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Chen W, Dream S, Leung PY, Wu PK, Wong S, Park JI. Selpercatinib combination with the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ effectively suppresses RET-mutant thyroid cancer. NPJ Precis Oncol 2024; 8:39. [PMID: 38378752 PMCID: PMC10879150 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-024-00536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic alternation of REarranged during Transfection (RET) that leads to constitutive RET activation is a crucial etiological factor for thyroid cancer. RET is known to regulate mitochondrial processes, although the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We previously showed that the multi-kinase inhibitors vandetanib and cabozantinib increase the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) in RET-mutated thyroid tumor cells and that this effect can be exploited to increase mitochondrial enrichment of Δψm-sensitive agents in the tumor cells. In this study, we hypothesized that the RET-selective inhibitor, selpercatinib, can increase Δψm and, subsequently, tumor cell uptake of the mitochondria-targeted ubiquinone (MitoQ) to the level to break the mitochondrial homeostasis and induce lethal responses in RET-mutated thyroid tumor cells. We show that selpercatinib significantly increased Δψm, and its combination with MitoQ synergistically suppressed RET-mutated human thyroid tumor cells, which we validated using RET-targeted genetic approaches. Selpercatinib and MitoQ, in combination, also suppressed CCDC6-RET fusion cell line xenografts in mice and prolonged animal survival more effectively than single treatments of each agent. Moreover, we treated two patients with CCDC6-RET or RETM918T thyroid cancer, who could not take selpercatinib at regular doses due to adverse effects, with a dose-reduced selpercatinib and MitoQ combination. In response to this combination therapy, both patients showed tumor reduction. The quality of life of one patient significantly improved over a year until the tumor relapsed. This combination of selpercatinib with MitoQ may have therapeutic potential for patients with RET-mutated tumors and intolerant to regular selpercatinib doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Sophie Dream
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Pui-Yin Leung
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Pui-Kei Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Stuart Wong
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Jong-In Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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Wang L, Liu WQ, Broussy S, Han B, Fang H. Recent advances of anti-angiogenic inhibitors targeting VEGF/VEGFR axis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1307860. [PMID: 38239196 PMCID: PMC10794590 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1307860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF), Vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR) and their downstream signaling pathways are promising targets in anti-angiogenic therapy. They constitute a crucial system to regulate physiological and pathological angiogenesis. In the last 20 years, many anti-angiogenic drugs have been developed based on VEGF/VEGFR system to treat diverse cancers and retinopathies, and new drugs with improved properties continue to emerge at a fast rate. They consist of different molecular structures and characteristics, which enable them to inhibit the interaction of VEGF/VEGFR, to inhibit the activity of VEGFR tyrosine kinase (TK), or to inhibit VEGFR downstream signaling. In this paper, we reviewed the development of marketed anti-angiogenic drugs involved in the VEGF/VEGFR axis, as well as some important drug candidates in clinical trials. We discuss their mode of action, their clinical benefits, and the current challenges that will need to be addressed by the next-generation of anti-angiogenic drugs. We focus on the molecular structures and characteristics of each drug, including those approved only in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wang-Qing Liu
- CiTCoM, CNRS, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Bingnan Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongming Fang
- Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Al-Toubah T, Strosberg J, Hallanger-Johnson J, El-Haddad G. Targeted radionuclide therapy in endocrine-related cancers: advances in the last decade. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1187870. [PMID: 38053729 PMCID: PMC10694449 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1187870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted radionuclide therapy plays an increasingly important role in managing endocrine-related tumors and significantly advances the therapeutic landscape for patients with these diseases. With increasing FDA-approved therapies and advances in the field, come an increased knowledge of the potential for long-term toxicities associated with these therapies and the field must develop new strategies to increase potency and efficacy while individualizing the selection of patients to those most likely to respond to treatment. Novel agents and modalities of therapy are also being explored. This review will discuss the current landscape and describe the avenues for growth in the field currently being explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taymeyah Al-Toubah
- Department of GI Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Jonathan Strosberg
- Department of GI Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Julie Hallanger-Johnson
- Department of Head and Neck - Endocrine Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Ghassan El-Haddad
- Department of Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
