1
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Yanagawa K, Kuma A, Hamasaki M, Kita S, Yamamuro T, Nishino K, Nakamura S, Omori H, Kaminishi T, Oikawa S, Kato Y, Edahiro R, Kawagoe R, Taniguchi T, Tanaka Y, Shima T, Tabata K, Iwatani M, Bekku N, Hanayama R, Okada Y, Akimoto T, Kosako H, Takahashi A, Shimomura I, Sakata Y, Yoshimori T. The Rubicon-WIPI axis regulates exosome biogenesis during ageing. Nat Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41556-024-01481-0. [PMID: 39174742 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01481-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Cells release intraluminal vesicles in multivesicular bodies as exosomes to communicate with other cells. Although recent studies suggest an intimate link between exosome biogenesis and autophagy, the detailed mechanism is not fully understood. Here we employed comprehensive RNA interference screening for autophagy-related factors and discovered that Rubicon, a negative regulator of autophagy, is essential for exosome release. Rubicon recruits WIPI2d to endosomes to promote exosome biogenesis. Interactome analysis of WIPI2d identified the ESCRT components that are required for intraluminal vesicle formation. Notably, we found that Rubicon is required for an age-dependent increase of exosome release in mice. In addition, small RNA sequencing of serum exosomes revealed that Rubicon determines the fate of exosomal microRNAs associated with cellular senescence and longevity pathways. Taken together, our current results suggest that the Rubicon-WIPI axis functions as a key regulator of exosome biogenesis and is responsible for age-dependent changes in exosome quantity and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Yanagawa
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Akiko Kuma
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Health Promotion System Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Maho Hamasaki
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shunbun Kita
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Business Unit, Kowa Company, Higashimurayama, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamuro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kohei Nishino
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shuhei Nakamura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Hiroko Omori
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kaminishi
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Satoshi Oikawa
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kato
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ryuya Edahiro
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kawagoe
- i2i-Labo, Yokohama Research Center, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takako Taniguchi
- i2i-Labo, Yokohama Research Center, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoko Tanaka
- Division of Cellular Senescence, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shima
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tabata
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Miki Iwatani
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Nao Bekku
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Rikinari Hanayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- WPI Premium Research Institute for Human Metaverse Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takayuki Akimoto
- Laboratory of Muscle Biology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kosako
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akiko Takahashi
- Division of Cellular Senescence, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Iichiro Shimomura
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sakata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
- Health Promotion System Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
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2
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Kamble N, Holla VV, Katragadda PK, Muthusamy B, Pal PK. Dystonia in a Patient with Genetically Proven Salih Ataxia Due to a Novel Truncating Variant: Expanding the Genotypic and Phenotypic Spectrum. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2024. [PMID: 38934208 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.14152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Kamble
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Vikram V Holla
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Pavan Kumar Katragadda
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
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3
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Tsai CY, Sakakibara S, Kuan YD, Omori H, El Hussien MA, Okuzaki D, Lu SL, Noda T, Tabata K, Nakamura S, Yoshimori T, Kikutani H. Opposing roles of RUBCN isoforms in autophagy and memory B cell generation. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eade3599. [PMID: 37725663 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.ade3599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
RUBCN (also known as Rubicon) was originally identified as a negative regulator of autophagy, a process by which cells degrade and recycle damaged components or organelles and that requires the activity of the class III PI3K VPS34 and the mTORC1 protein complex. Here, we characterized the role of a shorter isoform, RUBCN100, as an autophagy-promoting factor in B cells. RUBCN100 was translated from alternative translation initiation sites and lacked the RUN domain of the longer, previously characterized RUBCN130 isoform. Specific deficiency of RUBCN130 in B cells enhanced autophagy, which promoted memory B cell generation. In contrast to RUBCN130, which is localized in late endosomes and lysosomes and suppresses the enzymatic activity of VPS34, an effect thought to mediated by its RUN domain, RUBCN100 was preferentially located in early endosomes and enhanced VPS34 activity, presumably because of the absence of the RUN domain. Furthermore, RUBCN100, but not RUBCN130, enhanced autophagy and suppressed mTORC1 activation. Our findings reveal that the opposing roles of two RUBCN isoforms are critical for autophagy regulation and memory B cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yuan Tsai
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shuhei Sakakibara
