea Del Bondio
- Institut Neuromyogène, Pathophysiology and genetics of the neuron and muscle, Inserm U1315, 69008 Lyon, France
- CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, UMR 5261, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Griso
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of translational medecine and neurogenetics, 67404 Illkirch, France
- Inserm, U1258, 67404 Illkirch, France
- CNRS, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Reutenauer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of translational medecine and neurogenetics, 67404 Illkirch, France
- Inserm, U1258, 67404 Illkirch, France
- CNRS, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut Neuromyogène, Pathophysiology and genetics of the neuron and muscle, Inserm U1315, 69008 Lyon, France
- CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, UMR 5261, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Aurélie Eisenmann
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of translational medecine and neurogenetics, 67404 Illkirch, France
- Inserm, U1258, 67404 Illkirch, France
- CNRS, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Bianca H Habermann
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), UMR7288, Aix-Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Hélène Puccio
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of translational medecine and neurogenetics, 67404 Illkirch, France
- Inserm, U1258, 67404 Illkirch, France
- CNRS, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut Neuromyogène, Pathophysiology and genetics of the neuron and muscle, Inserm U1315, 69008 Lyon, France
- CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, UMR 5261, 69008 Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Griffioen G. Calcium Dyshomeostasis Drives Pathophysiology and Neuronal Demise in Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13243. [PMID: 37686048 PMCID: PMC10487569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This review postulates that age-related neurodegeneration entails inappropriate activation of intrinsic pathways to enable brain plasticity through deregulated calcium (Ca2+) signalling. Ca2+ in the cytosol comprises a versatile signal controlling neuronal cell physiology to accommodate adaptive structural and functional changes of neuronal networks (neuronal plasticity) and, as such, is essential for brain function. Although disease risk factors selectively affect different neuronal cell types across age-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), these appear to have in common the ability to impair the specificity of the Ca2+ signal. As a result, non-specific Ca2+ signalling facilitates the development of intraneuronal pathophysiology shared by age-related NDDs, including mitochondrial dysfunction, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, impaired proteostasis, and decreased axonal transport, leading to even more Ca2+ dyshomeostasis. These core pathophysiological processes and elevated cytosolic Ca2+ levels comprise a self-enforcing feedforward cycle inevitably spiralling toward high levels of cytosolic Ca2+. The resultant elevated cytosolic Ca2+ levels ultimately gear otherwise physiological effector pathways underlying plasticity toward neuronal demise. Ageing impacts mitochondrial function indiscriminately of the neuronal cell type and, therefore, contributes to the feedforward cycle of pathophysiology development seen in all age-related NDDs. From this perspective, therapeutic interventions to safely restore Ca2+ homeostasis would mitigate the excessive activation of neuronal destruction pathways and, therefore, are expected to have promising neuroprotective potential.
Collapse
|
14
|
Marinina KS, Bezprozvanny IB, Egorova PA. A chlorzoxazone-folic acid combination improves cognitive affective decline in SCA2-58Q mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12588. [PMID: 37537226 PMCID: PMC10400576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is a polyglutamine disorder caused by a pathological expansion of CAG repeats in ATXN2 gene. SCA2 is accompanied by cerebellar degeneration and progressive motor decline. Cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) seem to be primarily affected in this disorder. The majority of the ataxia research is focused on the motor decline observed in ataxic patients and animal models of the disease. However, recent evidence from patients and ataxic mice suggests that SCA2 can also share the symptoms of the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. We previously reported that SCA2-58Q PC-specific transgenic mice exhibit anxiolytic behavior, decline in spatial memory, and a depressive-like state. Here we studied the effect of the activation of the small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (SK channels) by chlorzoxazone (CHZ) combined with the folic acid (FA) on the PC firing and also motor, cognitive and affective symptoms in SCA2-58Q mice. We realized that CHZ-FA combination improved motor and cognitive decline as well as ameliorated mood alterations in SCA2-58Q mice without affecting the firing rate of their cerebellar PCs. Our results support the idea of the combination therapy for both ataxia and non-motor symptoms in ataxic mice without affecting the firing frequency of PCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia S Marinina
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ilya B Bezprozvanny
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Polina A Egorova
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Osório C, White JJ, Lu H, Beekhof GC, Fiocchi FR, Andriessen CA, Dijkhuizen S, Post L, Schonewille M. Pre-ataxic loss of intrinsic plasticity and motor learning in a mouse model of SCA1. Brain 2023; 146:2332-2345. [PMID: 36352508 PMCID: PMC10232256 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias are neurodegenerative diseases, the hallmark symptom of which is the development of ataxia due to cerebellar dysfunction. Purkinje cells, the principal neurons of the cerebellar cortex, are the main cells affected in these disorders, but the sequence of pathological events leading to their dysfunction is poorly understood. Understanding the origins of Purkinje cells dysfunction before it manifests is imperative to interpret the functional and behavioural consequences of cerebellar-related disorders, providing an optimal timeline for therapeutic interventions. Here, we report the cascade of events leading to Purkinje cells dysfunction before the onset of ataxia in a mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia 1 (SCA1). Spatiotemporal characterization of the ATXN1[82Q] SCA1 mouse model revealed high levels of the mutant ATXN1[82Q] weeks before the onset of ataxia. The expression of the toxic protein first caused a reduction of Purkinje cells intrinsic excitability, which was followed by atrophy of Purkinje cells dendrite arborization and aberrant glutamatergic signalling, finally leading to disruption of Purkinje cells innervation of climbing fibres and loss of intrinsic plasticity of Purkinje cells. Functionally, we found that deficits in eyeblink conditioning, a form of cerebellum-dependent motor learning, precede the onset of ataxia, matching the timeline of climbing fibre degeneration and reduced intrinsic plasticity. Together, our results suggest that abnormal synaptic signalling and intrinsic plasticity during the pre-ataxia stage of spinocerebellar ataxias underlie an aberrant cerebellar circuitry that anticipates the full extent of the disease severity. Furthermore, our work indicates the potential for eyeblink conditioning to be used as a sensitive tool to detect early cerebellar dysfunction as a sign of future disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Osório
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015CN, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua J White
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015CN, The Netherlands
| | - Heiling Lu
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015CN, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit C Beekhof
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015CN, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Stephanie Dijkhuizen
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015CN, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Post
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015CN, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Schonewille
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015CN, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Synofzik M, Rugarli E, Reid E, Schüle R. Ataxia and spastic paraplegia in mitochondrial disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 194:79-98. [PMID: 36813322 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821751-1.00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Degenerative ataxias and hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) form a continuous, often overlapping disease spectrum sharing not only phenotypic features and underlying genes, but also cellular pathways and disease mechanisms. Mitochondrial metabolism presents a major molecular theme underlying both multiple ataxias and HSPs, thus indicating a heightened vulnerability of Purkinje cells, spinocerebellar tracts, and motor neurons to mitochondrial dysfunction, which is of particular interest for translational approaches. Mitochondrial dysfunction might be the primary (upstream) or secondary (downstream) result of a genetic defect, with underlying genetic defects in nuclear-encoded genes being much more frequent than in mtDNA genes in both, ataxias and HSPs. Here, we outline the substantial number of ataxias, spastic ataxias and HSPs caused by mutated genes implicated in (primary or secondary) mitochondrial dysfunction, highlighting several key "mitochondrial" ataxias and HSPs which are of particular interest for their frequency, pathogenesis and translational opportunities. We then showcase prototypic mitochondrial mechanisms by which disruption of these ataxia and HSP genes contributes to Purkinje cells or corticospinal neuron dysfunction, thus elucidating hypotheses on Purkinje cells and corticospinal neuron vulnerability to mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology & Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Elena Rugarli