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Alzumaili B, Sadow PM. Update on Molecular Diagnostics in Thyroid Pathology: A Review. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1314. [PMID: 37510219 PMCID: PMC10379610 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid nodules are quite common, and the determination of a nodule of concern is complex, involving serum testing, radiology and, in some cases, pathological evaluation. For those nodules that raise clinical concern of neoplasia, fine needle aspiration biopsy is the gold standard for evaluation; however, in up to 30% of cases, results are indeterminate for malignancy, and further testing is needed. Advances in molecular testing have shown it to be of benefit for both diagnostic and prognostic purposes, and its use has become an integral part of thyroid cancer management in the United States and in several global nations. After The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) consortium published its molecular landscape of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and reduced the "black matter" in PTC from 25% to 3.5%, further work ensued to clarify the remaining fraction not neatly attributed to the BRAFV600E-like or RAS-like phenotypes of the TCGA. Over the past decade, commercial molecular platforms have been refined as data accrues, and they increasingly cover most genetic variants of thyroid carcinomas. Molecular reporting focuses on the nodule tested, including related clinical information for that nodule (size of nodule, Bethesda category, etc.). This results in a comprehensive report to physicians that may also include patient-directed, clear language that facilitates conversations about nodule management. In cases of advanced or recurrent disease, molecular testing may become essential for devising an individual therapeutic plan. In this review, we focus on the evolution of integrated molecular testing in thyroid nodules, and how our understanding of tumor genetics, combined with histopathology, is driving the next generation of rational patient management, particularly in the context of emerging small, targetable therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan Alzumaili
- Departments of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Peter M Sadow
- Departments of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Li R, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Li X, Liu Z. A bibliometric analysis based on Web of Science from 2012 to 2021: Current situation, hot spots, and global trends of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1119915. [PMID: 36959786 PMCID: PMC10029728 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1119915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a special type of thyroid carcinoma derived from the C cell of the thyroid gland. Because of the poor prognosis of MTC, a large number of studies on MTC have been conducted in the last 10 years. To better comprehend, it is necessary to clarify and define the dominant countries, organizations, core journals, important authors, and their cumulative research contributions, as well as the cooperative relationships between them. Method English publications with article type article or review about MTC from January 2012 to December 2021 was retrieved from Web of Science core collection, and VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and Microsoft Excel were applied for bibliometric study. Result A total of 1208 articles and reviews were included in this study. The 1208 papers were written by 6364 authors from 1734 organizations in 67 countries, published in 408 journals, and cited 24118 references from 3562 journals. The number of publications was essentially flat from 2012-2021, with the largest proportion of publications coming from the U.S., followed by Italy and China. Thyroid was the most productive journal, and Journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism was the most cited journal. University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center was the most productive institution and Luca Giovanella, was the most productive author. Diagnostic tools, surgical treatment, non-surgical treatment, genetics and relationship with other endocrine diseases were the main research interests in this field. Prognosis has been a cutting-edge topic since 2017. Conclusion As a thyroid cancer with poor prognosis, MTC has received continuous attention in recent years. Current MTC studies mainly focused on disease intervention, mechanism research and prognosis. The main point of this study is to provide an overview of the development process and hot spots of MTC in the last decade. These might provide ideas for further research in the MTC field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyin Li
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjiao Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zirui Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobin Li
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaobin Li, ; Ziwen Liu,
| | - Ziwen Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaobin Li, ; Ziwen Liu,
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Kuhlen M, Frühwald MC, Dunstheimer DPA, Vorwerk P, Redlich A. Revisiting the genotype-phenotype correlation in children with medullary thyroid carcinoma: A report from the GPOH-MET registry. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28171. [PMID: 31925938 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC) account for 3% to 5% of all thyroid cancers. In most cases, MTC is hereditary and occurs as part of the multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2A and 2B syndromes. There is a strong genotype-phenotype correlation associated with the respective RET mutations, making risk-adapted management possible. PROCEDURE We report the prospectively collected data on children and adolescents of the multicenter nonrandomized German GPOH-MET registry. Children and adolescents with MTC and C-cell hyperplasia (CCH) were included. RESULTS From 1997 to June 2019, a total of 57 patients with MTC and 17 with CCH were reported. In patients with MTC, median follow-up was five years (range, 0-19) and median age at diagnosis 10 years (range, 0-17). Overall survival and event-free survival (EFS) were 87% and 52%, respectively. In total 96.4% of patients were affected by MEN2 syndromes, which was in 37/42 MEN2A and 3/28 MEN2B (M918T mutation) inherited. EFS in MEN2A was 78%, and in MEN2B 38% (P < 0.001). In multivariate analyses, lymph node (LN) status and postoperatively elevated calcitonin were significant prognostic factors for EFS. Notably, modest-risk mutation carriers presented with MTC at a rather young age, without raised calcitonin, and LN metastases. CONCLUSIONS Identification of children carrying de novo RET M918T mutations by means of the characteristic phenotype is crucial to detect MTC at an early stage, which will be associated with improved survival. As calcitonin levels may be false-negative and modest-risk mutation carriers present with a variable phenotype, particular attention should be paid to these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kuhlen
