High Fructose and High Fat Exert Different Effects on Changes in Trabecular Bone Micro-structure

The Effects of Different Dietary Patterns on Bone Health

Bone metabolism is a process in which osteoclasts continuously clear old bone and osteoblasts form osteoid and mineralization within basic multicellular units, which are in a dynamic balance. The process of bone metabolism is affected by many factors, including diet. Reasonable dietary patterns play a vital role in the prevention and treatment of bone-related diseases. In recent years, dietary patterns have changed dramatically. With the continuous improvement in the quality of life, high amounts of sugar, fat and protein have become a part of people's daily diets. However, people have gradually realized the importance of a healthy diet, intermittent fasting, calorie restriction, a vegetarian diet, and moderate exercise. Although these dietary patterns have traditionally been considered healthy, their true impact on bone health are still unclear. Studies have found that caloric restriction and a vegetarian diet can reduce bone mass, the negative impact of a high-sugar and high-fat dietary (HSFD) pattern on bone health is far greater than the positive impact of the mechanical load, and the relationship between a high-protein diet (HPD) and bone health remains controversial. Calcium, vitamin D, and dairy products play an important role in preventing bone loss. In this article, we further explore the relationship between different dietary patterns and bone health, and provide a reference for how to choose the appropriate dietary pattern in the future and for how to prevent bone loss caused by long-term poor dietary patterns in children, adolescents, and the elderly. In addition, this review provides dietary references for the clinical treatment of bone-related diseases and suggests that health policy makers should consider dietary measures to prevent and treat bone loss.

Multiomics profiling reveals VDR as a central regulator of mesenchymal stem cell senescence with a known association with osteoporosis after high-fat diet exposure

The consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) has been linked to osteoporosis and an increased risk of fragility fractures. However, the specific mechanisms of HFD-induced osteoporosis are not fully understood. Our study shows that exposure to an HFD induces premature senescence in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), diminishing their proliferation and osteogenic capability, and thereby contributes to osteoporosis. Transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility analyses revealed the decreased chromatin accessibility of vitamin D receptor (VDR)-binding sequences and decreased VDR signaling in BMSCs from HFD-fed mice, suggesting that VDR is a key regulator of BMSC senescence. Notably, the administration of a VDR activator to HFD-fed mice rescued BMSC senescence and significantly improved osteogenesis, bone mass, and other bone parameters. Mechanistically, VDR activation reduced BMSC senescence by decreasing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and preserving mitochondrial function. Our findings not only elucidate the mechanisms by which an HFD induces BMSC senescence and associated osteoporosis but also offer new insights into treating HFD-induced osteoporosis by targeting the VDR-superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2)-ROS axis.

Effect of high-fructose consumption in pregnancy on the bone growth of offspring rats

Growing evidence suggests that bone health is programmed in early life. Maternal diet may influence the skeletal development of offspring. We aimed to determine the possible effects of high-fructose intake during pregnancy on different aspects of long bone morphology in the offspring of rats and to initially explore the possible mechanisms. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups and intragastrically administered the same dose of distilled water (CON, n = 12), 20 g/kg/day glucose (GLU, n = 12), 10 g/kg/day fructose (LFRU, n = 12), or 20 g/kg/day fructose (HFRU, n = 12) for 21 days during gestation. Computed tomography was used to analyze the cortical and cancellous bones of the distal femur of the offspring rats, and circulating bone metabolic biomarkers were measured using enzyme immunoassay. The results showed that high-fructose intake during pregnancy could decrease body weight, impair glucose metabolism, and increase serum leptin and uric acid in offspring. The offspring in the HFRU group had higher levels of the N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP) and the C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX). The bone mean density (BMD), the total cross-sectional area inside the periosteal envelope (Tt.Ar), cortical bone area (Ct.Ar), medullary (or marrow) area (Ma.Ar), and trabecular mean density of the offspring in the HFRU group were lower than those in the CON group. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (Trap) staining showed that high-fructose intake during pregnancy could increase the number of osteoclasts and increase the absorption area. Our results suggested that excessive fructose intake during pregnancy could inhibit skeletal development in offspring. Thus, attention to fructose intake during pregnancy is important for bone development in offspring.