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Evan Reid
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology & Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kumar G, Ma CHE. Toward a cerebello-thalamo-cortical computational model of spinocerebellar ataxia. Neural Netw 2023; 162:541-556. [PMID: 37023628 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2023.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Computational neural network modelling is an emerging approach for optimization of drug treatment of neurological disorders and fine-tuning of rehabilitation strategies. In the current study, we constructed a cerebello-thalamo-cortical computational neural network model to simulate a mouse model of cerebellar ataxia (pcd5J mice) by manipulating cerebellar bursts through reduction of GABAergic inhibitory input. Cerebellar output neurons were projected to the thalamus and bidirectionally connected with the cortical network. Our results showed that reduction of inhibitory input in the cerebellum orchestrated the cortical local field potential (LFP) dynamics to generate specific motor outputs of oscillations of the theta, alpha, and beta bands in the computational model as well as in mouse motor cortical neurons. The therapeutic potential of deep brain stimulation (DBS) was tested in the computational model by increasing the sensory input to restore cortical output. Ataxia mice showed normalization of the motor cortex LFP after cerebellum DBS. We provide a novel approach to computational modelling to investigate the effect of DBS by mimicking cerebellar ataxia involving degeneration of Purkinje cells. Simulated neural activity coincides with findings from neural recordings of ataxia mice. Our computational model could thus represent cerebellar pathologies and provide insight into how to improve disease symptoms by restoring neuronal electrophysiological properties using DBS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Chi Him Eddie Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Massey S, Guo Y, Riley LG, Van Bergen NJ, Sandaradura SA, McCusker E, Tchan M, Thauvin-Robinet C, Thomas Q, Moreau T, Davis M, Smits D, Mancini GMS, Hakonarson H, Cooper S, Christodoulou J. Expanding the Allelic Heterogeneity of ANO10-Associated Autosomal Recessive Cerebellar Ataxia. Neurol Genet 2023; 9:e200051. [PMID: 36698452 PMCID: PMC9872716 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives The term autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia (ARCA) encompasses a diverse group of heterogeneous degenerative disorders of the cerebellum. Spinocerebellar ataxia autosomal recessive 10 (SCAR10) is a distinct classification of cerebellar ataxia caused by variants in the ANO10 gene. Little is known about the molecular role of ANO10 or its role in disease. There is a wide phenotypic spectrum among patients, even among those with the same or similar genetic variants. This study aimed to characterize the molecular consequences of variants in ANO10 and determine their pathologic significance in patients diagnosed with SCAR10. Methods We presented 4 patients from 4 families diagnosed with spinocerebellar ataxia with potential pathogenic variants in the ANO10 gene. Patients underwent either clinical whole-exome sequencing or screening of a panel of known neuromuscular disease genes. Effects on splicing were studied using reverse transcriptase PCR to analyze complementary DNA. Western blots were used to examine protein expression. Results One individual who presented clinically at a much earlier age than typical was homozygous for an ANO10 variant (c.1864A > G [p.Met622Val]) that produces 2 transcription products by altering an exonic enhancer site. Two patients, both of Lebanese descent, had a homozygous intronic splicing variant in ANO10 (c.1163-9A > G) that introduced a cryptic splice site acceptor, producing 2 alternative transcription products and no detectable wild-type protein. Both these variants have not yet been associated with SCAR10. The remaining patient was found to have compound heterozygous variants in ANO10 previously associated with SCAR10 (c.132dupA [p.Asp45Argfs*9] and c.1537T > C [p.Cys513Arg]). Discussion We presented rare pathogenic variants adding to the growing list of ANO10 variants associated with SCAR10. In addition, we described an individual with a much earlier age at onset than usually associated with ANO10 variants. This expands the phenotypic and allelic heterogeneity of ANO10-associated ARCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Massey
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Yiran Guo
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa G Riley
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole J Van Bergen
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah A Sandaradura
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth McCusker
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Michel Tchan
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Christel Thauvin-Robinet
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Quentin Thomas
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Thibault Moreau
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Davis
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Daphne Smits
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Grazia M S Mancini
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Cooper
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - John Christodoulou
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Noted Tension Headache, Anxiety, and Depression in a Chinese Patient with Spinocerebellar Ataxia, Autosomal Recessive 10 Caused by a Novel Anoctamin 10 Mutation. J Transl Int Med 2023; 10:373-375. [PMID: 36860629 PMCID: PMC9969569 DOI: 10.2478/jtim-2022-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
|
20
|
Liu H, Guan L, Deng M, Bolund L, Kristiansen K, Zhang J, Luo Y, Zhang Z. Integrative genetic and single cell RNA sequencing analysis provides new clues to the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1116087. [PMID: 36875658 PMCID: PMC9983639 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1116087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The gradual loss of motor neurons (MNs) in the brain and spinal cord is a hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in ALS are still not fully understood. Methods Based on 75 ALS-pathogenicity/susceptibility genes and large-scale single-cell transcriptomes of human/mouse brain/spinal cord/muscle tissues, we performed an expression enrichment analysis to identify cells involved in ALS pathogenesis. Subsequently, we created a strictness measure to estimate the dosage requirement of ALS-related genes in linked cell types. Results Remarkably, expression enrichment analysis showed that α- and γ-MNs, respectively, are associated with ALS-susceptibility genes and ALS-pathogenicity genes, revealing differences in biological processes between sporadic and familial ALS. In MNs, ALS-susceptibility genes exhibited high strictness, as well as the ALS-pathogenicity genes with known loss of function mechanism, indicating the main characteristic of ALS-susceptibility genes is dosage-sensitive and the loss of function mechanism of these genes may involve in sporadic ALS. In contrast, ALS-pathogenicity genes with gain of function mechanism exhibited low strictness. The significant difference of strictness between loss of function genes and gain of function genes provided a priori understanding for the pathogenesis of novel genes without an animal model. Besides MNs, we observed no statistical evidence for an association between muscle cells and ALS-related genes. This result may provide insight into the etiology that ALS is not within the domain of neuromuscular diseases. Moreover, we showed several cell types linked to other neurological diseases [i.e., spinocerebellar ataxia (SA), hereditary motor neuropathies (HMN)] and neuromuscular diseases [i.e. hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)], including an association between Purkinje cells in brain and SA, an association between α-MNs in spinal cord and SA, an association between smooth muscle cells and SA, an association between oligodendrocyte and HMN, a suggestive association between γ-MNs and HMN, a suggestive association between mature skeletal muscle and HMN, an association between oligodendrocyte in brain and SPG, and no statistical evidence for an association between cell type and SMA. Discussion These cellular similarities and differences deepened our understanding of the heterogeneous cellular basis of ALS, SA, HMN, SPG, and SMA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hankui Liu
- Hebei Industrial Technology Research Institute of Genomics in Maternal and Child Health, BGI-Shijiazhuang Medical Laboratory, Shijiazhuang, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liping Guan
- Hebei Industrial Technology Research Institute of Genomics in Maternal and Child Health, BGI-Shijiazhuang Medical Laboratory, Shijiazhuang, China.,Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Min Deng
- Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lars Bolund
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao, China.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Hebei Industrial Technology Research Institute of Genomics in Maternal and Child Health, BGI-Shijiazhuang Medical Laboratory, Shijiazhuang, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yonglun Luo