- Swabian Children's Cancer Center, University Children's Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Michael C Frühwald
- Swabian Children's Cancer Center, University Children's Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Désirée P A Dunstheimer
- Swabian Children's Cancer Center, University Children's Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Peter Vorwerk
- Pediatric Oncology Department, Otto von Guericke University Children´s Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Antje Redlich
- Pediatric Oncology Department, Otto von Guericke University Children´s Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
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Tovoli F, Renzulli M, Negrini G, Brocchi S, Ferrarini A, Andreone A, Benevento F, Golfieri R, Morselli-Labate AM, Mastroroberto M, Badea RI, Piscaglia F. Inter-operator variability and source of errors in tumour response assessment for hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib. Eur Radiol 2018; 28:3611-3620. [PMID: 29633000 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-018-5393-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the inter-operator concordance and the potential sources of discordance in defining response to sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS All patients who received sorafenib between September 2008 and February 2015 were scrutinised for this retrospective study. Images were evaluated separately by three radiologists with different expertise in liver imaging (operator 1, >10 years; operator 2, 5 years; operator 3, no specific training in liver imaging), according to: response evaluation radiological criteria in solid tumours (RECIST) 1.1, modified RECIST (mRECIST) and response evaluation criteria in cancer of the liver (RECICL). RESULTS The overall response concordance between the more expert operators was good, irrespective of the criteria (RECIST 1.1, ĸ = 0.840; mRECIST, ĸ = 0.871; RECICL, ĸ = 0.819). Concordance between the less expert operator and the other colleagues was lower. The most evident discordance was in target lesion response assessment, with expert operators disagreeing mostly on lesion selection and less expert operators on lesion measurement. As a clinical correlate, overall survival was more tightly related with "progressive disease" as assessed by the expert compared to the same assessment performed by operator 3. CONCLUSIONS Decision on whether a patient is a responder or progressor under sorafenib may vary among different operators, especially in case of a non-specifically trained radiologist. Regardless of the adopted criteria, patients should be evaluated by experienced radiologists to minimise variability in this critical instance. KEY POINTS • Inter-operator variability in the assessment of response to sorafenib is poorly known. • The concordance between operators with expertise in liver imaging was good. • Target lesions selection was the main source of discordance between expert operators. • Concordance with non-specifically trained operator was lower, independently from the response criteria. • The non-specifically trained operator was mainly discordant in measurements of target lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tovoli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Massarenti 9, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Matteo Renzulli
- Radiology Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi Bologna Authority Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Negrini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Massarenti 9, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Brocchi
- Radiology Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi Bologna Authority Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia Ferrarini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Massarenti 9, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Andreone
- Radiology Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi Bologna Authority Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Benevento
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Massarenti 9, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rita Golfieri
- Radiology Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi Bologna Authority Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Marianna Mastroroberto
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Massarenti 9, Bologna, Italy
| | - Radu Ion Badea
- Radiology and Medical Imaging Unit, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Fabio Piscaglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Massarenti 9, Bologna, Italy
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Jakobs L. Medullary Thyroid Cancer: Overview and Case Study of a Rare Cancer. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2018; 22:E37-E43. [PMID: 29547606 DOI: 10.1188/18.cjon.e37-e43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a rare cancer that has historically been managed by endocrinologists. In 2011, the first of several multi- targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors was approved as treatment for MTC. These drugs have changed the management of MTC to teams that include oncologists and oncology nurses. OBJECTIVES This article illustrates MTC diagnostics, surveillance, management of adverse drug reactions, and disease progression through a case study. METHODS An overview of MTC is offered, followed by an in-depth case study that examines MTC from the patient's perspective. FINDINGS Oncology nurses can influence patient outcomes through the provision of patient education, support, and management of disease and treatment complications.