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yu-Diao Kuan
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroko Omori
- Core Instrumentation Facility, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Maruwa Ali El Hussien
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Single Cell Genomics, Human Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shiou-Ling Lu
- Center for Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Noda
- Center for Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tabata
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shuhei Nakamura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kikutani
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Younger DS. Neurogenetic motor disorders. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 195:183-250. [PMID: 37562870 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98818-6.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the field of neurogenetics have practical applications in rapid diagnosis on blood and body fluids to extract DNA, obviating the need for invasive investigations. The ability to obtain a presymptomatic diagnosis through genetic screening and biomarkers can be a guide to life-saving disease-modifying therapy or enzyme replacement therapy to compensate for the deficient disease-causing enzyme. The benefits of a comprehensive neurogenetic evaluation extend to family members in whom identification of the causal gene defect ensures carrier detection and at-risk counseling for future generations. This chapter explores the many facets of the neurogenetic evaluation in adult and pediatric motor disorders as a primer for later chapters in this volume and a roadmap for the future applications of genetics in neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Younger
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Neuroscience, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine and Neurology, White Plains Hospital, White Plains, NY, United States.
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5
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Neuronal Rubicon Represses Extracellular APP/Amyloid β Deposition in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121860. [PMID: 35740989 PMCID: PMC9221152 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent age-associated neurodegenerative disease. A decrease in autophagy during aging contributes to brain disorders by accumulating potentially toxic substrates in neurons. Rubicon is a well-established inhibitor of autophagy in all cells. However, Rubicon participates in different pathways depending on cell type, and little information is currently available on neuronal Rubicon’s role in the AD context. Here, we investigated the cell-specific expression of Rubicon in postmortem brain samples from AD patients and 5xFAD mice and its impact on amyloid β burden in vivo and neuroblastoma cells. Further, we assessed Rubicon levels in human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), derived from early-to-moderate AD and in postmortem samples from severe AD patients. We found increased Rubicon levels in AD-hiPSCs and postmortem samples and a notable Rubicon localization in neurons. In AD transgenic mice lacking Rubicon, we observed intensified amyloid β burden in the hippocampus and decreased Pacer and p62 levels. In APP-expressing neuroblastoma cells, increased APP/amyloid β secretion in the medium was found when Rubicon was absent, which was not observed in cells depleted of Atg5, essential for autophagy, or Rab27a, required for exosome secretion. Our results propose an uncharacterized role of Rubicon on APP/amyloid β homeostasis, in which neuronal Rubicon is a repressor of APP/amyloid β secretion, defining a new way to target AD and other similar diseases therapeutically.
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6
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Zhao J, Zhang H, Fan X, Yu X, Huai J. Lipid Dyshomeostasis and Inherited Cerebellar Ataxia. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3800-3828. [PMID: 35420383 PMCID: PMC9148275 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02826-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia is a form of ataxia that originates from dysfunction of the cerebellum, but may involve additional neurological tissues. Its clinical symptoms are mainly characterized by the absence of voluntary muscle coordination and loss of control of movement with varying manifestations due to differences in severity, in the site of cerebellar damage and in the involvement of extracerebellar tissues. Cerebellar ataxia may be sporadic, acquired, and hereditary. Hereditary ataxia accounts for the majority of cases. Hereditary ataxia has been tentatively divided into several subtypes by scientists in the field, and nearly all of them remain incurable. This is mainly because the detailed mechanisms of these cerebellar disorders are incompletely understood. To precisely diagnose and treat these diseases, studies on their molecular mechanisms have been conducted extensively in the past. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that some common pathogenic mechanisms exist within each subtype of inherited ataxia. However, no reports have indicated whether there is a common mechanism among the different subtypes of inherited cerebellar ataxia. In this review, we summarize the available references and databases on neurological disorders characterized by cerebellar ataxia and show that a subset of genes involved in lipid homeostasis form a new group that may cause ataxic disorders through a common mechanism. This common signaling pathway can provide a valuable reference for future diagnosis and treatment of ataxic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Xinxiang, 453000, China
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Xinxiang, 453000, China
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xueyu Fan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Xinxiang, 453000, China
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xue Yu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Xinxiang, 453000, China
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jisen Huai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Xinxiang, 453000, China.
