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Ramalho A, Leblanc N, Fortin MG, Marette A, Tchernof A, Jacques H. Characterization of a Coproduct from the Sea Cucumber Cucumaria frondosa and Its Effects on Visceral Adipocyte Size in Male Wistar Rats. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E530. [PMID: 33114645 PMCID: PMC7693588 DOI: 10.3390/md18110530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers have been shown to have potential health benefits and are a rich source of several bioactive compounds, particularly triterpenoid saponins. However, most studies concentrate on the body wall, and little is known about the health effects of the coproducts. The objectives of this study were to determine the nutritional composition of a coproduct from the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa and the effects of the dietary consumption of this coproduct on cardiometabolic health in rats. Chemical, biochemical, and nutritional analyses were performed to characterize this coproduct. Forty (40) male Wistar rats were then equally divided into four groups and fed a purified control diet or a diet enriched with 0.5%, 1.5%, or 2.5% (by protein) of coproduct. After 28 days of feeding, the rats were sacrificed. Body and tissue weight, body composition, epididymal adipocyte diameter, plasma and hepatic lipids, glycemia, and insulinemia were measured at the end of the 28-day experiment. Analysis of the coproduct revealed high levels of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, minerals, and saponins. The 1.5% group had significantly smaller epididymal adipocytes vs. the control. We conclude that dietary administration of this sea cucumber coproduct at 1.5% doses decreases visceral adiposity, potentially decreasing the risk of cardiometabolic dysfunction. The coproduct's saponin content may contribute to the observed effects, but the impact of other components cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Ramalho
- School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.R.); (A.T.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (N.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Nadine Leblanc
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (N.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Marie-Gil Fortin
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Innovation Centre, Merinov, Gaspé, QC G4X 2V6, Canada;
| | - André Marette
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (N.L.); (A.M.)
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.R.); (A.T.)
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Hélène Jacques
- School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.R.); (A.T.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (N.L.); (A.M.)
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Bjune K, Wierød L, Naderi S. Inhibitors of AKT kinase increase LDL receptor mRNA expression by two different mechanisms. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218537. [PMID: 31216345 PMCID: PMC6583949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase B (AKT) is a serine/threonine kinase that functions as an important downstream effector of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. We have recently shown that MK-2206 and triciribine, two highly selective AKT inhibitors increase the level of low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mRNA which leads to increased amount of cell-surface LDLRs. However, whereas MK-2206 induces transcription of the LDLR gene, triciribine stabilizes LDLR mRNA, raising the possibility that the two inhibitors may actually affect other kinases than AKT. In this study, we aimed to ascertain the role of AKT in regulation of LDLR mRNA expression by examining the effect of five additional AKT inhibitors on LDLR mRNA levels. Here we show that in cultured HepG2 cells, AKT inhibitors ARQ-092, AKT inhibitor VIII, perifosine, AT7867 and CCT128930 increase LDLR mRNA levels by inducing the activity of LDLR promoter. CCT128930 also increased the stability of LDLR mRNA. To study the role of AKT isoforms on LDLR mRNA levels, we examined the effect of siRNA-mediated knockdown of AKT1 or AKT2 on LDLR promoter activity and LDLR mRNA stability. Whereas knockdown of either AKT1 or AKT2 led to upregulation of LDLR promoter activity, only knockdown of AKT2 had a stabilizing effect on LDLR mRNA. Taken together, these results provide strong evidence for involvement of AKT in regulation of LDLR mRNA expression, and point towards the AKT isoform specificity for upregulation of LDLR mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Bjune
- Unit for Cardiac and Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Lene Wierød
- Unit for Cardiac and Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Soheil Naderi
- Unit for Cardiac and Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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In Vitro Anti-Inflammation and Chondrogenic Differentiation Effects of Inclusion Nanocomplexes of Hyaluronic Acid-Beta Cyclodextrin and Simvastatin. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 15:263-274. [PMID: 30603552 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-018-0119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to prepare inclusion nanocomplexes of hyaluronic acid-β-cyclodextrin and simvastatin (HA-β-CD/SIM) and evaluate in vitro anti-inflammation effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated synoviocytes and chondrogenic differentiation effects on rat adipose-derived stem cells (rADSCs). The β-CD moieties in HA-β-CD could incorporate SIM to form HA-β-CD/SIM nanocomplexes with diameters of 297-350 nm. HA-β-CD/SIM resulted in long-term release of SIM from the nanocomplexes for up to 63 days in a sustained manner. In vitro studies revealed that HA-β-CD/SIM nanocomplexes were able to effectively and dose-dependently suppress the mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory markers such as matrix metallopeptidase-3 (MMP-3), MMP-13, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs-5 (ADAMTS-5), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in LPS-stimulated synoviocytes. HA-β-CD/SIM-treated rADSCs significantly and dose-dependently enhanced mRNA expressions of aggrecan, collagen type II (COL2A1), and collagen type X (COL10A1), implying that HA-β-CD/SIM greatly induced the chondrogenic differentiation of rADSCs. Conclusively, HA-β-CD/SIM nanocomplexes will be a promising therapeutic material to alleviate inflammation as well as promote chondrogenesis.