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Antonelli A, La Motta C. Novel therapeutic clues in thyroid carcinomas: The role of targeting cancer stem cells. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:1299-1317. [PMID: 28586525 DOI: 10.1002/med.21448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid carcinomas (TCs), the most common endocrine tumors, represent the eighth most common cancer diagnosed worldwide in both women and men. To treat these malignancies, several drugs are now available and a number of novel ones have been enrolling in clinical trials, addressing both oncogenic pathways in cancer cells and angiogenic pathways in tumor endothelial cells. However, their use is not devoid of serious toxicities and their efficacy is limited, being dependent on carcinoma typology and the occurrence of acquired resistance. Accordingly, it is time to recast therapeutic strategies against these types of tumors to get to newer and fully effective drugs. In this perspective, latest findings demonstrate that cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a challenging target to strike. They possess core traits of self-renewal and differentiation, being resistant to the effects of chemotherapy and radiation and playing a key role in mediating metastasis. Therefore, basic molecular elements sustaining both development of thyroid cancer stem cells and their residence in the stemness condition represent a set of innovative and still unexplored targets to address. In this review, a thorough literature survey has been accomplished, to take stock of mechanisms governing thyroid carcinomas and to point out both their currently available treatments and the novel forthcoming ones. Pubmed, Scifinder and ClinicalTrials.gov were exploited as research applications and registry database, respectively. Original articles, reviews, and editorials published within the last ten years, as well as open clinical investigations in the field, were analyzed to suggest new exciting therapeutic opportunities for people affected by TCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Antonelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Concettina La Motta
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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Starenki D, Hong SK, Wu PK, Park JI. Vandetanib and cabozantinib potentiate mitochondria-targeted agents to suppress medullary thyroid carcinoma cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2017; 18:473-483. [PMID: 28475408 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1323594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the FDA-approved receptor tyrosine kinases inhibitors, vandetanib and cabozantinib, are used to treat surgically inoperable progressive medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), not all patients are responsive while the disease sometimes progresses after an initial response. To better understand MTC drug resistance at molecular and biochemical levels, we have generated drug-resistant subpopulations of the human MTC cell lines, TT and MZ-CRC-1, via prolonged exposure to vandetanib and cabozantinib. These drug-resistant progenies exhibited substantial cross-resistance to vandetanib and cabozantinib, suggesting that these inhibitors may invoke an overlapping resistance mechanism(s) in MTC cells. Of note, vandetanib and cabozantinib increased mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) in drug-naïve as well as drug-resistant cells but only drug-naïve cells exhibited substantially altered oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates. Therefore, these inhibitors appear to cause a bioenergetics stress to which drug-resistant MTC cells are more tolerant. Given the ability of vandetanib and cabozantinib to increase Δψm, we hypothesized that these inhibitors can augment growth inhibitory effects of mitochondria-targeted carboxy-proxyl and ubiquinone by increasing their Δψm-dependent uptake/retention in MTC cells. Indeed, our in vitro and mouse xenograft data strongly support this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Starenki
- a Department of Biochemistry , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI , USA
| | - Seung-Keun Hong
- a Department of Biochemistry , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI , USA
| | - Pui-Kei Wu
- a Department of Biochemistry , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI , USA
| | - Jong-In Park
- a Department of Biochemistry , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI , USA
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Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), which originates from thyroid parafollicular C cells, accounts for 3 to 5% of thyroid malignancies. MTC occurs either sporadically or in an inherited autosomal dominant manner. Hereditary MTC occurs as a familial MTC or as a part of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2A and B syndromes. A strong genotype-phenotype correlation has been observed between hereditary MTC and germ-line "gain of function" mutations of the RET proto-oncogene. Most cases of pediatric MTC are hereditary whereas sporadic MTC is rare in children and is usually diagnosed in adults. Therefore, MTC in children is most often diagnosed in the course of a familial genetic investigation. The standard treatment of MTC mainly requires surgery involving total thyroidectomy and central neck node dissection before extrathyroidal extension occurs. To prevent MTC development in hereditary syndromes, prophylactic thyroidectomy is performed in presymptomatic patients. An appropriate age at which the surgery should take place is determined based upon the data from genotyping, serum calcitonin measurements, and ultrasonography. For the treatment of advanced MTC cases, the broad spectrum receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors vandetanib and cabozantinib, which also inhibit RET, are used although they are not always effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Starenki