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao, China.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Zhanchi Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ranjbar H, Soti M, Razavinasab M, Kohlmeier KA, Shabani M. The neglected role of endocannabinoid actions at TRPC channels in ataxia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104860. [PMID: 36087758 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are highly expressed in cells of the cerebellum including in the dendrites and somas of Purkinje cells (PCs). Their endogenous activation promotes influx of Ca2+ and Na+, resulting in depolarization. TRP channels can be activated by endogenous endocannabinoids (eCBs) and activity of TRP channels has been shown to modulate GABA and glutamate transmission. Ataxia is caused by disruption of multiple intracellular pathways which often involve changes in Ca2+ homeostasis that can result in neural cellular dysfunction and cell death. Based on available literature, alteration of transmission of eCBs would be expected to change activity of cerebellar TRP channels. Antagonists of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) including enzymes which break eCBs down have been shown to result in reductions in postsynaptic excitatory activity mediated by TRPC channels. Further, TRPC channel antagonists could modulate both pre and postsynaptically-mediated glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission, resulting in reductions in cell death due to excitotoxicity and dysfunctions caused by abnormal inhibitory signaling. Accordingly, TRP channels, and in particular the TRPC channel, represent a potential therapeutic target for management of ataxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Ranjbar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Monavareh Soti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Moazamehosadat Razavinasab
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Kristi A Kohlmeier
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yin K, Wang D, Zhao H, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li B, Xing M. Polystyrene microplastics up-regulates liver glutamine and glutamate synthesis and promotes autophagy-dependent ferroptosis and apoptosis in the cerebellum through the liver-brain axis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119449. [PMID: 35550135 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), which are emerging environmental pollutants, remain uncertainties in their toxic mechanism. MPs have been linked to severe liver metabolic disorders and neurotoxicity, but it is still unknown whether the abnormal metabolites induced by MPs can affect brain tissue through the liver-brain axis. Exposed to MPs of chickens results in liver metabolic disorders and increased glutamine and glutamate synthesis. The relative expression of glutamine in the C group was -0.862, the L-PS group was 0.271, and the H-PS group was 0.592. The expression of tight junction proteins in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was reduced by PS-MPs. Occludin protein expression decreased by 35.8%-41.2%. Claudin 3 decreased by 19.6%-42.3%, and ZO-1 decreased by 28.3%-44.6%. Excessive glutamine and glutamate cooperated with PS-MPs to inhibit the Nrf2-Keap1-HO-1/NQO1 signaling pathway and triggered autophagy-dependent ferroptosis and apoptosis. GPX protein expression decreased by 30.9%-38%. LC3II/LC3I increased by 54%, and Caspase 3 increased by 45%. Eventually, the number of Purkinje cells was reduced, causing neurological dysfunction. In conclusion, this study provides new insights for revealing the mechanism of nervous system damaged caused by PS-MPs exposed in chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yin
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Dongxu Wang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Hongjing Zhao
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yachen Liu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Baoying Li
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Mingwei Xing
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Scarabino D, Veneziano L, Fiore A, Nethisinghe S, Mantuano E, Garcia-Moreno H, Bellucci G, Solanky N, Morello M, Zanni G, Corbo RM, Giunti P. Leukocyte Telomere Length Variability as a Potential Biomarker in Patients with PolyQ Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081436. [PMID: 35892638 PMCID: PMC9332235 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
SCA1, SCA2, and SCA3 are the most common forms of SCAs among the polyglutamine disorders, which include Huntington’s Disease (HD). We investigated the relationship between leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and the phenotype of SCA1, SCA2, and SCA3, comparing them with HD. The results showed that LTL was significantly reduced in SCA1 and SCA3 patients, while LTL was significantly longer in SCA2 patients. A significant negative relationship between LTL and age was observed in SCA1 but not in SCA2 subjects. LTL of SCA3 patients depend on both patient’s age and disease duration. The number of CAG repeats did not affect LTL in the three SCAs. Since LTL is considered an indirect marker of an inflammatory response and oxidative damage, our data suggest that in SCA1 inflammation is present already at an early stage of disease similar to in HD, while in SCA3 inflammation and impaired antioxidative processes are associated with disease progression. Interestingly, in SCA2, contrary to SCA1 and SCA3, the length of leukocyte telomeres does not reduce with age. We have observed that SCAs and HD show a differing behavior in LTL for each subtype, which could constitute relevant biomarkers if confirmed in larger cohorts and longitudinal studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Scarabino
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (L.V.)
| | - Liana Veneziano
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (L.V.)
| | - Alessia Fiore
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (R.M.C.)
| | - Suran Nethisinghe
- Ataxia Center, Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (S.N.); (H.G.-M.); (N.S.); (P.G.)
| | - Elide Mantuano
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Hector Garcia-Moreno
- Ataxia Center, Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (S.N.); (H.G.-M.); (N.S.); (P.G.)
| | - Gianmarco Bellucci
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Nita Solanky
- Ataxia Center, Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (S.N.); (H.G.-M.); (N.S.); (P.G.)
| | - Maria Morello
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Ginevra Zanni
- Unit of Neuromuscolar and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rosa Maria Corbo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (R.M.C.)
| | - Paola Giunti
- Ataxia Center, Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (S.N.); (H.G.-M.); (N.S.); (P.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Orr HT. Cholecystokinin Activation of Cholecystokinin 1 Receptors: a Purkinje Cell Neuroprotective Pathway. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022:10.1007/s12311-022-01428-x. [PMID: 35733029 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This is a summary of the virtual presentation given at the 2021 meeting of the Society for Research on the Cerebellum and Ataxias, https://www.meetings.be/SRCA2021/ , where the therapeutic potential of the CCK-CCK1R pathway for treating diseases involving Purkinje cell degeneration was presented. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is one of a group of almost 50 genetic diseases characterized by the degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells. The SCA1 Pcp2-ATXN1[30Q]D776 mouse model displays ataxia, i.e. Purkinje cell dysfunction, but lacks progressive Purkinje cell degeneration. RNA-seq revealed increased expression of cholecystokinin (CCK) in cerebella of Pcp2-ATXN1[30Q]D776 mice. Importantly, the absence of Cck1 receptor (CCK1R) in Pcp2-ATXN1[30Q]D776 mice conferred a progressive degenerative disease with Purkinje cell loss. Administration of a CCK1R agonist to Pcp2-AXTN1[82Q] mice reduced Purkinje cell pathology and associated deficits in motor performance. In addition, administration of the CCK1R agonist improved motor performance of Pcp2-ATXN2[127Q] SCA2 mice. Furthermore, CCK1R activation corrected mTORC1 signaling and improved the expression of calbindin in the cerebella of AXTN1[82Q] and ATXN2[127Q] mice. These results support the Cck-Cck1R pathway is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of diseases involving Purkinje neuron degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry T Orr
- Institute of Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cendelin J, Cvetanovic M, Gandelman M, Hirai H, Orr HT, Pulst SM, Strupp M, Tichanek F, Tuma J, Manto M. Consensus Paper: Strengths and Weaknesses of Animal Models of Spinocerebellar Ataxias and Their Clinical Implications. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 21:452-481. [PMID: 34378174 PMCID: PMC9098367 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) represent a large group of hereditary degenerative diseases of the nervous system, in particular the cerebellum, and other systems that manifest with a variety of progressive motor, cognitive, and behavioral deficits with the leading symptom of cerebellar ataxia. SCAs often lead to severe impairments of the patient's functioning, quality of life, and life expectancy. For SCAs, there are no proven effective pharmacotherapies that improve the symptoms or substantially delay disease progress, i.e., disease-modifying therapies. To study SCA pathogenesis and potential therapies, animal models have been widely used and are an essential part of pre-clinical research. They mainly include mice, but also other vertebrates and invertebrates. Each animal model has its strengths and weaknesses arising from model animal species, type of genetic manipulation, and similarity to human diseases. The types of murine and non-murine models of SCAs, their contribution to the investigation of SCA pathogenesis, pathological phenotype, and therapeutic approaches including their advantages and disadvantages are reviewed in this paper. There is a consensus among the panel of experts that (1) animal models represent valuable tools to improve our understanding of SCAs and discover and assess novel therapies for this group of neurological disorders characterized by diverse mechanisms and differential degenerative progressions, (2) thorough phenotypic assessment of individual animal models is required for studies addressing therapeutic approaches, (3) comparative studies are needed to bring pre-clinical research closer to clinical trials, and (4) mouse models complement cellular and invertebrate models which remain limited in terms of clinical translation for complex neurological disorders such as SCAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Cendelin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 75, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic.