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Cortes JE, Khoury HJ, Kantarjian H, Brümmendorf TH, Mauro MJ, Matczak E, Pavlov D, Aguiar JM, Fly KD, Dimitrov S, Leip E, Shapiro M, Lipton JH, Durand JB, Gambacorti-Passerini C. Long-term evaluation of cardiac and vascular toxicity in patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias treated with bosutinib. Am J Hematol 2016; 91:606-16. [PMID: 26971533 PMCID: PMC5548463 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular and cardiac safety during tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy is an emerging issue. We evaluated vascular/cardiac toxicities associated with long-term bosutinib treatment for Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) leukemia based on treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and changes in QTc intervals and ejection fraction in two studies: a phase 1/2 study of second-/third-/fourth-line bosutinib for Ph+ leukemia resistant/intolerant to prior TKIs (N = 570) and a phase 3 study of first-line bosutinib (n = 248) versus imatinib (n = 251) in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Follow-up time was ≥48 months (both studies). Incidences of vascular/cardiac TEAEs in bosutinib-treated patients were 7%/10% overall with similar incidences observed with first-line bosutinib (5%/8%) and imatinib (4%/6%). Few patients had grade ≥3 vascular/cardiac events (4%/4%) and no individual TEAE occurred in >2% of bosutinib patients. Exposure-adjusted vascular/cardiac TEAE rates (patients with events/patient-year) were low for second-line or later bosutinib (0.037/0.050) and not significantly different between first-line bosutinib (0.015/0.024) and imatinib (0.011/0.017; P ≥ 0.267). Vascular/cardiac events were managed mainly with concomitant medications (39%/44%), bosutinib treatment interruptions (18%/21%), or dose reductions (4%/8%); discontinuations due to these events were rare (0.7%/1.0%). Based on logistic regression modelling, performance status >0 and history of vascular or cardiac disorders were prognostic of vascular/cardiac events in relapsed/refractory patients; hyperlipidemia/hypercholesterolemia and older age were prognostic of cardiac events. In newly diagnosed patients, older age was prognostic of vascular/cardiac events; history of diabetes was prognostic of vascular events. Incidences of vascular and cardiac events were low with bosutinib in the first-line and relapsed/refractory settings following long-term treatment in patients with Ph+ leukemia. Am. J. Hematol. 91:606-616, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E. Cortes
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - H. Jean Khoury
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Tim H. Brümmendorf
- Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric Leip
- Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jeff H. Lipton
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Efecto de las resinas secuestradoras de ácidos biliares en los desenlaces cardiovasculares y en los niveles séricos de lípidos. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE CARDIOLOGÍA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rccar.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Sando KR, Knight M. Nonstatin therapies for management of dyslipidemia: a review. Clin Ther 2015; 37:2153-79. [PMID: 26412799 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Recently published cholesterol treatment guidelines emphasize the use of statins as the preferred treatment strategy for both primary and secondary prevention of CVD. However, the optimal treatment strategy for patients who cannot tolerate statin therapy or those who need additional lipid-lowering therapy is unclear in light of recent evidence that demonstrates a lack of improved cardiovascular outcomes with combination therapy. The purpose of this review is to summarize and interpret evidence that evaluates nonstatin drug classes in reducing cardiovascular outcomes, to provide recommendations for use of nonstatin therapies in clinical practice, and to review emerging nonstatin therapies for management of dyslipidemia. METHODS Relevant articles were identified through searches of PubMed, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews by using the terms niacin, omega-3 fatty acids (FAs), clofibrate, fibrate, fenofibrate, fenofibric acid, gemfibrozil, cholestyramine, colestipol, colesevelam, ezetimibe, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), and cardiovascular outcomes. Only English language, human clinical trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews were included. Additional references were identified from citations of published articles. FINDINGS Niacin may reduce cardiovascular events as monotherapy; however, recent trials in combination with statins have failed to show a benefit. Trials with omega-3 FAs have failed to demonstrate significant reductions in cardiovascular outcomes. Fibrates may improve cardiovascular outcomes as monotherapy; however, trials in combination with statins have failed to show a benefit, except in those with elevated triglycerides (>200 mg/dL) or low HDL-C (<40 mg/dL). There is a lack of data that