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jong-In Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Starenki D, Park JI. Selective Mitochondrial Uptake of MKT-077 Can Suppress Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Cell Survival In Vitro and In Vivo. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2015; 30:593-603. [PMID: 26485469 PMCID: PMC4722416 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2015.30.4.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neuroendocrine tumor mainly caused by mutations in the rearranged during transfection (RET) proto-oncogene. Not all patients with progressive MTC respond to current therapy inhibiting RET, demanding additional therapeutic strategies. We recently demonstrated that disrupting mitochondrial metabolism using a mitochondria-targeted agent or by depleting a mitochondrial chaperone effectively suppressed human MTC cells in culture and in mouse xenografts by inducing apoptosis and RET downregulation. These observations led us to hypothesize that mitochondria are potential therapeutic targets for MTC. This study further tests this hypothesis using1-ethyl-2-[[3-ethyl-5-(3-methylbenzothiazolin-2-yliden)]-4-oxothiazolidin-2-ylidenemethyl] pyridinium chloride (MKT-077), a water-soluble rhodocyanine dye analogue, which can selectively accumulate in mitochondria. METHODS The effects of MKT-077 on cell proliferation, survival, expression of RET and tumor protein 53 (TP53), and mitochondrial activity were determined in the human MTC lines in culture and in mouse xenografts. RESULTS MKT-077 induced cell cycle arrest in TT and MZ-CRC-1. Intriguingly, MKT-077 also induced RET downregulation and strong cell death responses in TT cells, but not in MZ-CRC-1 cells. This discrepancy was mainly due to the difference between the capacities of these cell lines to retain MKT-077 in mitochondria. The cytotoxicity of MKT-077 in TT cells was mainly attributed to oxidative stress while being independent of TP53. MKT-077 also effectively suppressed tumor growth of TT xenografts. CONCLUSION MKT-077 can suppress cell survival of certain MTC subtypes by accumulating in mitochondria and interfering with mitochondrial activity although it can also suppress cell proliferation via other mechanisms. These results consistently support the hypothesis that mitochondrial targeting has therapeutic potential for MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Starenki
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jong In Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Nguyen L, Holland J, Mamelok R, Laberge MK, Grenier J, Swearingen D, Armas D, Lacy S. Evaluation of the effect of food and gastric pH on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of cabozantinib in healthy adult subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 55:1293-302. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Targeted therapy: A new hope for thyroid carcinomas. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 94:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Starenki D, Hong SK, Lloyd RV, Park JI. Mortalin (GRP75/HSPA9) upregulation promotes survival and proliferation of medullary thyroid carcinoma cells. Oncogene 2014; 34:4624-34. [PMID: 25435367 PMCID: PMC4451452 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neuroendocrine tumor mainly caused by mutations in the rearranged during transfection (RET) proto-oncogene. For therapy of advanced MTC, the Food and Drug Administration recently approved vandetanib and cabozantinib, the tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting RET, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor and/or c-MET. Nevertheless, not all patients respond to these drugs, demanding additional therapeutic strategies. We found that mortalin (HSPA9/GRP75), a member of HSP70 family, is upregulated in human MTC tissues and that its depletion robustly induces cell death and growth arrest in MTC cell lines in culture and in mouse xenografts. These effects were accompanied by substantial downregulation of RET, induction of the tumor-suppressor TP53 and altered expression of cell cycle regulatory machinery and apoptosis markers, including E2F-1, p21(CIP1), p27(KIP1) and Bcl-2 family proteins. Our investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects revealed that mortalin depletion induces transient MEK/ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) activation and altered mitochondrial bioenergetics in MTC cells, as indicated by depolarized mitochondrial membrane, decreased oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification and increased oxidative stress. Intriguingly, mortalin depletion induced growth arrest partly via the MEK/ERK pathway, whereas it induced cell death by causing mitochondrial dysfunction in a Bcl-2-dependent manner. However, TP53 was not necessary for these effects except for p21(CIP1) induction. Moreover, mortalin depletion downregulated RET expression independently of MEK/ERK and TP53. These data demonstrate that mortalin is a key regulator of multiple signaling and metabolic pathways pivotal to MTC cell survival and proliferation, proposing mortalin as a novel therapeutic target for MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Starenki
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - S-K Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - R V Lloyd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J-I Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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17
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Feneyrolles C, Spenlinhauer A, Guiet L, Fauvel B, Daydé-Cazals B, Warnault P, Chevé G, Yasri A. Axl kinase as a key target for oncology: focus on small molecule inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2141-8. [PMID: 25139999 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) are transmembrane receptors that regulate signal transduction in cells. As a member of the TAM (Tyro-3, Axl, Mer) RTK subfamily, Axl regulates key processes such as cell growth, migration, aggregation, and apoptosis through several pathways. Its overexpression/overactivation has been underlined in several conditions, especially cancers, and in both chemotherapy and targeted therapy sensitivity loss. In this review, we propose to highlight the therapeutic implication of Axl, starting with the pathways it regulates, validating its interest as a therapeutic target, and defining the tools available to develop strategies for its inhibition. We especially focus on small molecule inhibitors, their structure, inhibition profile, and development stages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Léa Guiet
- OriBase Pharma, Cap Gamma, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Aziz Yasri
- OriBase Pharma, Cap Gamma, Montpellier, France