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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7
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Leyton E, Matus D, Espinoza S, Benitez JM, Cortés BI, Gomez W, Arévalo NB, Murgas P, Manque P, Woehlbier U, Duran-Aniotz C, Hetz C, Behrens MI, SanMartín CD, Nassif M. DEF8 and Autophagy-Associated Genes Are Altered in Mild Cognitive Impairment, Probable Alzheimer’s Disease Patients, and a Transgenic Model of the Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:S163-S178. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-201264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: Disturbances in the autophagy/endolysosomal systems are proposed as early signatures of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, few studies are available concerning autophagy gene expression in AD patients. Objective: To explore the differential expression of classical genes involved in the autophagy pathway, among them a less characterized one, DEF8 (Differentially expressed in FDCP 8), initially considered a Rubicon family member, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and probable AD (pAD) and correlate the results with the expression of DEF8 in the brain of 5xFAD mice. Method: By real-time PCR and flow cytometry, we evaluated autophagy genes levels in PBMCs from MCI and pAD patients. We evaluated DEF8 levels and its localization in brain samples of the 5xFAD mice by real-time PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence. Results: Transcriptional levels of DEF8 were significantly reduced in PBMCs of MCI and pAD patients compared with healthy donors, correlating with the MoCA and MoCA-MIS cognitive tests scores. DEF8 protein levels were increased in lymphocytes from MCI but not pAD, compared to controls. In the case of brain samples from 5xFAD mice, we observed a reduced mRNA expression and augmented protein levels in 5xFAD compared to age-matched wild-type mice. DEF8 presented a neuronal localization. Conclusion: DEF8, a protein proposed to act at the final step of the autophagy/endolysosomal pathway, is differentially expressed in PBMCs of MCI and pAD and neurons of 5xFAD mice. These results suggest a potential role for DEF8 in the pathophysiology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Leyton
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Autophagy, Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Matus
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Autophagy, Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandra Espinoza
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Autophagy, Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Matías Benitez
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Autophagy, Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bastián I. Cortés
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Autophagy, Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Wileidy Gomez
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Autophagy, Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nohela B. Arévalo
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Murgas
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Immunology Laboratory, Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Manque
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Science, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ute Woehlbier
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Duran-Aniotz
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health, and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - María Isabel Behrens
- Departamento de Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Clínica Avanzada (CICA), Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Neurología y Psiquiatría, Clínica Alemana de Santiago
| | - Carol D. SanMartín
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Melissa Nassif
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Autophagy, Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
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8
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Berglund R, Guerreiro-Cacais AO, Adzemovic MZ, Zeitelhofer M, Lund H, Ewing E, Ruhrmann S, Nutma E, Parsa R, Thessen-Hedreul M, Amor S, Harris RA, Olsson T, Jagodic M. Microglial autophagy-associated phagocytosis is essential for recovery from neuroinflammation. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/52/eabb5077. [PMID: 33067381 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abb5077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a leading cause of incurable progressive disability in young adults caused by inflammation and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). The capacity of microglia to clear tissue debris is essential for maintaining and restoring CNS homeostasis. This capacity diminishes with age, and age strongly associates with MS disease progression, although the underlying mechanisms are still largely elusive. Here, we demonstrate that the recovery from CNS inflammation in a murine model of MS is dependent on the ability of microglia to clear tissue debris. Microglia-specific deletion of the autophagy regulator Atg7, but not the canonical macroautophagy protein Ulk1, led to increased intracellular accumulation of phagocytosed myelin and progressive MS-like disease. This impairment correlated with a microglial phenotype previously associated with neurodegenerative pathologies. Moreover, Atg7-deficient microglia showed notable transcriptional and functional similarities to microglia from aged wild-type mice that were also unable to clear myelin and recover from disease. In contrast, induction of autophagy in aged mice using the disaccharide trehalose found in plants and fungi led to functional myelin clearance and disease remission. Our results demonstrate that a noncanonical form of autophagy in microglia is responsible for myelin degradation and clearance leading to recovery from MS-like disease and that boosting this process has a therapeutic potential for age-related neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Berglund