evaluates bile acid sequestrant in combination with statin therapy on reducing cardiovascular events. Ezetimibe-statin combination therapy can reduce cardiovascular outcomes in those with chronic kidney disease and following vascular surgery or acute coronary syndrome. Long-term effects of emerging nonstatin therapies (CETP and PCSK9 inhibitors) are currently being evaluated in ongoing Phase III trials. IMPLICATIONS Nonstatin therapies have a limited role in reducing cardiovascular events in those maintained on guideline-directed statin therapy. In certain clinical situations, such as patients who are unable to tolerate statin therapy or recommended intensities of statin therapy, those with persistent severe elevations in triglycerides, or patients with high cardiovascular risk, some nonstatin therapies may be useful in reducing cardiovascular events. Future research is needed to evaluate the role of nonstatin therapies in those who are unable to tolerate guideline-directed statin doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R Sando
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacotherapy & Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
| | - Michelle Knight
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacotherapy & Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Hu Z, Zaman MJ, Wang J, Peacock JL, Chen R. Correlates of Untreated Hypercholesterolemia in Older Adults: A Community-Based Household Survey in China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131318. [PMID: 26161751 PMCID: PMC4498884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is common in older adults and less treated, but little is known about correlates of untreated hypercholesterolemia. Using a standard interview method we examined a random sample of 7,572 participants aged ≥60 years in a community-based household survey across 7 provinces of China during 2007–2012, and documented 328 cases of hypercholesterolemia from self-reported doctor diagnosis. Compared to participants with normal cholesterol, older adults with hypercholesterolemia had higher socioeconomic position and larger body mass index. In patients with hypercholesterolemia, 209 were not treated using lipid-lowering medications (63.7%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 58.5%–68.9%). Untreated hypercholesterolemia was significantly associated with female sex (adjusted odds ratio 2.13, 95%CI 1.17–3.89), current smoking (3.48, 1.44–8.44), heavy alcohol drinking (3.13,1.11–8.84), chronic bronchitis (2.37,1.14–4.90) and high level of meat consumptions (2.85,1.22–6.65). Although having coronary heart disease exposed participants for treatment, half of participants with coronary heart disease did not receive lipid-lowering medications. Among hypercholesterolemia participants with stroke, hypertension or diabetes, more than half of them did not receive lipid-lowering medications. The high proportion of untreated hypercholesterolemia in older, high-risk Chinese adults needs to be mitigated through multi-faceted primary and secondary prevention strategies to increase population opportunities of treating hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Hu
- School of Health Administrations, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - M. Justin Zaman
- James Paget University Hospital, Gorleston-on-Sea, Norfolk, United Kingdom
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Jingjing Wang
- School of Health Administrations, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Janet L. Peacock
- Division of Health and Social Care Research, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Resaerch Centre at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruoling Chen
- Centre for Health and Social Care Improvement, Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
- Post Graduate Academic Institute of Medicine, University of Wolverhampotn, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Cantarelli MDG, Tramontina AC, Leite MC, Gonçalves CA. Potential neurochemical links between cholesterol and suicidal behavior. Psychiatry Res 2014; 220:745-51. [PMID: 25457283 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of cholesterol in psychiatric diseases has aroused the interest of the medical community, particularly in association with violent and suicidal behavior. Herein, we discuss some aspects of brain cholesterol metabolism, exploring possible mechanisms underlying the findings and reviewing the available literature on the possible neurochemical link between suicide and low or reduced levels of serum cholesterol. Most of the current hypotheses suggest a decreased serotonergic activity due to a decrease in cholesterol in the lipid rafts of synaptic membranes. Some aspects and limitations of this assumption are emphasized. In addition to serotonin hypofunction, other mechanisms have been proposed to explain increased impulsivity in suicidal individuals, including steroid modulation and brain-derived neurotrophic factor decrease, which could also be related to changes in lipid rafts. Other putative markers of suicidal behavior (e.g. protein S100B) are discussed in connection with cholesterol metabolism in the brain tissue.