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19
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Colombo JR, Wein RO. Cabozantinib for progressive metastatic medullary thyroid cancer: a review. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2014; 10:395-404. [PMID: 24920914 PMCID: PMC4043815 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s46041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Medullary thyroid cancer is uncommon and patients typically present with advanced disease. Treatment options for patients with progressive, metastatic medullary thyroid cancer had been limited until recently. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors have garnered increasing interest in this subset of patients. The US Food and Drug Administration recently approved cabozantinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, after promising results were shown in a large Phase III clinical trial. This review summarizes the clinical pharmacology, clinical trials, and safety data for cabozantinib and concludes with a discussion of possible future directions for the treatment of medullary thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Colombo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard O Wein
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Kim B, Wang S, Lee JM, Jeong Y, Ahn T, Son DS, Park HW, Yoo HS, Song YJ, Lee E, Oh YM, Lee SB, Choi J, Murray JC, Zhou Y, Song PH, Kim KA, Weiner LM. Synthetic lethal screening reveals FGFR as one of the combinatorial targets to overcome resistance to Met-targeted therapy. Oncogene 2014; 34:1083-93. [PMID: 24662823 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Met is a receptor tyrosine kinase that promotes cancer progression. In addition, Met has been implicated in resistance of tumors to various targeted therapies such as epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in lung cancers, and has been prioritized as a key molecular target for cancer therapy. However, the underlying mechanism of resistance to Met-targeting drugs is poorly understood. Here, we describe screening of 1310 genes to search for key regulators related to drug resistance to an anti-Met therapeutic antibody (SAIT301) by using a small interfering RNA-based synthetic lethal screening method. We found that knockdown of 69 genes in Met-amplified MKN45 cells sensitized the antitumor activity of SAIT301. Pathway analysis of these 69 genes implicated fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) as a key regulator for antiproliferative effects of Met-targeting drugs. Inhibition of FGFR3 increased target cell apoptosis through the suppression of Bcl-xL expression, followed by reduced cancer cell growth in the presence of Met-targeting drugs. Treatment of cells with the FGFR inhibitors substantially restored the efficacy of SAIT301 in SAIT301-resistant cells and enhanced the efficacy in SAIT301-sensitive cells. In addition to FGFR3, integrin β3 is another potential target for combination treatment with SAIT301. Suppression of integrin β3 decreased AKT phosphorylation in SAIT301-resistant cells and restored SAIT301 responsiveness in HCC1954 cells, which are resistant to SAIT301. Gene expression analysis using CCLE database shows that cancer cells with high levels of FGFR and integrin β3 are resistant to crizotinib treatment, suggesting that FGFR and integrin β3 could be used as predictive markers for Met-targeted therapy and provide a potential therapeutic option to overcome acquired and innate resistance for the Met-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kim
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - S Wang
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - J M Lee
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Y Jeong
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - T Ahn
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - D-S Son
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - H W Park
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - H-s Yoo
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Y-J Song
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - E Lee
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Y M Oh
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - S B Lee
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - J Choi
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - J C Murray
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Y Zhou
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - P H Song
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - K-A Kim
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - L M Weiner
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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21
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Cholangiocarcinoma: Biology, Clinical Management, and Pharmacological Perspectives. ISRN HEPATOLOGY 2014; 2014:828074. [PMID: 27335842 PMCID: PMC4890896 DOI: 10.1155/2014/828074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), or tumor of the biliary tree, is a rare and heterogeneous group of malignancies associated with a very poor prognosis. Depending on their localization along the biliary tree, CCAs are classified as intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal, and these subtypes are now considered different entities that differ in tumor biology, the staging system, management, and prognosis. When diagnosed, an evaluation by a multidisciplinary team is essential; the team must decide on the best therapeutic option. Surgical resection of tumors with negative margins is the best option for all subtypes of CCA, although this is only achieved in less than 50% of cases. Five-year survival rates have increased in the recent past owing to improvements in imaging techniques, which permits resectability to be predicted more accurately, and in surgery. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are relatively ineffective in treating nonoperable tumors and the resistance of CCA to these therapies is a major problem. Although the combination of gemcitabine plus platinum derivatives is the pharmacological treatment most widely used, to date there is no standard chemotherapy, and new combinations with targeted drugs are currently being tested in ongoing clinical trials. This review summarizes the biology, clinical management, and pharmacological perspectives of these complex tumors.