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andre Ortlieb Guerreiro-Cacais
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Milena Z Adzemovic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel Zeitelhofer
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Harald Lund
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewoud Ewing
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabrina Ruhrmann
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Nutma
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Roham Parsa
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melanie Thessen-Hedreul
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Robert A Harris
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Jagodic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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9
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Seidahmed MZ, Hamad MH, AlBakheet A, Elmalik SA, AlDrees A, Al-Sufayan J, Alorainy I, Ghozzi IM, Colak D, Salih MA, Kaya N. Ancient founder mutation in RUBCN: a second unrelated family confirms Salih ataxia (SCAR15). BMC Neurol 2020; 20:207. [PMID: 32450808 PMCID: PMC7249383 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-020-01761-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Homozygous frameshift mutation in RUBCN (KIAA0226), known to result in endolysosomal machinery defects, has previously been reported in a single Saudi family with autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia (Salih ataxia, SCAR15, OMIM # 615705). The present report describes the clinical, neurophysiologic, neuroimaging, and genetic findings in a second unrelated Saudi family with two affected children harboring identical homozygous frameshift mutation in the gene. It also explores and documents an ancient founder cerebellar ataxia mutation in the Arabian Peninsula. Case presentation The present family has two affected males (aged 6.5 and 17 years) with unsteady gait apparent since learning to walk at 2.5 and 3 years, respectively. The younger patient showed gait ataxia and normal reflexes. The older patient had saccadic eye movement, dysarthria, mild upper and lower limb and gait ataxia (on tandem walking), and enhanced reflexes in the lower limbs. Cognitive abilities were mildly impaired in the younger sibling (IQ 67) and borderline in the older patient (IQ 72). Nerve conduction studies were normal in both patients. MRI was normal at 2.5 years in the younger sibling. Brain MRI showed normal cerebellar volume and folia in the older sibling at the age of 6 years, and revealed minimal superior vermian atrophy at the age of 16 years. Autozygome and exome analysis showed both affected have previously reported homoallelic mutation in RUBCN (NM_014687:exon18:c.2624delC:p.A875fs), whereas the parents are carriers. Autozygosity mapping focused on smallest haplotype on chromosome 3 and mutation age analysis revealed the mutation occurred approximately 1550 years ago spanning about 62 generations. Conclusions Our findings validate the slowly progressive phenotype of Salih ataxia (SCAR15, OMIM # 615705) by an additional family. Haplotype sharing attests to a common founder, an ancient RUBCN mutation in the Arab population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Z Seidahmed
- Neonatology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, 11481, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muddathir H Hamad
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Albandary AlBakheet
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, MBC: 03, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah A Elmalik
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed AlDrees
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jumanah Al-Sufayan
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, MBC: 03, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Alorainy
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M Ghozzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Neurology, Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dilek Colak
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa A Salih
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Namik Kaya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, MBC: 03, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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10
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Sil P, Suwanpradid J, Muse G, Gruzdev A, Liu L, Corcoran DL, Willson CJ, Janardhan K, Grimm S, Myers P, Degraff LM, MacLeod AS, Martinez J. Noncanonical autophagy in dermal dendritic cells mediates immunosuppressive effects of UV exposure. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 145:1389-1405. [PMID: 31837371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Control of the inflammatory response is critical to maintaining homeostasis, and failure to do so contributes to the burden of chronic inflammation associated with several disease states. The mechanisms that underlie immunosuppression, however, remain largely unknown. Although defects in autophagy machinery have been associated with inflammatory pathologic conditions, we now appreciate that autophagic components participate in noncanonical pathways distinct from classical autophagy. We have previously demonstrated that LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), a noncanonical autophagic process dependent on Rubicon (rubicon autophagy regulator [RUBCN]), contributes to immunosuppression. OBJECTIVE We used Rubcn-/- mice to examine the role of the LAP pathway in mediating the UV-induced immunotolerant program in a model of contact hypersensitivity (CHS). METHODS Flow cytometry and transcriptional analysis were used to measure immune cell infiltration and activation in the skin of Rubcn+/+ and Rubcn-/- mice during the CHS response. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that LAP is required for UV-induced immunosuppression and that UV exposure induces a broadly anti-inflammatory transcriptional program dependent on Rubicon. Rubcn-/- mice are resistant to UV-induced immunosuppression and instead display exaggerated inflammation in a model of CHS. Specifically, RUBCN deficiency in CD301b+ dermal dendritic cells results in their increased antigen presentation capacity and subsequent hyperactivation of the CD8+ T-cell response. CONCLUSIONS LAP functions to limit the immune response and is critical in maintaining the balance between homeostasis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Sil