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 75, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic.
| | - Marija Cvetanovic
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Mandi Gandelman
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, 175 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
- Viral Vector Core, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Harry T Orr
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Stefan M Pulst
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, 175 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Michael Strupp
- Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Filip Tichanek
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 75, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 75, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tuma
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 75, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
- The Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC 7843, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Mario Manto
- Unité des Ataxies Cérébelleuses, Service de Neurologie, CHU-Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium
- Service des Neurosciences, Université de Mons, UMons, Mons, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
ANO10 Function in Health and Disease. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 22:447-467. [PMID: 35648332 PMCID: PMC10126014 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01395-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Anoctamin 10 (ANO10), also known as TMEM16K, is a transmembrane protein and member of the anoctamin family characterized by functional duality. Anoctamins manifest ion channel and phospholipid scrambling activities and are involved in many physiological processes such as cell division, migration, apoptosis, cell signalling, and developmental processes. Several diseases, including neurological, muscle, blood disorders, and cancer, have been associated with the anoctamin family proteins. ANO10, which is the main focus of the present review, exhibits both scrambling and chloride channel activity; calcium availability is necessary for protein activation in either case. Additional processes implicating ANO10 include endosomal sorting, spindle assembly, and calcium signalling. Dysregulation of calcium signalling in Purkinje cells due to ANO10 defects is proposed as the main mechanism leading to spinocerebellar ataxia autosomal recessive type 10 (SCAR10), a rare, slowly progressive spinocerebellar ataxia. Regulation of the endolysosomal pathway is an additional ANO10 function linked to SCAR10 aetiology. Further functional investigation is essential to unravel the ANO10 mechanism of action and involvement in disease development.
Collapse
|
27
|
Mitoma H, Yamaguchi K, Honnorat J, Manto M. The Clinical Concept of LTDpathy: Is Dysregulated LTD Responsible for Prodromal Cerebellar Symptoms? Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030303. [PMID: 35326260 PMCID: PMC8946597 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term depression at parallel fibers-Purkinje cells (PF-PC LTD) is essential for cerebellar motor learning and motor control. Recent progress in ataxiology has identified dysregulation of PF-PC LTD in the pathophysiology of certain types of immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias (IMCAs). Auto-antibodies towards voltage-gated Ca channel (VGCC), metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 (mGluR1), and glutamate receptor delta (GluR delta) induce dysfunction of PF-PC LTD, resulting in the development of cerebellar ataxias (CAs). These disorders show a good response to immunotherapies in non-paraneoplastic conditions but are sometimes followed by cell death in paraneoplastic conditions. On the other hand, in some types of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), dysfunction in PF-PC LTD, and impairments of PF-PC LTD-related adaptive behaviors (including vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and prism adaptation) appear during the prodromal stage, well before the manifestations of obvious CAs and cerebellar atrophy. Based on these findings and taking into account the findings of animal studies, we re-assessed the clinical concept of LTDpathy. LTDpathy can be defined as a clinical spectrum comprising etiologies associated with a functional disturbance of PF-PC LTD with concomitant impairment of related adaptative behaviors, including VOR, blink reflex, and prism adaptation. In IMCAs or degenerative CAs characterized by persistent impairment of a wide range of molecular mechanisms, these disorders are initially functional and are followed subsequently by degenerative cell processes. In such cases, adaptive disorders associated with PF-PC LTD manifest clinically with subtle symptoms and can be prodromal. Our hypothesis underlines for the first time a potential role of LTD dysfunction in the pathogenesis of the prodromal symptoms of CAs. This hypothesis opens perspectives to block the course of CAs at a very early stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Mitoma
- Department of Medical Education, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
- Correspondence: Japan;
| | - Kazuhiko Yamaguchi
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8511, Japan;
| | - Jerome Honnorat
- French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, 69677 Bron, France;
- Institut MeLis INSERM U1314/CNRS UMR 5284, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Mario Manto
- Unité des Ataxies Cérébelleuses, Service de Neurologie, Médiathèque Jean Jacquy, CHU-Charleroi, 6000 Charleroi, Belgium;
- Service des Neurosciences, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ghanekar SD, Kuo SH, Staffetti JS, Zesiewicz TA. Current and Emerging Treatment Modalities for Spinocerebellar Ataxias. Expert Rev Neurother 2022; 22:101-114. [PMID: 35081319 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2022.2029703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) are a group of rare neurodegenerative diseases that dramatically affect the lives of affected individuals and their families. Despite having a clear understanding of SCA's etiology, there are no current symptomatic or neuroprotective treatments approved by the FDA. AREAS COVERED Research efforts have greatly expanded the possibilities for potential treatments, including both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Great attention is also being given to novel therapeutics based in gene therapy, neurostimulation, and molecular targeting. This review article will address the current advances in the treatment of SCA and what potential interventions are on the horizon. EXPERT OPINION SCA is a highly complex and multifaceted disease family with the majority of research emphasizing symptomatic pharmacologic therapies. As pre-clinical trials for SCA and clinical trials for other neurodegenerative conditions illuminate the efficacy of disease modifying therapies such as AAV-mediated gene therapy and ASOs, the potential for addressing SCA at the pre-symptomatic stage is increasingly promising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaila D Ghanekar
- University of South Florida (USF) Department of Neurology, USF Ataxia Research Center, Tampa, Florida, USA.,James A Haley Veteran's Hospital, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joseph S Staffetti
- University of South Florida (USF) Department of Neurology, USF Ataxia Research Center, Tampa, Florida, USA.,James A Haley Veteran's Hospital, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Theresa A Zesiewicz
- University of South Florida (USF) Department of Neurology, USF Ataxia Research Center, Tampa, Florida, USA.,James A Haley Veteran's Hospital, Tampa, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Perez H, Abdallah MF, Chavira JI, Norris AS, Egeland MT, Vo KL, Buechsenschuetz CL, Sanghez V, Kim JL, Pind M, Nakamura K, Hicks GG, Gatti RA, Madrenas J, Iacovino M, McKinnon PJ, Mathews PJ. A novel, ataxic mouse model of ataxia telangiectasia caused by a clinically relevant nonsense mutation. eLife 2021; 10:e64695. [PMID: 34723800 PMCID: PMC8601662 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia Telangiectasia (A-T) and Ataxia with Ocular Apraxia Type 1 (AOA1) are devastating neurological disorders caused by null mutations in the genome stability genes, A-T mutated (ATM) and Aprataxin (APTX), respectively. Our mechanistic understanding and therapeutic repertoire for treating these disorders are severely lacking, in large part due to the failure of prior animal models with similar null mutations to recapitulate the characteristic loss of motor coordination (i.e., ataxia) and associated cerebellar defects. By increasing genotoxic stress through the insertion of null mutations in both the Atm (nonsense) and Aptx (knockout) genes in the same animal, we have generated a novel mouse model that for the first time develops a progressively severe ataxic phenotype associated with atrophy of the cerebellar molecular layer. We find biophysical properties of cerebellar Purkinje neurons (PNs) are significantly perturbed (e.g., reduced membrane capacitance, lower action potential [AP] thresholds, etc.), while properties of synaptic inputs remain largely unchanged. These perturbations significantly alter PN neural activity, including a progressive reduction in spontaneous AP firing frequency that correlates with both cerebellar atrophy and ataxia over the animal's first year of life. Double mutant mice also exhibit a high predisposition to developing cancer (thymomas) and immune abnormalities (impaired early thymocyte development and T-cell maturation), symptoms characteristic of A-T. Finally, by inserting a clinically relevant nonsense-type null mutation in Atm, we demonstrate that Small Molecule Read-Through (SMRT) compounds can restore ATM production, indicating their potential as a future A-T therapeutic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harvey Perez