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Sartini S, Coviello V, Bruno A, La Pietra V, Marinelli L, Simorini F, Taliani S, Salerno S, Marini AM, Fioravanti A, Orlandi P, Antonelli A, Da Settimo F, Novellino E, Bocci G, La Motta C. Structure-Based Optimization of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor CLM3. Design, Synthesis, Functional Evaluation, and Molecular Modeling Studies. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1225-35. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401358b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Sartini
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vito Coviello
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Agostino Bruno
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Valeria La Pietra
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luciana Marinelli
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Simorini
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Taliani
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Salerno
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Marini
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Fioravanti
- Dipartimento
di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Orlandi
- Dipartimento
di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Dipartimento
di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Guido Bocci
- Dipartimento
di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto Toscano Tumori, Via T.
Alderotti 26N, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Concettina La Motta
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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23
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Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) management has been imbued with new interest, in large part due to the recent success of new treatment options for advanced and metastatic disease. This has also been accompanied by less generally well known advances in the understanding of the molecular characterizations of subtypes of RCC with potential to lead to new therapeutic options. Additionally, the urologic oncology community is focusing on nephron-sparing surgical approaches with limited surgery if possible, and in conjunction with interventional radiologists, on ablative procedures for incidentally determined small renal masses. This report reviews some of the new biologic findings of adenocarcinoma of the kidney, and reviews the new therapeutics which continue to change the landscape for treatment of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice P Dutcher
- Associate Director, Cancer Research Foundation, Immediate Past Chair of ECOG-ACRIN Renal Cancer Subcommittee, 750 Kappock Street, # 511, Bronx, NY 10463, USA
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Qin M, Liao W, Xu C, Fu B, Ren J, Gu Y, Gong P. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel 4-(2-Fluorophenoxy)-2-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)pyridines Bearing Semicarbazone Moieties as Potent Antitumor Agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2013; 346:840-50. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201300188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingze Qin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Ministry of Education; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Weike Liao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Ministry of Education; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Chen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Ministry of Education; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Baolin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Ministry of Education; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Ren
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Ministry of Education; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Yucheng Gu
- Syngenta; Jealott's Hill International Research Centre; Bracknell Berkshire UK
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Ministry of Education; Shenyang P. R. China
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Elisei R, Schlumberger MJ, Müller SP, Schöffski P, Brose MS, Shah MH, Licitra L, Jarzab B, Medvedev V, Kreissl MC, Niederle B, Cohen EEW, Wirth LJ, Ali H, Hessel C, Yaron Y, Ball D, Nelkin B, Sherman SI. Cabozantinib in progressive medullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:3639-46. [PMID: 24002501 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.48.4659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 794] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cabozantinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) of hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, and rearranged during transfection (RET), demonstrated clinical activity in patients with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) in phase I. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a double-blind, phase III trial comparing cabozantinib with placebo in 330 patients with documented radiographic progression of metastatic MTC. Patients were randomly assigned (2:1) to cabozantinib (140 mg per day) or placebo. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). Additional outcome measures included tumor response rate, overall survival, and safety. RESULTS The estimated median PFS was 11.2 months for cabozantinib versus 4.0 months for placebo (hazard ratio, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.40; P < .001). Prolonged PFS with cabozantinib was observed across all subgroups including by age, prior TKI treatment, and RET mutation status (hereditary or sporadic). Response rate was 28% for cabozantinib and 0% for placebo; responses were seen regardless of RET mutation status. Kaplan-Meier estimates of patients alive and progression-free at 1 year are 47.3% for cabozantinib and 7.2% for placebo. Common cabozantinib-associated adverse events included diarrhea, palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia, decreased weight and appetite, nausea, and fatigue and resulted in dose reductions in 79% and holds in 65% of patients. Adverse events led to treatment discontinuation in 16% of cabozantinib-treated patients and in 8% of placebo-treated patients. CONCLUSION Cabozantinib (140 mg per day) achieved a statistically significant improvement of PFS in patients with progressive metastatic MTC and represents an important new treatment option for patients with this rare disease. This dose of cabozantinib was associated with significant but manageable toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Elisei