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | | | - Ginger Muse
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Artiom Gruzdev
- Knockout Mouse Core Laboratory, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Liwen Liu
- Molecular Genomics Core Laboratory, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - David L Corcoran
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | | | - Sara Grimm
- Division of Intramural Research, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Page Myers
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Laura Miller Degraff
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Amanda S MacLeod
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC.
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11
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Abstract
The autosomal-recessive cerebellar ataxias comprise more than half of the known genetic forms of ataxia and represent an extensive group of clinically heterogeneous disorders that can occur at any age but whose onset is typically prior to adulthood. In addition to ataxia, patients often present with polyneuropathy and clinical symptoms outside the nervous system. The most common of these diseases is Friedreich ataxia, caused by mutation of the frataxin gene, but recent advances in genetic analysis have greatly broadened the ever-expanding number of causative genes to over 50. In this review, the clinical neurogenetics of the recessive cerebellar ataxias will be discussed, including updates on recently identified novel ataxia genes, advancements in unraveling disease-specific molecular pathogenesis leading to ataxia, potential treatments under development, technologic improvements in diagnostic testing such as clinical exome sequencing, and what the future holds for clinicians and geneticists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent L Fogel
- Program in Neurogenetics, Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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12
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Bertini E, Zanni G, Boltshauser E. Nonprogressive congenital ataxias. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 155:91-103. [PMID: 29891079 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64189-2.00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The terminology of nonprogressive congenital ataxia (NPCA) refers to a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by congenital or early-onset ataxia, but no progression or even improvement on follow-up. Ataxia is preceded by muscular hypotonia and delayed motor (and usually language) milestones. We exclude children with prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal acquired diseases, malformations other than cerebellar hypoplasia, and defined syndromic disorders. Patients with NPCA have a high prevalence of cognitive and language impairments, in addition to increased occurrence of seizures, ocular signs (nystagmus, strabismus), behavior changes, and microcephaly. Neuroimaging is variable, ranging from normal cerebellar anatomy to reduced cerebellar volume (hypoplasia in the proper sense), and enlarged interfolial spaces, potentially mimicking atrophy. The latter appearance is often called "hypoplasia" as well, in view of the static clinical course. Some patients had progressive enlargement of cerebellar fissures, but a nonprogressive course. There is no imaging-clinical-genetic correlation. Dominant, recessive, and X-linked inheritance is documented for NPCA. Here, we focus on the still rather short list of dominant and recessive genes associated with NPCA, identified in the last few years. With future advances in genetics, we expect a rapid expansion of knowledge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ginevra Zanni
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugen Boltshauser
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Wong SW, Sil P, Martinez J. Rubicon: LC3-associated phagocytosis and beyond. FEBS J 2017; 285:1379-1388. [PMID: 29215797 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rubicon (Rubcn) was initially identified as a component of the Class III PI3K complex and a negative regulator of canonical autophagy and endosomal trafficking. However, Rubicon has attracted the most notoriety because of its critical role in LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), a form of noncanonical autophagy that utilizes some components of the autophagy machinery to process extracellular cargo. Additionally, Rubicon has been identified as a key modulator of the inflammatory response and viral replication. In this review, we discuss the known functions of Rubicon in LAP and other signaling pathways and examine the disease pathologies associated with Rubicon dysfunction in animal models and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing-Wai Wong
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Curriculum, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Payel Sil
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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14
