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Ahmed RA, Kumar A, Swargiary A, Suri HS, Shankar H, Hussain SSA, Kumar G, Singh K, Kalita D, begum A. Impact assessment of Intensified Malaria Control Project in transitioning a high malaria-endemic district to a low-endemic district: an epidemiological aspect. Pathog Glob Health 2023; 117:493-504. [PMID: 36960929 PMCID: PMC10262807 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2194498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Intensified Malaria Control Project (IMCP) was implemented in 2005 to control malaria in all North-Eastern and Odisha states of India. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of IMCP in reducing the malaria burden in Udalguri district, Assam state of North-East India. Malaria epidemiological data were obtained for IMCP intervention (Udalguri) and nonintervention district (West Singhbhumi, Jharkhand state). IMCP activities include introducing bi-valent rapid diagnostic kits (RDTs), Artemether-Lumefantrine drug in North-East India, long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) distribution, and creating awareness programs about malaria in an intensified mode. The data revealed a significant decline in annual parasite incidence (API) from 14.94 (2005) to 2.61 (2018), -37% (95%CI: -57%, -19%, p = 001) after using LLINs in 2009 and -64% (95%CI: -116%, -14%, p = 013) after the introduction of RDTs in district Udalguri. Whereas control district showed a -28% (95%CI: -63%, 6.3%, p = 0.051) decrease in API using LLINs and a 10% (95%CI: -7.6%, 28%, p = 0.122) increase after the introduction of RDTs. Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and P. vivax (Pv) were the major malarial parasites in Udalguri. Pv-malaria was much higher (71%) than Pf-malaria (29%) during the study period. An increasing trend of Pf cases was observed in Udalguri. Udalguri and Khoirabari BPHCs showed an overall reduction of 94% (95%CI: -143%, -45%, p = 0.001) and 84% (95%CI: -126%, -39%, p = 0.003), respectively; however, only a 10% (95%CI: -65%, -41%, p = 0.360) reduction in API was observed in Orang BPHC. An overall decrease in malaria indicates the effective implementation of vector and disease control strategies in the Udalguri district.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Ali Ahmed
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Udalguri, Darrang, Assam, India
- Department of Parasite – Host Biology, ICMR – National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Avdhesh Kumar
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Ananta Swargiary
- Department of Zoology, Bodoland University, Kokrajhar, Assam, India
| | - Harpal Singh Suri
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Udalguri, Darrang, Assam, India
| | - Hari Shankar
- Department of Parasite – Host Biology, ICMR – National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Syed Shah Areeb Hussain
- Department of Parasite – Host Biology, ICMR – National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Parasite – Host Biology, ICMR – National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- Department of Parasite – Host Biology, ICMR – National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dipika Kalita
- Department of Zoology, Bhattadev University, Pathshala, Assam, India
| | - Afluza begum
- Department of Chemistry, Bhattadev University, Pathshala, Assam, India
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Vavilala H, Yaladanda N, Krishna Kondeti P, Mopuri R, Gouda KC, Rao Bhimala K, Rao Kadiri M, Upadhyayula SM, Rao Mutheneni S. Weather integrated malaria prediction system using Bayesian structural time series model for northeast states of India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:68232-68246. [PMID: 35538339 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20642-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is an endemic disease in India and targeted to eliminate by the year 2030. The present study is aimed at understanding the epidemiological patterns of malaria transmission dynamics in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh followed by the development of a malaria prediction model using monthly climate factors. A total of 144,055 cases in Assam during 2011-2018 and 42,970 cases in Arunachal Pradesh were reported during the 2011-2019 period observed, and Plasmodium falciparum (74.5%) was the most predominant parasite in Assam, whereas Plasmodium vivax (66%) in Arunachal Pradesh. Malaria transmission showed a strong seasonal variation where most of the cases were reported during the monsoon period (Assam, 51.9%, and Arunachal Pradesh, 53.6%). Similarly, the malaria incidence was highest in the male population in both states (Asam, 55.75%, and Arunachal Pradesh, 51.43%), and the disease risk is also higher among the > 15 years age group (Assam, 61.7%, and Arunachal Pradesh, 67.9%). To predict the malaria incidence, Bayesian structural time series (BSTS) and Seasonal Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average with eXogenous factors (SARIMAX) models were implemented. A statistically significant