Energy Balance and Bone Health: a Nutrient Availability Perspective

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Obesity is highly prevalent and is associated with bone fragility and fracture. The changing nutrient availability to bone in obesity is an important facet of bone health. The goal of this article is to summarize current knowledge on the effects of carbohydrate and dietary fat availability on bone, particularly in the context of other tissues.

RECENT FINDINGS

The skeleton is a primary site for fatty acid and glucose uptake. The trafficking of carbohydrates and fats into tissues changes with weight loss and periods of weight gain. Exercise acutely influences nutrient uptake into bone and may affect nutrient partitioning to bone. Bone cells secrete hormones that signal to the brain and other tissues information about its energetic state, which may alter whole-body nutrient trafficking. There is a critical need for studies to address the changes that metabolic perturbations have on nutrient availability in bone.

High-fat diet causes undesirable bone regeneration by altering the bone marrow environment in rats

OBJECTIVE

Diet structure has changed greatly over the last few decades, and high-calorie diets have become an integral part of people's daily diet, as well as the important cause of obesity in society. Several organ systems, including the skeletal system, are seriously affected by high-fat-diets (HFD) in the world. There is, however, still a lack of knowledge about the effects of HFD on bone regeneration and the possible mechanisms involved. In this study, the difference in bone regeneration between rats under HFD and low-fat-diets (LFD) was evaluated by monitoring the process of bone regeneration in distraction osteogenesis (DO) model animals, as well as the possible mechanisms.

METHODS

A total of 40 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (5 weeks old) were randomly divided into HFD group (n=20) and LFD group (n=20). Except for feeding methods, there were no differences between the two groups in terms of treatment conditions. All animals received the DO surgery eight weeks after starting to feed. After a delay of 5 days (latency phase), the active lengthening phase was performed for 10 days (0.25 mm/12 h), and the consolidation phase followed for 42 days. An observational study of bone included radioscopy (once a week), micro-computed tomography (CT), general morphology, biomechanics, histomorphometry, and immunohistochemistry.

RESULT

The results showed that HFD group had a higher body weight than LFD group after 8, 14, and 16 weeks of feeding. Furthermore, at the final observation, there were statistically significant differences between LFD group and HFD group in terms of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Additionally, observations on bone regeneration showed a slower regeneration and a lower biomechanical strength in HFD group than LFD group, based on radiography, micro-CT, general morphology, biomechanics, histomorphometry, and immunohistochemistry.

CONCLUSION

In this study, HFD resulted in elevated blood lipids, increased adipose differentiation at the bone marrow level, and delayed bone regeneration. The pieces of evidence are beneficial to better understand the association between diet and bone regeneration and to adjust the diet optimally for fracture patients.

Excessive fructose intake inhibits skeletal development in adolescent rats via gut microbiota and energy metabolism

Excessive fructose intake from desserts and beverages may influence bone development among adolescents. The gut microbiota (GM) and energy metabolism play important roles in bone development. In this study, 40 female adolescent rats were randomly assigned to the control group, the fructose group with two concentrations, and the glucose group as the positive control group. After 10 weeks, serum glucose and lipids were detected by means of an automatic analyzer, and the bone microstructure was analyzed by Micro-CT. Then, the GM was determined via 16S rRNA sequencing analysis, and energy metabolism was detected by measuring serum carbohydrate metabolites. At last, bone metabolism markers were measured via ELISA kits. The results showed that excessive fructose intake could increase body weight and influence the glucolipid metabolism of female adolescent rats. Meanwhile, the bone microstructures were impaired with excessive fructose intake. Mechanistically, excessive fructose intake shifted the GM of rats with the decrease of Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and increase of Allobaculum, Lachnospiraceae. Energy metabolism analysis suggested that most metabolites of fructose did not enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle to provide energy for the body’s development. Furthermore, serum bone metabolism markers showed that excessive fructose intake could decrease both bone formation and resorption. Our results suggested that excessive fructose intake could inhibit skeletal development in adolescents. One potential mechanism might be that it affected the intestinal microbiota homeostasis in the juvenile body, thus changing the energy metabolism level, and ultimately affecting the bone metabolic balance.