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical CenterTorranceUnited States
| | - May F Abdallah
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical CenterTorranceUnited States
| | - Jose I Chavira
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical CenterTorranceUnited States
| | - Angelina S Norris
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical CenterTorranceUnited States
| | - Martin T Egeland
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical CenterTorranceUnited States
| | - Karen L Vo
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical CenterTorranceUnited States
| | - Callan L Buechsenschuetz
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical CenterTorranceUnited States
| | - Valentina Sanghez
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical CenterTorranceUnited States
| | - Jeannie L Kim
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical CenterTorranceUnited States
| | - Molly Pind
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics,Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaManitobaCanada
| | - Kotoka Nakamura
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Geoffrey G Hicks
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics,Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaManitobaCanada
| | - Richard A Gatti
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Joaquin Madrenas
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical CenterTorranceUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical CenterTorranceUnited States
| | - Michelina Iacovino
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical CenterTorranceUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical CenterTorranceUnited States
| | - Peter J McKinnon
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Pediatric Translational Neuroscience Initiative, St. Jude Children’s Research HospitalMemphisUnited States
| | - Paul J Mathews
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical CenterTorranceUnited States
- Department of Neurology, Harbor-UCLA Medical CenterTorranceUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
The term SCA refers to a phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous group of autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias. Phenotypically they present as gait ataxia frequently in combination with dysarthria and oculomotor problems. Additional signs and symptoms are common and can include various pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs and intellectual impairment. Genetic causes of SCAs are either repeat expansions within disease genes or common mutations (point mutations, deletions, insertions etc.). Frequently the two types of mutations cause indistinguishable phenotypes (locus heterogeneity). This article focuses on SCAs caused by common mutations. It describes phenotype and genotype of the presently 27 types known and discusses the molecular pathogenesis in those 21 types where the disease gene has been identified. Apart from the dominant types, the article also summarizes findings in a variant caused by mutations in a mitochondrial gene. Possible common disease mechanisms are considered based on findings in the various SCAs described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Müller
- Institute of Human Genetics, JLU-Gießen, Schlangenzahl 14, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Manickam AH, Ramasamy S. Mutations in the Voltage Dependent Calcium Channel CACNA1A (P/Q type alpha 1A subunit) Causing Neurological Disorders - An Overview. Neurol India 2021; 69:808-816. [PMID: 34507393 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.325378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background The voltage-dependent calcium channel α1 subunit (CACNA1A) gene plays a major role in neuronal communication. Mutation in this gene results in altered Ca2+ ion influx that modify the neurotransmitter release resulting in the development of various neurological disorders like hemiplegic migraine with cortical spreading depression, epilepsy, episodic ataxia type 2, and spinocerebellar ataxia type 6. Objective This review aimed in portraying the frequent mutations in CACNA1A gene causing hemiplegic migraine with cortical spreading depression, epilepsy, episodic ataxia type 2 and spinocerebellar ataxia type 6. Methodology A systematic search has been adopted in various databases using the keywords "Calcium channel," "migraine," "epilepsy," "episodic ataxia," and "spinocerebellar ataxia" for writing this review that collectively focuses on mutations in the CACNA1A gene causing the common neurological diseases from 1975 to 2019. Conclusion Every type of mutation has its own signature in gene functioning and understanding them might aid knowing more in disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agaath Hedina Manickam
- Molecular Genetics and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sivasamy Ramasamy
- Molecular Genetics and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cellular functions of the protein kinase ATM and their relevance to human disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:796-814. [PMID: 34429537 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a master regulator of double-strand DNA break (DSB) signalling and stress responses. For three decades, ATM has been investigated extensively to elucidate its roles in the DNA damage response (DDR) and in the pathogenesis of ataxia telangiectasia (A-T), a human neurodegenerative disease caused by loss of ATM. Although hundreds of proteins have been identified as ATM phosphorylation targets and many important roles for this kinase have been identified, it is still unclear how ATM deficiency leads to the early-onset cerebellar degeneration that is common in all individuals with A-T. Recent studies suggest the existence of links between ATM deficiency and other cerebellum-specific neurological disorders, as well as the existence of broader similarities with more common neurodegenerative disorders. In this Review, we discuss recent structural insights into ATM regulation, and possible aetiologies of A-T phenotypes, including reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial dysfunction, alterations in transcription, R-loop metabolism and alternative splicing, defects in cellular proteostasis and metabolism, and potential pathogenic roles for hyper-poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation.
Collapse
|
33
|
Efficient Neuroprotective Rescue of Sacsin-Related Disease Phenotypes in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168401. [PMID: 34445111 PMCID: PMC8395086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is a multisystem hereditary ataxia associated with mutations in SACS, which encodes sacsin, a protein of still only partially understood function. Although mouse models of ARSACS mimic largely the disease progression seen in humans, their use in the validation of effective therapies has not yet been proposed. Recently, the teleost Danio rerio has attracted increasing attention as a vertebrate model that allows rapid and economical screening, of candidate molecules, and thus combines the advantages of whole-organism phenotypic assays and in vitro high-throughput screening assays. Through CRISPR/Cas9-based mutagenesis, we generated and characterized a zebrafish sacs-null mutant line that replicates the main features of ARSACS. The sacs-null fish showed motor impairment, hindbrain atrophy, mitochondrial dysfunction, and reactive oxygen species accumulation. As proof of principle for using these mutant fish in high-throughput screening studies, we showed that both acetyl-DL-leucine and tauroursodeoxycholic acid improved locomotor and biochemical phenotypes in sacs−/− larvae treated with these neuroprotective agents, by mediating significant rescue of the molecular functions altered by sacsin loss. Taken together, the evidence here reported shows the zebrafish to be a valuable model organism for the identification of novel molecular mechanisms and for efficient and rapid in vivo optimization and screening of potential therapeutic compounds. These findings may pave the way for new interventions targeting the earliest phases of Purkinje cell degeneration in ARSACS.
Collapse
|
34
|
Lee JH, Lin SY, Liu JW, Lin SZ, Harn HJ, Chiou TW. n-Butylidenephthalide Modulates Autophagy to Ameliorate Neuropathological Progress of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 through mTOR Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6339. [PMID: 34199295 PMCID: PMC8231882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), a hereditary and lethal neurodegenerative disease, is attributed to the abnormal accumulation of undegradable polyglutamine (polyQ), which is encoded by mutated ataxin-3 gene (ATXN3). The toxic fragments processed from mutant ATXN3 can induce neuronal death, leading to the muscular incoordination of the human body. Some treatment strategies of SCA3 are preferentially focused on depleting the abnormal aggregates, which led to the discovery of small molecule n-butylidenephthalide (n-BP). n-BP-promoted autophagy protected the loss of Purkinje cell in the cerebellum that regulates the network associated with motor functions. We report that the n-BP treatment may be effective in treating SCA3 disease. n-BP treatment led to the depletion of mutant ATXN3 with the expanded polyQ chain and the toxic fragments resulting in increased metabolic activity and alleviated atrophy of SCA3 murine cerebellum. Furthermore, n-BP treated animal and HEK-293GFP-ATXN3-84Q cell models could consistently show the depletion of aggregates through mTOR inhibition. With its unique mechanism, the two autophagic inhibitors Bafilomycin A1 and wortmannin could halt the n-BP-induced elimination of aggregates. Collectively, n-BP shows promising results for the treatment of SCA3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hao Lee
- Everfront Biotech Inc., New Taipei City 22180, Taiwan; (J.-H.L.); (S.-Y.L.); (J.-W.L.)