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Amano Y, Shimada M, Miura S, Adachi R, Tozawa R. Antidyslipidemic effects of a farnesoid X receptor antagonist in primates. Life Sci 2014; 106:25-31. [PMID: 24787893 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We investigated antidyslipidemic effects of a farnesoid X receptor antagonist compound-T3 in non-human primates as a novel treatment approach for dyslipidemia. MAIN METHODS Cynomolgus monkeys were fed a high-fat diet over 3 weeks. Drugs were administered to the monkeys for a week, and their plasma and fecal lipid parameters were measured. KEY FINDINGS Compound-T3 dose-dependently decreased the plasma non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein B levels in high-fat diet-fed cynomolgus monkeys. The plasma levels of 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, a marker of hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activity, and total fecal bile acid levels increased, suggesting that the hypocholesterolemic effects would be dependent on the activation of cholesterol catabolism in the liver. Compound-T3 significantly increased the plasma levels of HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I. In this condition, the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe significantly decreased the plasma non-HDL cholesterol levels and increased the fecal cholesterol levels without affecting plasma HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Bile acid sequestrant cholestyramine tended to decrease plasma non-HDL cholesterol and increase fecal bile acid levels. The cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor torcetrapib significantly increased plasma HDL cholesterol levels without affecting plasma non-HDL cholesterol and fecal cholesterol levels. SIGNIFICANCE The results of ezetimibe, cholestyramine, and torcetrapib treatments indicate that our high-fat diet fed monkey model would be a preferred animal model for studying non-statin type antidyslipidemic drugs. Compound-T3 significantly decreased non-HDL cholesterol levels and increased HDL cholesterol levels in the monkey model, suggesting that a farnesoid X receptor antagonist could be a therapeutic option in human dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Amano
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Mitsuyuki Shimada
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shotaro Miura
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Adachi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Tozawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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Jansen D, Zerbi V, Janssen CIF, van Rooij D, Zinnhardt B, Dederen PJ, Wright AJ, Broersen LM, Lütjohann D, Heerschap A, Kiliaan AJ. Impact of a multi-nutrient diet on cognition, brain metabolism, hemodynamics, and plasticity in apoE4 carrier and apoE knockout mice. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 219:1841-68. [PMID: 23832599 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism and genetic background together strongly influence the development of both cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). A non-pharmacological way to prevent the genotype-induced occurrence of these pathologies is given by dietary behavior. In the present study, we tested the effects of long-term consumption of a specific multi-nutrient diet in two models for atherosclerosis and vascular risk factors in AD: the apolipoprotein ε4 (apoE4) and the apoE knockout (apoE ko) mice. This specific multi-nutrient diet was developed to support neuronal membrane synthesis and was expected to contribute to the maintenance of vascular health. At 12 months of age, both genotypes showed behavioral changes compared to control mice and we found increased neurogenesis in apoE ko mice. The specific multi-nutrient diet decreased anxiety-related behavior in the open field, influenced sterol composition in serum and brain tissue, and increased the concentration of omega-3 fatty acids in the brain. Furthermore, we found that wild-type and apoE ko mice fed with this multi-nutrient diet showed locally increased cerebral blood volume and decreased hippocampal glutamate levels. Taken together, these data suggest that a specific dietary intervention has beneficial effects on early pathological consequences of hypercholesterolemia and vascular risk factors for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Jansen