association between malaria cases and climate variables was observed. The most influencing climate factors are found to be maximum and mean temperature with a 6-month lag, and it showed a negative association with malaria incidence. The BSTS model has shown superior performance on the optimal auto-correlated dataset (OAD) which contains auto-correlated malaria cases, cross-correlated climate variables besides malaria cases in both Assam (RMSE, 0.106; MAE, 0.089; and SMAPE, 19.2%) and Arunachal Pradesh (RMSE, 0.128; MAE, 0.122; and SMAPE, 22.6%) than the SARIMAX model. The findings suggest that the predictive performance of the BSTS model is outperformed, and it may be helpful for ongoing intervention strategies by governmental and nongovernmental agencies in the northeast region to combat the disease effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariprasad Vavilala
- ENVIS Resource Partner On Climate Change and Public Health, Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Nikhila Yaladanda
- ENVIS Resource Partner On Climate Change and Public Health, Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Phani Krishna Kondeti
- ENVIS Resource Partner On Climate Change and Public Health, Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rajasekhar Mopuri
- ENVIS Resource Partner On Climate Change and Public Health, Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Krushna Chandra Gouda
- CSIR-Fourth Paradigm Institute, NAL Belur Campus, Bangalore, 560037, Karnataka, India
| | - Kantha Rao Bhimala
- CSIR-Fourth Paradigm Institute, NAL Belur Campus, Bangalore, 560037, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhusudhan Rao Kadiri
- ENVIS Resource Partner On Climate Change and Public Health, Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Suryanaryana Murty Upadhyayula
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sila Katamur, Halugurisuk, Changsari, Kamrup, 781101, Assam, India
| | - Srinivasa Rao Mutheneni
- ENVIS Resource Partner On Climate Change and Public Health, Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Ahmed RA, Shankar H, Hussain SSA, Swargiary A, Kumar A, Tarique M, Prabhakar P, Suri HS, Singh K, Chakma JK, Singh J, Begum A. Moderate Rainfall and High Humidity During the Monsoon Season, Negligence in Using Malaria Protection Methods and High Proportion of Mild Symptomatic Patients Were the Driving Forces for Upsurge of Malaria Cases in 2018 Among Tea Tribe Populations in Endemic Dolonibasti Health Sub-center, Udalguri District, Assam State, North-East India. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:913848. [PMID: 35847777 PMCID: PMC9280886 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.913848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria elimination is a global priority, which India has also adopted as a target. Despite the malaria control efforts like long-lasting insecticidal nets distribution, rounds of indoor residual spray, the introduction of bi-valent rapid diagnostic tests and artemisinin combination therapy, malaria remained consistent in Dolonibasti sub-center of Orang block primary health center (BPHC) under the district Udalguri, Assam state followed by abrupt rise in cases in 2018. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the factors driving the malaria transmission in the outbreak area of Dolonibasti sub-center. Malaria epidemiological data (2008–2018) of Udalguri district and Orang BPHC was collected. The annual (2011-2018) and monthly (2013–2018) malaria and meteorological data of Dolonibasti sub-center was collected. An entomological survey, Knowledge, Attitude and Practices study among malaria cases (n = 120) from Dolonibasti was conducted. In 2018, 26.1 % (2136/ 8188) of the population of Dolonibasti were found to be malaria positive, of which 55% were adults (n = 1176). Majority of cases were from tea tribe populations (90%), either asymptomatic or with fever only, 67.5 % (81/120) had experienced malaria infection during past years. The outbreak was characterized by a strong increase in cases in June 2018, high proportion of slide falciparum rate of 26.1% (other years average, 15.8%) and high proportion of P. falciparum of 81.2 % (other years average, 84.3%). Anopheles minimus s.l. was the major vector with 28.6% positivity and high larval density in paddy fields/ drainage area. Annual relative humidity was associated with rise in malaria cases, annual parasite incidence (rs = 0.69, 90%CI; p = 0.06) and slide positivity rate (rs = 0.83, 95%CI; p = 0.01). Older people were less educated (rs = −0.66; p < 0.001), had lesser knowledge about malaria cause (rs = −0.42; χ2=21.80; p < 0.001) and prevention (rs = −0.18; p = 0.04). Malaria control practices were followed by those having knowledge about cause of malaria (rs = 0.36; χ2 = 13.50; p < 0.001) and prevention (rs = 0.40; χ2 = 17.71; p < 0.001). Altogether, 84.6% (44/52) of the respondents did not use protective measures. We described a sudden increase in malaria incidence in a rural, predominantly tea tribe population group with high illiteracy rate and ignorance on protective measures against malaria. More efforts that are concerted needed to educate the community about malaria control practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Ali Ahmed