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An J, Zhou Q, Qian G, Wang T, Wu M, Zhu T, Qiu X, Shang Y, Shang J. Comparison of gene expression profiles induced by fresh or ozone-oxidized black carbon particles in A549 cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 180:212-220. [PMID: 28410501 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have showed an association between black carbon (BC) exposure and adverse health effects. This study intends to investigate the influence of oxidation processes in atmosphere on the initial cellular responses of BC. The changes of gene expressions induced by fresh BC (FBC) and ozone-oxidized BC (OBC) in human lung epithelial A549 cells were analyzed. And their toxic effects presented by viability, LDH release and DNA damage were compared. Totally 47, 000 genes in A549 cells were examined using Affymetrix Human U133 plus 2.0 chips. Some of the differentially expressed genes were verified by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The results showed that 1446 genes (including 756 up-regulated and 690 down-regulated) and 1594 genes (including 788 up-regulated and 806 down-regulated genes) were significantly changed by FBC and OBC respectively. Only 4 of 14 (FBC)/15 (OBC) oxidative stress related genes, up- or down-regulated by FBC and OBC, were identical; 13 of 29 (FBC)/31 (OBC) inflammation related genes, and 6 of 20 (FBC)/18 (OBC) autophagy related genes were identical. No obvious differences were observed between the toxic effects of FBC and OBC. The cytotoxicity of OBC and FBC in A549 cells is at least partially induced by oxidative stress and consequent inflammation or autophagy process. Previous studies indicated that OBC may be more toxic than FBC. However, our results suggested that FBC and OBC might lead to diverse toxic endpoints through activating different molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing An
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Guangren Qian
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Meiying Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Shang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Jing Shang
- State Key Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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15
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Beaudin M, Klein CJ, Rouleau GA, Dupré N. Systematic review of autosomal recessive ataxias and proposal for a classification. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2017; 4:3. [PMID: 28250961 PMCID: PMC5324265 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-017-0061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background The classification of autosomal recessive ataxias represents a significant challenge because of high genetic heterogeneity and complex phenotypes. We conducted a comprehensive systematic review of the literature to examine all recessive ataxias in order to propose a new classification and properly circumscribe this field as new technologies are emerging for comprehensive targeted gene testing. Methods We searched Pubmed and Embase to identify original articles on recessive forms of ataxia in humans for which a causative gene had been identified. Reference lists and public databases, including OMIM and GeneReviews, were also reviewed. We evaluated the clinical descriptions to determine if ataxia was a core feature of the phenotype and assessed the available evidence on the genotype-phenotype association. Included disorders were classified as primary recessive ataxias, as other complex movement or multisystem disorders with prominent ataxia, or as disorders that may occasionally present with ataxia. Results After removal of duplicates, 2354 references were reviewed and assessed for inclusion. A total of 130 articles were completely reviewed and included in this qualitative analysis. The proposed new list of autosomal recessive ataxias includes 45 gene-defined disorders for which ataxia is a core presenting feature. We propose a clinical algorithm based on the associated symptoms. Conclusion We present a new classification for autosomal recessive ataxias that brings awareness to their complex phenotypes while providing a unified categorization of this group of disorders. This review should assist in the development of a consensus nomenclature useful in both clinical and research applications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40673-017-0061-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Beaudin
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec city, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | | | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A4 Canada
| | - Nicolas Dupré
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec city, QC G1V 0A6 Canada.,Department of Neurological Sciences, CHU de Quebec - Université Laval, 1401 18th street, Québec City, QC G1J 1Z4 Canada
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16
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The clearance of dying cells: table for two. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:915-26. [PMID: 26990661 PMCID: PMC4987729 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytic cells of the immune system must constantly survey for, recognize, and efficiently clear the billions of cellular corpses that arise as a result of development, stress, infection, or normal homeostasis. This process, termed efferocytosis, is critical for the prevention of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, and persistence of dead cells in tissue is characteristic of many human autoimmune diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus. The most notable characteristic of the efferocytosis of apoptotic cells is its ‘immunologically silent' response. Although the mechanisms by which phagocytes facilitate engulfment of dead cells has been a well-studied area, the pathways that coordinate to process the ingested corpse and direct the subsequent immune response is an area of growing interest. The recently described pathway of LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3)-associated phagocytosis (LAP) has shed some light on this issue. LAP is triggered when an extracellular particle, such as a dead cell, engages an extracellular receptor during phagocytosis, induces the translocation of autophagy machinery, and ultimately LC3 to the cargo-containing phagosome, termed the LAPosome. In this review, we will examine efferocytosis and the impact of LAP on efferocytosis, allowing us to reimagine the impact of the autophagy machinery on innate host defense mechanisms.