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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Lehmann DF, Sitar DS. The Seduction of Biomarkers in the Practice of Medicine and the Tyranny of Power in the Drug Approval Process: Lessons From Niacin. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 51:1496-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0091270011420253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Mannu GS, Zaman MJS, Gupta A, Rehman HU, Myint PK. Evidence of lifestyle modification in the management of hypercholesterolemia. Curr Cardiol Rev 2013; 9:2-14. [PMID: 22998604 PMCID: PMC3584303 DOI: 10.2174/157340313805076313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The growth of ageing populations in developing countries with progressively urbanized lifestyles are major contributors. The key risk factors for CHD such as hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, and obesity are likely to increase in the future. These risk factors are modifiable through lifestyle. OBJECTIVES To review current literature on the potential benefit of cholesterol lowering in CHD risk reduction with a particular focus on the evidence of non-pharmacological/lifestyle management of hypercholesterolemia. METHODS Medline/PubMed systematic search was conducted using a two-tier approach limited to all recent English language papers. Primary search was conducted using key words and phrases and all abstracts were subsequently screened and relevant papers were selected. The next tier of searching was conducted by (1) reviewing the citation lists of the selected papers and (2) by using PubMed weblink for related papers. Over 3600 reports were reviewed. RESULTS Target cholesterol levels set out in various guidelines could be achieved by lifestyle changes, including diet, weight reduction, and increased physical activity with the goal of reducing total cholesterol to <200 mg/dL and LDL-C<100 mg/dL. Various dietary constituents such as green tea, plant sterols, soy protein have important influences on total cholesterol. Medical intervention should be reserved for those patients who have not reached this goal after 3 months of non-pharmacological approach. CONCLUSION CHD remains as a leading cause of death worldwide and hypercholesterolemia is an important cause of CHD. Non-pharmacological methods provide initial as well as long-term measures to address this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Mannu
- Medicine and Biochemistry, C/o Level 2, MFE Offices, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, NR4 7UY, UK.
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Grenon SM, Hughes-Fulford M, Rapp J, Conte MS. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and peripheral artery disease. Vasc Med 2012; 17:51-63. [PMID: 22363018 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x11429175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as n-3 and n-6 fatty acids (FAs) play an important role in prevention of atherosclerosis. In vitro and in vivo studies focusing on the interactions between monocytes and endothelial cells have explored the molecular effects of FAs on these interactions. Epidemiological surveys, followed by large, randomized, control trials have demonstrated a reduction in major cardiovascular events with supplementation of n-3 FAs in secondary prevention settings. The evidence of beneficial effects specific to patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) remains elusive, and is the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marlene Grenon
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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Vejux A, Montange T, Martine L, Zarrouk A, Riedinger JM, Lizard G. Absence of oxysterol-like side effects in human monocytic cells treated with phytosterols and oxyphytosterols. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:4060-4066. [PMID: 22490085 DOI: 10.1021/jf300487r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols, found in some commonly consumed foods, can induce a wide range of cytotoxic effects, which have been extensively studied. On the other hand, the side effects of phytosterols and oxyphytosterols are less well-known. Over the past few years, different types of foods have been enriched with phytosterols on the basis of the properties of these compounds that reduce circulating cholesterol levels in certain experimental conditions. It is therefore important to gain better knowledge of the risks and benefits of this type of diet. In this study, conducted in human monocytic U937 cells, the ability of phytosterols (sitosterol, campesterol) and oxyphytosterols (7β-hydroxysitosterol, 7-ketositosterol) to induce cell death, polar lipid accumulation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine (MCP-1; IL-8) secretion was determined and compared to that of oxysterols (7-ketocholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol). Phytosterols and oxyphytosterols had no significant effects on the parameters studied; only 7β-hydroxysitosterol slightly increased cell death, whereas at the concentration used (20 μg/mL), strong cytotoxic effects were observed with the oxysterols. With sitosterol, campesterol, and 7-ketositosterol, IL-8 secretion was decreased, and with campesterol the intracellular polar lipid level was reduced. The data show that phytosterols and oxyphytosterols have no oxysterol-like side effects, and they rather argue in favor of phytosterols' beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vejux
- Equipe Biochimie du peroxysome, inflammation et métabolisme lipidique (EA7270), Université de Bourgogne-INSERM, Dijon, France.