- Department of Life Science, Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong-Hwa University, Hualien 97447, Taiwan
| | - Si-Yin Lin
- Everfront Biotech Inc., New Taipei City 22180, Taiwan; (J.-H.L.); (S.-Y.L.); (J.-W.L.)
- Department of Life Science, Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong-Hwa University, Hualien 97447, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Wei Liu
- Everfront Biotech Inc., New Taipei City 22180, Taiwan; (J.-H.L.); (S.-Y.L.); (J.-W.L.)
- Department of Life Science, Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong-Hwa University, Hualien 97447, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97002, Taiwan;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97002, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97002, Taiwan;
- Department of Pathology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97002, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Wen Chiou
- Department of Life Science, Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong-Hwa University, Hualien 97447, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hommersom MP, Buijsen RAM, van Roon-Mom WMC, van de Warrenburg BPC, van Bokhoven H. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Modelling of Spinocerebellar Ataxias. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 18:441-456. [PMID: 34031815 PMCID: PMC8930896 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) constitute a large group of phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous disorders that mainly present with dysfunction of the cerebellum as their main hallmark. Although animal and cell models have been highly instrumental for our current insight into the underlying disease mechanisms of these neurodegenerative disorders, they do not offer the full human genetic and physiological context. The advent of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and protocols to differentiate these into essentially every cell type allows us to closely model SCAs in a human context. In this review, we systematically summarize recent findings from studies using hiPSC-based modelling of SCAs, and discuss what knowledge has been gained from these studies. We conclude that hiPSC-based models are a powerful tool for modelling SCAs as they contributed to new mechanistic insights and have the potential to serve the development of genetic therapies. However, the use of standardized methods and multiple clones of isogenic lines are essential to increase validity and reproducibility of the insights gained. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina P Hommersom
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald A M Buijsen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willeke M C van Roon-Mom
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bart P C van de Warrenburg
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tellios V, Maksoud MJE, Xiang YY, Lu WY. Nitric Oxide Critically Regulates Purkinje Neuron Dendritic Development Through a Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Type 1-Mediated Mechanism. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 19:510-526. [PMID: 32270464 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01125-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), specifically derived from neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), is a well-established regulator of synaptic transmission in Purkinje neurons (PNs), governing fundamental processes such as motor learning and coordination. Previous phenotypic analyses showed similar cerebellar structures between neuronal nitric oxide null (nNOS-/-) and wild-type (WT) adult male mice, despite prominent ataxic behavior within nNOS-/- mice. However, a study has yet to characterize PN molecular structure and their excitatory inputs during development in nNOS-/- mice. This study is the first to explore morphological abnormalities within the cerebellum of nNOS-/- mice, using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. This study sought to examine PN dendritic morphology and the expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 (mGluR1), vesicular glutamate transporter type 1 and 2 (vGluT1 and vGluT2), stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), and calpain-1 within PNs of WT and nNOS-/- mice at postnatal day 7 (PD7), 2 weeks (2W), and 7 weeks (7W) of age. Results showed a decrease in PN dendritic branching at PD7 in nNOS-/- cerebella, while aberrant dendritic spine formation was noted in adult ages. Total protein expression of mGluR1 was decreased in nNOS-/- cerebella across development, while vGluT2, STIM1, and calpain-1 were significantly increased. Ex vivo treatment of WT slices with NOS inhibitor L-NAME increased calpain-1 expression, whereas treating nNOS-/- cerebellar slices with NO donor NOC-18 decreased calpain-1. Moreover, mGluR1 agonist DHPG increased calpain-1 in WT, but not in nNOS-/- slices. Together, these results indicate a novel role for nNOS/NO signaling in PN development, particularly by regulating an mGluR1-initiated calcium signaling mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Tellios
- Graduate Program of Neuroscience, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5B7, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, London, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Matthew J E Maksoud
- Graduate Program of Neuroscience, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5B7, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, London, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | | | - Wei-Yang Lu
- Graduate Program of Neuroscience, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5B7, Canada. .,Robarts Research Institute, London, N6A 5B7, Canada. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5B7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Purkinje Neurons with Loss of STIM1 Exhibit Age-Dependent Changes in Gene Expression and Synaptic Components. J Neurosci 2021; 41:3777-3798. [PMID: 33737457 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2401-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) is an ER-Ca2+ sensor and an essential component of ER-Ca2+ store operated Ca2+ entry. Loss of STIM1 affects metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1)-mediated synaptic transmission, neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis, and intrinsic plasticity in Purkinje neurons (PNs). Long-term changes of intracellular Ca2+ signaling in PNs led to neurodegenerative conditions, as evident in individuals with mutations of the ER-Ca2+ channel, the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor. Here, we asked whether changes in such intrinsic neuronal properties, because of loss of STIM1, have an age-dependent impact on PNs. Consequently, we analyzed mRNA expression profiles and cerebellar morphology in PN-specific STIM1 KO mice (STIM1PKO ) of both sexes across ages. Our study identified a requirement for STIM1-mediated Ca2+ signaling in maintaining the expression of genes belonging to key biological networks of synaptic function and neurite development among others. Gene expression changes correlated with altered patterns of dendritic morphology and greater innervation of PN dendrites by climbing fibers, in aging STIM1PKO mice. Together, our data identify STIM1 as an important regulator of Ca2+ homeostasis and neuronal excitability in turn required for maintaining the optimal transcriptional profile of PNs with age. Our findings are significant in the context of understanding how dysregulated calcium signals impact cellular mechanisms in multiple neurodegenerative disorders.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In Purkinje neurons (PNs), the stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) is required for mGluR1-dependent synaptic transmission, refilling of ER Ca2+ stores, regulation of spike frequency, and cerebellar memory consolidation. Here, we provide evidence for a novel role of STIM1 in maintaining the gene expression profile and optimal synaptic connectivity of PNs. Expression of genes related to neurite development and synaptic organization networks is altered in PNs with persistent loss of STIM1. In agreement with these findings the dendritic morphology of PNs and climbing fiber innervations on PNs also undergo significant changes with age. These findings identify a new role for dysregulated intracellular calcium signaling in neurodegenerative disorders and provide novel therapeutic insights.