- Rossella Elisei, University of Pisa, Pisa; Lisa Licitra, Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico-Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Martin J. Schlumberger, Institut Gustave Roussy, University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France; Stefan P. Müller, Universitatsklinikum Essen, Essen; Michael C. Kreissl, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Patrick Schöffski, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Marcia S. Brose, University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; Manisha H. Shah, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH; Barbara Jarzab, Centrum Onkologii-Instytut im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie Oddział w Gliwicach, Gliwice, Poland; Viktor Medvedev, Medical Radiological Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Obninsk, Russia; Bruno Niederle, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria; Ezra E.W. Cohen, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Lori J. Wirth, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Haythem Ali, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI; Colin Hessel and Yifah Yaron, Exelixis, South San Francisco, CA; Douglas Ball and Barry Nelkin, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and Steven I. Sherman, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Starenki D, Singh NK, Jensen DR, Peterson FC, Park JI. Recombinant leukemia inhibitory factor suppresses human medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line xenografts in mice. Cancer Lett 2013; 339:144-51. [PMID: 23856028 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neoplasm of the endocrine system, which originates from parafollicular C-cells of the thyroid gland. For MTC therapy, the Food and Drug Administration recently approved vandetanib and cabozantinib, multi-kinase inhibitors targeting RET and other tyrosine kinase receptors of vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor, or hepatocyte growth factor. Nevertheless, not all patients with the progressive MTC respond to these drugs, requiring the development of additional therapeutic modalities that have distinct activity. Previously, we reported that expression of activated Ras or Raf in the human MTC cell lines, TT and MZ-CRC-1, can induce growth arrest and RET downregulation via a leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-mediated autocrine/paracrine loop. In this study, we aimed to evaluate bacterially-produced recombinant human LIF for its efficacy to suppress human MTC xenografts in mice. Here, we report that, consistent with its effects in vitro, locally or systemically administered recombinant LIF effectively suppressed growth of TT and MZ-CRC-1 xenografts in mice. Further, as predicted from its effects in TT and MZ-CRC-1 cell cultures in vitro, recombinant LIF activated the JAK/STAT pathway and downregulated RET and E2F1 expression in tumors in mice. These results suggest that LIF is a potent cytostatic agent for MTC cells, which regulates unique mechanisms that are not targeted by currently available therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Starenki
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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27
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Starenki D, Park JI. Mitochondria-targeted nitroxide, Mito-CP, suppresses medullary thyroid carcinoma cell survival in vitro and in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:1529-40. [PMID: 23509102 PMCID: PMC3615196 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-3671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neuroendocrine tumor mainly caused by mutations in the RET proto-oncogene. For MTC therapy, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently approved vandetanib and cabozantinib, multikinase inhibitors targeting RET and other tyrosine kinase receptors of vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor, or hepatocyte growth factor. Nevertheless, not all patients with the progressive MTC respond to these drugs, requiring the development of additional therapeutic modalities that have distinct activity. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate mitochondria-targeted carboxy-proxyl (Mito-CP), a mitochondria-targeted redox-sensitive agent, for its tumor-suppressive efficacy against MTC. DESIGN In vitro cultures of 2 human MTC cell lines, TT and MZ-CRC-1, and TT xenografts in mice were treated with Mito-CP in comparison with vandetanib. The effects on cell survival/death, RET expression, mitochondrial integrity, and oxidative stress were determined. RESULTS Contrary to vandetanib, Mito-CP induced RET downregulation and strong cytotoxic effects in both cell lines in vitro, including caspase-dependent apoptosis. These effects were accompanied by mitochondrial membrane depolarization, decreased oxygen consumption, and increased oxidative stress in cells. Intriguingly, Mito-CP-induced cell death, but not RET downregulation, was partially inhibited by the reactive oxygen species scavenger, N-acetyl-cysteine, indicating that Mito-CP mediates tumor-suppressive effects via redox-dependent as well as redox-independent mechanisms. Orally administered Mito-CP effectively suppressed TT xenografts in mice, with an efficacy comparable to vandetanib and relatively low toxicity to animals. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that Mito-CP can effectively suppress MTC cell growth/survival via a mechanism distinct from vandetanib effects. Mitochondrial targeting may be a potential strategy for MTC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Starenki
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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28
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To Market, To Market—2012. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417150-3.00028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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