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Gierman LM, van der Ham F, Koudijs A, Wielinga PY, Kleemann R, Kooistra T, Stoop R, Kloppenburg M, van Osch GJVM, Stojanovic-Susulic V, Huizinga TW, Zuurmond AM. Metabolic stress-induced inflammation plays a major role in the development of osteoarthritis in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 64:1172-81. [PMID: 22034049 DOI: 10.1002/art.33443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is associated with systemic inflammation and is a risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA) development. We undertook this study to test the hypothesis that metabolic stress-induced inflammation, and not mechanical overload, is responsible for the development of high-fat diet-induced OA in mice. METHODS Human C-reactive protein (CRP)-transgenic mice received a high-fat diet without or with 0.005% (weight/weight) rosuvastatin or 0.018% (w/w) rosiglitazone, 2 different drugs with antiinflammatory properties. Mice fed chow were included as controls. After 42 weeks, mice were killed and histologic OA grading of the knees was performed. To monitor the overall inflammation state, systemic human CRP levels were determined. RESULTS Male mice on a high-fat diet had significantly higher OA grades than mice on chow and showed no correlation between OA severity and body weight. In male mice, high-fat diet-induced OA was significantly inhibited by rosuvastatin or rosiglitazone to OA grades observed in control mice. Both treatments resulted in reduced human CRP levels. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between the relative individual induction of human CRP evoked by a high-fat diet on day 3 and OA grade at end point. CONCLUSION High-fat diet-induced OA in mice is due to low-grade inflammation and not to mechanical overload, since no relationship between body weight and OA grade was observed. Moreover, the OA process was inhibited to a great extent by treatment with 2 drugs with antiinflammatory properties. The inflammatory response to a metabolic high-fat challenge may predict individual susceptibility to developing OA later in life. The use of statins or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonists (e.g., rosiglitazone) could be a strategy for interfering with the progression of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Gierman
- TNO and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Varma MV, Rotter CJ, Chupka J, Whalen KM, Duignan DB, Feng B, Litchfield J, Goosen TC, El-Kattan AF. pH-sensitive interaction of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) with organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1303-13. [PMID: 21710988 DOI: 10.1021/mp200103h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The human organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1, SLCO2B1) is ubiquitously expressed and may play an important role in the disposition of xenobiotics. The present study aimed to examine the role of OATP2B1 in the intestinal absorption and tissue uptake of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins). We first investigated the functional affinity of statins to the transporter as a function of extracellular pH, using OATP2B1-transfeced HEK293 cells. The results indicate that OATP2B1-mediated transport is significant for rosuvastatin, fluvastatin and atorvastatin, at neutral pH. However, OATP2B1 showed broader substrate specificity as well as enhanced transporter activity at acidic pH. Furthermore, uptake at acidic pH was diminished in the presence of proton ionophore, suggesting proton gradient as the driving force for OATP2B1 activity. Notably, passive transport rates are predominant or comparable to active transport rates for statins, except for rosuvastatin and fluvastatin. Second, we studied the effect of OATP modulators on statin uptake. At pH 6.0, OATP2B1-mediated transport of atorvastatin and cerivastatin was not inhibitable, while rosuvastatin transport was inhibited by E-3-S, rifamycin SV and cyclosporine with IC(50) values of 19.7 ± 3.3 μM, 0.53 ± 0.2 μM and 2.2 ± 0.4 μM, respectively. Rifamycin SV inhibited OATP2B1-mediated transport of E-3-S and rosuvastatin with similar IC(50) values at pH 6.0 and 7.4, suggesting that the inhibitor affinity is not pH-dependent. Finally, we noted that OATP2B1-mediated transport of E-3-S, but not rosuvastatin, is pH sensitive in intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells. However, uptake of E-3-S and rosuvastatin by Caco-2 cells was diminished in the presence of proton ionophore. The present results indicate that OATP2B1 may be involved in the tissue uptake of rosuvastatin and fluvastatin, while OATP2B1 may play a significant role in the intestinal absorption of several statins due to their transporter affinity at acidic pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manthena V Varma
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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