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17
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Salih MA, Mundwiller E, Khan AO, AlDrees A, Elmalik SA, Hassan HH, Al-Owain M, Alkhalidi HMS, Katona I, Kabiraj MM, Chrast R, Kentab AY, Alzaidan H, Rodenburg RJ, Bosley TM, Weis J, Koenig M, Stevanin G, Azzedine H. New findings in a global approach to dissect the whole phenotype of PLA2G6 gene mutations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76831. [PMID: 24130795 PMCID: PMC3792983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PLA2G6 gene have variable phenotypic outcome including infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, atypical neuroaxonal dystrophy, idiopathic neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation and Karak syndrome. The cause of this phenotypic variation is so far unknown which impairs both genetic diagnosis and appropriate family counseling. We report detailed clinical, electrophysiological, neuroimaging, histologic, biochemical and genetic characterization of 11 patients, from 6 consanguineous families, who were followed for a period of up to 17 years. Cerebellar atrophy was constant and the earliest feature of the disease preceding brain iron accumulation, leading to the provisional diagnosis of a recessive progressive ataxia in these patients. Ultrastructural characterization of patients’ muscle biopsies revealed focal accumulation of granular and membranous material possibly resulting from defective membrane homeostasis caused by disrupted PLA2G6 function. Enzyme studies in one of these muscle biopsies provided evidence for a relatively low mitochondrial content, which is compatible with the structural mitochondrial alterations seen by electron microscopy. Genetic characterization of 11 patients led to the identification of six underlying PLA2G6 gene mutations, five of which are novel. Importantly, by combining clinical and genetic data we have observed that while the phenotype of neurodegeneration associated with PLA2G6 mutations is variable in this cohort of patients belonging to the same ethnic background, it is partially influenced by the genotype, considering the age at onset and the functional disability criteria. Molecular testing for PLA2G6 mutations is, therefore, indicated in childhood-onset ataxia syndromes, if neuroimaging shows cerebellar atrophy with or without evidence of iron accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa A. Salih
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emeline Mundwiller
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Genotyping and Sequencing Facility, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière (GHPS), Paris, France
| | - Arif O. Khan
- Division of Paediatrics Ophthalmology, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed AlDrees
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah A. Elmalik
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdy H. Hassan
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Owain
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham M. S. Alkhalidi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Istvan Katona
- Institut für Neuropathologie, Universitätsklinikum der RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Roman Chrast
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amal Y. Kentab
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Alzaidan
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Richard J. Rodenburg
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, 774 Laboratory for Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic disorders (LGEM), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas M. Bosley
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Neurology Division, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institut für Neuropathologie, Universitätsklinikum der RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michel Koenig
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)/Université de Strasbourg, et Collège de France, Illkirch, France
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Genotyping and Sequencing Facility, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière (GHPS), Paris, France
- École Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), Paris, France
- INSERM-U975, Paris, France
- CNRS-UMR (Unité mixte de Recherche) 7225, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris 6, (UMR-S)_975, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (cricm), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière (GHPS), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, GHPS, Paris, France
| | - Hamid Azzedine
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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