Collapse
|
38
|
Lee JH, Ryu SW, Ender NA, Paull TT. Poly-ADP-ribosylation drives loss of protein homeostasis in ATM and Mre11 deficiency. Mol Cell 2021; 81:1515-1533.e5. [PMID: 33571423 PMCID: PMC8026623 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Loss of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase causes cerebellum-specific neurodegeneration in humans. We previously demonstrated that deficiency in ATM activation via oxidative stress generates insoluble protein aggregates in human cells, reminiscent of protein dysfunction in common neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we show that this process is driven by poly-ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs) and that the insoluble protein species arise from intrinsically disordered proteins associating with PAR-associated genomic sites in ATM-deficient cells. The lesions implicated in this process are single-strand DNA breaks dependent on reactive oxygen species, transcription, and R-loops. Human cells expressing Mre11 A-T-like disorder mutants also show PARP-dependent aggregation identical to ATM deficiency. Lastly, analysis of A-T patient cerebellum samples shows widespread protein aggregation as well as loss of proteins known to be critical in human spinocerebellar ataxias that is not observed in neocortex tissues. These results provide a hypothesis accounting for loss of protein integrity and cerebellum function in A-T.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Lee
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Seung W Ryu
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nicolette A Ender
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Tanya T Paull
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Neves-Carvalho A, Duarte-Silva S, Teixeira-Castro A, Maciel P. Polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias: emerging therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:1099-1119. [PMID: 32962458 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1827394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Six of the most frequent dominantly inherited spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) worldwide - SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6, SCA7, and SCA17 - are caused by an expansion of a polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in the corresponding proteins. While the identification of the causative mutation has advanced knowledge on the pathogenesis of polyQ SCAs, effective therapeutics able to mitigate the severe clinical manifestation of these highly incapacitating disorders are not yet available. AREAS COVERED This review provides a comprehensive and critical perspective on well-established and emerging therapeutic targets for polyQ SCAs; it aims to inspire prospective drug discovery efforts. EXPERT OPINION The landscape of polyQ SCAs therapeutic targets and strategies includes (1) the mutant genes and proteins themselves, (2) enhancement of endogenous protein quality control responses, (3) abnormal protein-protein interactions of the mutant proteins, (4) disturbed neuronal function, (5) mitochondrial function, energy availability and oxidative stress, and (6) glial dysfunction, growth factor or hormone imbalances. Challenges include gaining a clearer definition of therapeutic targets for the drugs in clinical development, the discovery of novel drug-like molecules for challenging key targets, and the attainment of a stronger translation of preclinical findings to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Neves-Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho , Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sara Duarte-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho , Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Andreia Teixeira-Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho , Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Maciel
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho , Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Robinson KJ, Watchon M, Laird AS. Aberrant Cerebellar Circuitry in the Spinocerebellar Ataxias. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:707. [PMID: 32765211 PMCID: PMC7378801 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases that share convergent disease features. A common symptom of these diseases is development of ataxia, involving impaired balance and motor coordination, usually stemming from cerebellar dysfunction and neurodegeneration. For most spinocerebellar ataxias, pathology can be attributed to an underlying gene mutation and the impaired function of the encoded protein through loss or gain-of-function effects. Strikingly, despite vast heterogeneity in the structure and function of disease-causing genes across the SCAs and the cellular processes affected, the downstream effects have considerable overlap, including alterations in cerebellar circuitry. Interestingly, aberrant function and degeneration of Purkinje cells, the major output neuronal population present within the cerebellum, precedes abnormalities in other neuronal populations within many SCAs, suggesting that Purkinje cells have increased vulnerability to cellular perturbations. Factors that are known to contribute to perturbed Purkinje cell function in spinocerebellar ataxias include altered gene expression resulting in altered expression or functionality of proteins and channels that modulate membrane potential, downstream impairments in intracellular calcium homeostasis and changes in glutamatergic input received from synapsing climbing or parallel fibers. This review will explore this enhanced vulnerability and the aberrant cerebellar circuitry linked with it in many forms of SCA. It is critical to understand why Purkinje cells are vulnerable to such insults and what overlapping pathogenic mechanisms are occurring across multiple SCAs, despite different underlying genetic mutations. Enhanced understanding of disease mechanisms will facilitate the development of treatments to prevent or slow progression of the underlying neurodegenerative processes, cerebellar atrophy and ataxic symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angela S. Laird
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cook AA, Fields E, Watt AJ. Losing the Beat: Contribution of Purkinje Cell Firing Dysfunction to Disease, and Its Reversal. Neuroscience 2020; 462:247-261. [PMID: 32554108 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum is a brain structure that is highly interconnected with other brain regions. There are many contributing factors to cerebellar-related brain disease, such as altered afferent input, local connectivity, and/or cerebellar output. Purkinje cells (PC) are the principle cells of the cerebellar cortex, and fire intrinsically; that is, they fire spontaneous action potentials at high frequencies. This review paper focuses on PC intrinsic firing activity, which is altered in multiple neurological diseases, including ataxia, Huntington Disease (HD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Notably, there are several cases where interventions that restore or rescue PC intrinsic activity also improve impaired behavior in these mouse models of disease. These findings suggest that rescuing PC firing deficits themselves may be sufficient to improve impairment in cerebellar-related behavior in disease. We propose that restoring PC intrinsic firing represents a good target for drug development that might be of therapeutic use for several disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Cook
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Eviatar Fields
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alanna J Watt
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Rare CACNA1A mutations leading to congenital ataxia. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:791-809. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02396-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
43
|
Gandelman M, Dansithong W, Figueroa KP, Paul S, Scoles DR, Pulst SM. Staufen 1 amplifies proapoptotic activation of the unfolded protein response. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:2942-2951. [PMID: 32415281 PMCID: PMC7492261 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Staufen-1 (STAU1) is an RNA-binding protein that becomes highly overabundant in numerous neurodegenerative disease models, including those carrying mutations in presenilin1 (PSEN1), microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), huntingtin (HTT), TAR DNA-binding protein-43 gene (TARDBP), or C9orf72. We previously reported that elevations in STAU1 determine autophagy defects and its knockdown is protective in models of several neurodegenerative diseases. Additional functional consequences of STAU1 overabundance, however, have not been investigated. We studied the role of STAU1 in the chronic activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), a common feature among neurodegenerative diseases and often directly associated with neuronal death. Here we report that STAU1 is a novel modulator of the UPR, and is required for apoptosis induced by activation of the PERK–CHOP pathway. STAU1 levels increased in response to multiple endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stressors, and exogenous expression of STAU1 was sufficient to cause apoptosis through the PERK–CHOP pathway of the UPR. Cortical neurons and skin fibroblasts derived from Stau1−/− mice showed reduced UPR and apoptosis when challenged with thapsigargin. In fibroblasts from individuals with SCA2 or with ALS-causing TDP-43 and C9ORF72 mutations, we found highly increased STAU1 and CHOP levels in basal conditions, and STAU1 knockdown restored CHOP levels to normal. Taken together, these results show that STAU1 overabundance reduces cellular resistance to ER stress and precipitates apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandi Gandelman
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, 175 North Medical Drive East, 5th Floor, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Warunee Dansithong
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, 175 North Medical Drive East, 5th Floor, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Karla P Figueroa
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, 175 North Medical Drive East, 5th Floor, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Sharan Paul
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, 175 North Medical Drive East, 5th Floor, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Daniel R Scoles
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, 175 North Medical Drive East, 5th Floor, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Stefan M Pulst
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, 175 North Medical Drive East, 5th Floor, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Enhancement of Autophagy and Solubilization of Ataxin-2 Alleviate Apoptosis in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 Patient Cells. THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 19:165-181. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
45
|
Prestori F, Moccia F, D’Angelo E. Disrupted Calcium Signaling in Animal Models of Human Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010216. [PMID: 31892274 PMCID: PMC6981692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) constitute a heterogeneous group of more than 40 autosomal-dominant genetic and neurodegenerative diseases characterized by loss of balance and motor coordination due to dysfunction of the cerebellum and its efferent connections. Despite a well-described clinical and pathological phenotype, the molecular and cellular events that underlie neurodegeneration are still poorly undaerstood. Emerging research suggests that mutations in SCA genes cause disruptions in multiple cellular pathways but the characteristic SCA pathogenesis does not begin until calcium signaling pathways are disrupted in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Ca2+ signaling in Purkinje cells is important for normal cellular function as these neurons express a variety of Ca2+ channels, Ca2+-dependent kinases and phosphatases, and Ca2+-binding proteins to tightly maintain Ca2+ homeostasis and regulate physiological Ca2+-dependent processes. Abnormal Ca2+ levels can activate toxic cascades leading to characteristic death of Purkinje cells, cerebellar atrophy, and ataxia that occur in many SCAs. The output of the cerebellar cortex is conveyed to the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) by Purkinje cells via inhibitory signals; thus, Purkinje cell dysfunction or degeneration would partially or completely impair the cerebellar output in SCAs. In the absence of the inhibitory signal emanating from Purkinje cells, DCN will become more excitable, thereby affecting the motor areas receiving DCN input and resulting in uncoordinated movements. An outstanding advantage in studying the pathogenesis of SCAs is represented by the availability of a large number of animal models which mimic the phenotype observed in humans. By mainly focusing on mouse models displaying mutations or deletions in genes which encode for Ca2+ signaling-related proteins, in this review we will discuss the several pathogenic mechanisms related to deranged Ca2+ homeostasis that leads to significant Purkinje cell degeneration and dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Prestori
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Egidio D’Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Nicotinamide Pathway-Dependent Sirt1 Activation Restores Calcium Homeostasis to Achieve Neuroprotection in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 7. Neuron 2019; 105:630-644.e9. [PMID: 31859031 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) is a NAD+-dependent deacetylase capable of countering age-related neurodegeneration, but the basis of Sirt1 neuroprotection remains elusive. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is an inherited CAG-polyglutamine repeat disorder. Transcriptome analysis of SCA7 mice revealed downregulation of calcium flux genes accompanied by abnormal calcium-dependent cerebellar membrane excitability. Transcription-factor binding-site analysis of downregulated genes yielded Sirt1 target sites, and we observed reduced Sirt1 activity in the SCA7 mouse cerebellum with NAD+ depletion. SCA7 patients displayed increased poly(ADP-ribose) in cerebellar neurons, supporting poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 upregulation. We crossed Sirt1-overexpressing mice with SCA7 mice and noted rescue of neurodegeneration and calcium flux defects. NAD+ repletion via nicotinamide riboside ameliorated disease phenotypes in SCA7 mice and patient stem cell-derived neurons. Sirt1 thus achieves neuroprotection by promoting calcium regulation, and NAD+ dysregulation underlies Sirt1 dysfunction in SCA7, indicating that cerebellar ataxias exhibit altered calcium homeostasis because of metabolic dysregulation, suggesting shared therapy targets.