The effect of short-term high-caloric feeding and fasting on bone microarchitecture

BACKGROUND

States of chronic overnutrition and undernutrition are both associated with impaired bone health and increased fracture risk but there are no data on bone microarchitecture following short-term controlled nutritional challenges.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of our study was to evaluate the impact of short-term high-caloric feeding and fasting on bone microarchitecture. We hypothesized that both high-caloric feeding and fasting would have negative effects on microarchitecture.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We recruited 23 adult healthy subjects (13 males, 10 females, mean age 33.2 ± 1.4 years, mean BMI 26.0 ± 1.5 kg/m²). Subjects underwent an in-patient 10-day high-caloric visit (caloric intake with goal to achieve 7% weight gain), after which they went home to resume a normal diet for 13-18 days (stabilization period), and were then readmitted for a 10-day in-patient fasting stay (no caloric intake). All subjects underwent HRpQCT (XtremeCT, Scanco Medical AG, Brüttisellen, Switzerland) of the distal tibia and distal radius after each visit to assess volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), trabecular and cortical microarchitecture, and strength estimates. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to perform within group comparisons.

RESULTS

During the high-caloric period, there was a mean increase in weight by 6.3 + 1.7% (p < 0.0001). There were no significant changes in bone parameters in the distal tibia or distal radius (p > 0.05). During the stabilization period there was a significant reduction in weight by -2.7 + 1.9% (p < 0.0001) but no change in bone parameters (p > 0.05). During the fasting period there was a further reduction in weight by -8.8 + 1.2% (p < 0.0001). In the distal tibia, there was a significant increase in total and cortical vBMD, trabecular and cortical parameters as well as strength estimates (p < 0.05). In the distal radius there was an increase in total and trabecular vBMD (p < 0.05), while there were no changes in other microarchitecture parameters or strengths estimates.

CONCLUSION

Short-term fasting after high-caloric feeding improves vBMD, bone microarchitecture and strength estimates of the distal tibia, while short-term high-caloric feeding does not change vBMD or microarchitecture. These results suggest that short-term fasting after high-caloric feeding in healthy individuals improves bone health and that these changes can be detected using HRpQCT in-vivo.

Naringin Prevents Bone Damage in the Experimental Metabolic Syndrome Induced by a Fructose Rich Diet

We have analyzed the effect of naringin (NAR), a flavonoid from citric fruits, on bone quality and bone biomechanical properties as well as the redox state of bone marrow in rats fed a fructose rich diet (FRD), an experimental model to mimic human metabolic syndrome. NAR blocked the enhancement in the number of osteoclasts and adipocytes and the decrease in the number of osteocytes and osteocalcin (+) cells caused by FRD. The trabecular number was significantly higher in the FRD+NAR group. FRD induced a decrease in femoral trabecular and cortical bone mineral density, which was blocked by NAR. The fracture and ultimate loads were also decreased by the FRD and FRD+NAR groups. NAR increased the number of nodes to terminal trabecula, the number of nodes to node trabecula, the number of nodes, and the number of nodes with two terminals, and decreased the Dist (mean size of branches) value. Bone marrow catalase activity was decreased by the FRD, an effect prevented by NAR. In conclusion, FRD produces detrimental effects on long bones, which are associated with oxidative stress in bone marrow. Most of these changes are avoided by NAR through its antioxidant properties and promotion of bone formation. Novelty bullets: • Fructose rich diet produces detrimental effects on long bones, which are associated with oxidative stress in bone marrow. • Most of these changes are avoided by Naringin through its antioxidant properties and promotion of bone formation.

Worldwide flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate combined with high lipid diet provokes metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies: An overview

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Flavor enhancing high lipid diet acts as silent killer.

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Monosodium glutamate mixed with high lipid diet alters redox-status.

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Monosodium glutamate mixed with high lipid diet induces systemic anomalies.

In this fast-food era, people depend on ready-made foods and engage in minimal physical activities that ultimately change their food habits. Majorities of such foods have harmful effects on human health due to higher percentages of saturated fatty acids, trans-fatty acids, and hydrogenated fats in the form of high lipid diet (HLD). Moreover, food manufacturers add monosodium glutamate (MSG) to enhance the taste and palatability of the HLD. Both MSG and HLD induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thereby alter the redox-homeostasis to cause systemic damage. However, MSG mixed HLD (MH) consumption leads to dyslipidemia, silently develops non-alcoholic fatty liver disease followed by metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies, even malignancies, via modulating different signaling pathways. This comprehensive review formulates health care strategies to create global awareness about the harmful impact of MH on the human body and recommends the daily consumption of more natural foods rich in antioxidants instead of toxic ingredients to counterbalance the MH-induced systemic anomalies.

Obesity and Bone Health: A Complex Link

So far, the connections between obesity and skeleton have been extensively explored, but the results are inconsistent. Obesity is thought to affect bone health through a variety of mechanisms, including body weight, fat volume, bone formation/resorption, proinflammatory cytokines together with bone marrow microenvironment. In this review, we will mainly describe the effects of adipokines secreted by white adipose tissue on bone cells, as well as the interaction between brown adipose tissue, bone marrow adipose tissue, and bone metabolism. Meanwhile, this review also reviews the evidence for the effects of adipose tissue and its distribution on bone mass and bone-related diseases, along with the correlation between different populations with obesity and bone health. And we describe changes in bone metabolism in patients with anorexia nervosa or type 2 diabetes. In summary, all of these findings show that the response of skeleton to obesity is complex and depends on diversified factors, such as mechanical loading, obesity type, the location of adipose tissue, gender, age, bone sites, and secreted cytokines, and that these factors may exert a primary function in bone health.

Differential Modulation of Cancellous and Cortical Distal Femur by Fructose and Natural Mineral-Rich Water Consumption in Ovariectomized Female Sprague Dawley Rats

Bone mineral density (BMD) and microstructure depend on estrogens and diet. We assessed the impact of natural mineral-rich water ingestion on distal femur of fructose-fed estrogen-deficient female Sprague Dawley rats. Ovariectomized rats drank tap or mineral-rich waters, with or without 10%-fructose, for 10 weeks. A sham-operated group drinking tap water was included (n = 6/group). Cancellous and cortical bone compartments were analyzed by microcomputed tomography. Circulating bone metabolism markers were measured by enzyme immunoassay/enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or multiplex bead assay. Ovariectomy significantly worsened cancellous but not cortical bone, significantly increased circulating degradation products from C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL), and significantly decreased circulating osteoprotegerin and osteoprotegerin/RANKL ratio. In ovariectomized rats, in cancellous bone, significant water effect was observed for all microstructural properties, except for the degree of anisotropy, and BMD (neither a significant fructose effect nor a significant interaction between water and fructose ingestion effects were observed). In cortical bone, it was observed a significant (a) water effect for medullary volume and cortical endosteal perimeter; (b) fructose effect for cortical thickness, medullary volume, cross-sectional thickness and cortical endosteal and periosteal perimeters; and (c) interaction effect for mean eccentricity. In blood, significant fructose and interaction effects were found for osteoprotegerin (no significant water effect was seen). For the first time in ovariectomized rats, the positive modulation of cortical but not of cancellous bone by fructose ingestion and of both bone locations by natural mineral-rich water ingestion is described.

Inflammatory Links Between High Fat Diets and Diseases

In recent years, chronic overnutrition, such as consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD), has been increasingly viewed as a significant modifiable risk factor for diseases such as diabetes and certain types of cancer. However, the mechanisms by which HFDs exert adverse effects on human health remains poorly understood. Here, this paper will review the recent scientific literature about HFD-induced inflammation and subsequent development of diseases and cancer, with an emphasis on mechanisms involved. Given the expanding global epidemic of excessive HFD intake, understanding the impacts of a HFD on these medical conditions, gaining great insights into possible underlying mechanisms, and developing effective therapeutic strategies are of great importance.