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
The arts are making their mark in science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics/medicine (STEAM). Integrating creative expression-poetry and other visual and performing arts-can help clinicians, scientists, and others use familiar social constructs to embody science and medicine, in what may be termed poetic science. Poetic science imbues bidirectional reflections of science and medicine on the clinician or scientist or other inquisitor, creatively engaging the learner's brain cells as mirrors. This ultimately leads to a subjective perspective on the understanding or the proposition of underlying principles. Such an approach is encouraged here with poignant examples that can be accessed publicly online and used widely by readers, teachers, learners, clinicians, scientists, students, and others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherry-Ann Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sleep spindles and K-complex activities are decreased in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2: relationship to memory and motor performances. Sleep Med 2019; 60:188-196. [PMID: 31186215 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep spindles and K-complexes are electroencephalographic hallmarks of non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep that provide valuable information into brain functioning, plasticity and sleep functions in normal and pathological conditions. However, they have not been systematically investigated in spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA). To close this gap, the current study was carried out to quantify sleep spindles and K-complexes in SCA2 and to assess their relationship with clinical and molecular measures, as well as with memory and attention/executive functioning. METHODS In this study, 20 SCA2 patients, 20 preclinical carriers and 20 healthy controls underwent whole-night polysomnographic (PSG) recordings as well as sleep interviews, ataxia scoring and neuropsychological assessments. Sleep spindles and K-complexes were automatically detected during non-REM sleep stage 2 (N2). Their densities were evaluated as events/minute. RESULTS Compared to controls, sleep spindle density was significantly reduced in SCA2 patients and preclinical subjects. By contrast, K-complex density was specifically and significantly decreased only in SCA2 patients. Reduced spindle activity correlated with measures of verbal memory, whereas reduced K-complex activity correlated with age, ataxia severity and N3 sleep percentage in SCA2 patients. CONCLUSIONS Findings document an impairment of N2 sleep microstructure in SCA2 already in prodromal stages, suggesting an early involvement of thalamo-cortical and/or cortical circuits underlying the generation of sleep spindles and K-complexes. Thus, sleep spindle density may serve as useful biomarker for deficits of neural plasticity mechanisms underlying verbal memory alterations in patients. It may also serve as promising outcome measure in further therapeutical trials targeting memory decline in SCA2. With regard to K-complexes, they have potential usefulness as marker of sleep protection.
Collapse
|
49
|
Murru S, Hess S, Barth E, Almajan ER, Schatton D, Hermans S, Brodesser S, Langer T, Kloppenburg P, Rugarli EI. Astrocyte-specific deletion of the mitochondrial m-AAA protease reveals glial contribution to neurodegeneration. Glia 2019; 67:1526-1541. [PMID: 30989755 PMCID: PMC6618114 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction causes neurodegeneration but whether impairment of mitochondrial homeostasis in astrocytes contributes to this pathological process remains largely unknown. The m‐AAA protease exerts quality control and regulatory functions crucial for mitochondrial homeostasis. AFG3L2, which encodes one of the subunits of the m‐AAA protease, is mutated in spinocerebellar ataxia SCA28 and in infantile syndromes characterized by spastic‐ataxia, epilepsy and premature death. Here, we investigate the role of Afg3l2 and its redundant homologue Afg3l1 in the Bergmann glia (BG), radial astrocytes of the cerebellum that have functional connections with Purkinje cells (PC) and regulate glutamate homeostasis. We show that astrocyte‐specific deletion of Afg3l2 in the mouse leads to late‐onset motor impairment and to degeneration of BG, which display aberrant morphology, altered expression of the glutamate transporter EAAT2, and a reactive inflammatory signature. The neurological and glial phenotypes are drastically exacerbated when astrocytes lack both Afg31l and Afg3l2, and therefore, are totally depleted of the m‐AAA protease. Moreover, mitochondrial stress responses and necroptotic markers are induced in the cerebellum. In both mouse models, targeted BG show a fragmented mitochondrial network and loss of mitochondrial cristae, but no signs of respiratory dysfunction. Importantly, astrocyte‐specific deficiency of Afg3l1 and Afg3l2 triggers secondary morphological degeneration and electrophysiological changes in PCs, thus demonstrating a non‐cell‐autonomous role of glia in neurodegeneration. We propose that astrocyte dysfunction amplifies both neuroinflammation and glutamate excitotoxicity in patients carrying mutations in AFG3L2, leading to a vicious circle that contributes to neuronal death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Murru
- Department of Biology, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Simon Hess
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Biology, Institute for Zoology, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Esther Barth
- Department of Biology, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva R Almajan
- Department of Biology, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Désirée Schatton
- Department of Biology, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Steffen Hermans
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Brodesser
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Langer
- Department of Mitochondrial Proteostasis, Max-Planck-Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Kloppenburg
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Biology, Institute for Zoology, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elena I Rugarli
- Department of Biology, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Jepson JEC, Praschberger R, Krishnakumar SS. Mechanisms of Neurological Dysfunction in GOSR2 Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy, a Golgi SNAREopathy. Neuroscience 2019; 420:41-49. [PMID: 30954670 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Successive fusion events between transport vesicles and their target membranes mediate trafficking of secreted, membrane- and organelle-localised proteins. During the initial steps of this process, termed the secretory pathway, COPII vesicles bud from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and fuse with the cis-Golgi membrane, thus depositing their cargo. This fusion step is driven by a quartet of SNARE proteins that includes the cis-Golgi t-SNARE Membrin, encoded by the GOSR2 gene. Mis-sense mutations in GOSR2 result in Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy (PME), a severe neurological disorder characterised by ataxia, myoclonus and seizures in the absence of significant cognitive impairment. However, given the ubiquitous and essential function of ER-to-Golgi transport, why GOSR2 mutations cause neurological dysfunction and not lethality or a broader range of developmental defects has remained an enigma. Here we highlight new work that has shed light on this issue and incorporate insights into canonical and non-canonical secretory trafficking pathways in neurons to speculate as to the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying GOSR2 PME. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: SNARE proteins: a long journey of science in brain physiology and pathology: from molecular.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James E C Jepson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Roman Praschberger
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Shyam S Krishnakumar
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|