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Guwahati, India
- Parasite-Host Biology Group, ICMR – National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Rahim Ali Ahmed
| | - Hari Shankar
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Hari Shankar
| | - Syed Shah Areeb Hussain
- Parasite-Host Biology Group, ICMR – National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Avdhesh Kumar
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Ministry of Health & FW, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Tarique
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Pankaj Prabhakar
- Department of Pharmacology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sheikhpura, India
| | | | - Kuldeep Singh
- Epidemiology & Environmental Biology Group, ICMR—National Institute of Malaria Research Field Station, Guwahati, India
- Kuldeep Singh
| | | | - Jyoti Singh
- Department of Zoology, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Afluza Begum
- Department of Chemistry, Bhattadev University, Guwahati, India
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Shankar H, Phookan S, Singh MP, Bharti RS, Ahmed N, Yadav CP, Sharma GP, Singh K, Kaur H, Mishra N. Asymptomatic low-density Plasmodium infection during non-transmission season: a community-based cross-sectional study in two districts of North Eastern Region, India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:1198-1206. [PMID: 33580962 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria elimination requires targeting asymptomatic and low-density Plasmodium infections that largely remain undetected. Therefore we conducted a cross-sectional study to estimate the burden of asymptomatic and low-density Plasmodium infection using conventional and molecular diagnostics. METHODS A total of 9118 participants, irrespective of age and sex, were screened for malaria using rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), microscopy and polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Among the participants, 707 presented with symptoms and 8411 without symptoms, of which Plasmodium was present in 15.6% (110/707) and 8.1% (681/8411), respectively. Low-density infection was found in 5.1% (145/2818) of participants and 8327 of 9118 were Plasmodium negative. Endemicity was propotional to asymptomatic infections (high endemicity 11.1% [404/3633] vs low endemicity 5.8% [277/4778]; odds ratio [OR] 2.0 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.7 to 2.4]) but inversely related to low-density infection (high endemicity 3.7% [57/1545] vs low endemicity 6.9% [88/1273]; OR 1.9 [95% CI 1.4 to 2.7]). The spleen rate in children 2-9 y of age was 17.9% (602/3368) and the enlarged spleen index was 1.6. Children between 8 and 14 y showed higher odds for asymptomatic (adjusted OR [aOR] 1.75 [95% CI 1.4 to 2.2]) and low-density infections (aOR 0.63 [95% CI 0.4 to 1.0)] than adults. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of asymptomatic and low-density Plasmodium infection undermines the usefulness of standard diagnostic tools used by health agencies. This necessitates deploying molecular tools in areas where malaria microscopy/RDTs indicate a dearth of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shankar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India
| | - Sobhan Phookan
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Guwahati 781022, Assam, India
| | - Mrigendra Pal Singh
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Jabalpur 482003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ram Suresh Bharti
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India
| | - Naseem Ahmed
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India
| | - Chander Prakash Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India
| | - Guru Prasad Sharma
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Guwahati 781022, Assam, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Neelima Mishra
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India
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Degarege A, Gebrezgi MT, Beck-Sague CM, Wahlgren M, de Mattos LC, Madhivanan P. Effect of ABO blood group on asymptomatic, uncomplicated and placental Plasmodium falciparum infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:86. [PMID: 30683058 PMCID: PMC6346527 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria clinical outcomes vary by erythrocyte characteristics, including ABO blood group, but the effect of ABO blood group on asymptomatic, uncomplicated and placental Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) infection remains unclear. We explored effects of ABO blood group on asymptomatic, uncomplicated and placental falciparum infection in the published literature. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. Articles in Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL and Cochrane Library published before February 04, 2017 were searched without restriction. Studies were included if they reported P. falciparum infection incidence or prevalence, stratified by ABO blood group. RESULTS Of 1923 articles obtained from the five databases (Embase = 728, PubMed = 620, Web of Science = 549, CINAHL = 14, Cochrane Library = 12), 42 met criteria for systematic review and 37 for meta-analysis. Most studies (n = 30) were cross-sectional, seven were prospective cohort, and five were case-control studies. Meta-analysis showed similar odds of uncomplicated P. falciparum infection among individuals with blood group A (summary odds ratio [OR] 0.96, 15 studies), B (OR 0.89, 15 studies), AB (OR 0.85, 10 studies) and non-O (OR 0.95, 17 studies) as compared to those with blood group O. Meta-analysis of four cohort studies also showed similar risk of uncomplicated P. falciparum infection among individuals with blood group non-O and those with blood group O (summary relative risk [RR] 1.03). Meta-analysis of six studies showed similar odds of asymptomatic P. falciparum infection among individuals with blood group A (OR 1.05), B (OR 1.03), AB (OR 1.23), and non-O (OR 1.07) when compared to those with blood group O. However, odds of active placental P. falciparum infection was significantly lower in primiparous women with non-O blood groups (OR 0.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.23 - 0.69, I2 0.0%, three studies), particularly in those with blood group A (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.003 - 0.82, I2 1.4%, four studies) than those with blood group O. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that ABO blood group may not affect susceptibility to asymptomatic and/or uncomplicated P. falciparum infection. However, blood group O primiparous women appear to be more susceptible to active placental P. falciparum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Degarege
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199 USA
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Merhawi T. Gebrezgi
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199 USA
| | - Consuelo M. Beck-Sague
- Department of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida USA
| | - Mats Wahlgren
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luiz Carlos de Mattos
- Molecular Biology Department, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Purnima Madhivanan
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199 USA
- Public Health Research Institute of India, Mysore, India
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Yadav K, Dhiman S, Rabha B, Goswami D, Saikia PK, Veer V. Disappearance of Anopheles minimus and Anopheles dirus from Certain Malaria Endemic Areas of Assam, India. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2017; 11:27-35. [PMID: 29026850 PMCID: PMC5629303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orang Primary Health Centre (OPHC) and Balipara Primary Health Centre (BPHC) of Assam (India) report mosquito borne diseases annually. Current study was performed to ascertain the prevalence of known malaria and Japanese Encephalitis (JE) vectors and their possible role in disease transmission. METHODS Malaria epidemiological data for 2006-2010 and JE data for 2008-2013 of Assam, India were obtained from the health authority. Mosquitoes were collected using CDC light traps and identified morpho-taxonomically. RESULTS Plasmodium falciparum cases (81.5%, 95% CI= 72.0-91.1) were statistically higher in OPHC (P< 0.0001, t= 8.0) during the recent years. There was 4.4 folds rise in the confirmed acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) and 3.2 folds increase in the confirmed JE cases during 2013 as compared to 2008. Altogether 9,218 mosquito specimens (PTND= 153.6), comprising of 44.1% anophelines (PTND= 67.7), 42.3% culicines (PTND= 65.0) and 9.5% mansonia (PTND= 14.6) were recorded. In BPHC, Anopheles vagus was recorded in high density (P< 0.0001), whereas Culex quinquefasciatus was the predominant JE vector (P= 0.04). In OPHC, among the known malaria vectors, the density of Anopheles annularis was significantly high (P< 0.0001). However Culex bitaeniorhynchus was the predominant known JE vector (P< 0.0001) followed by Cx. quinquefasciatus. CONCLUSION Even in the absence of known efficient vectors, many Anopheles species are still involved in malaria transmission. There was disappearance of Anopheles minimus and Anopheles dirus and establishment of An. annularis, An. vagus and An. philippinensis/nivipes mosquitoes in study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Yadav
- Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India,Corresponding author: Dr Kavita Yadav, E-mail:
| | - Sunil Dhiman
- Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Bipul Rabha
- Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Diganta Goswami
- Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - PK Saikia
- Zoology Department, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Vijay Veer
- Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India
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Dhiman S, Goswami D, Rabha B, Yadav K, Chattopadhyay P, Veer V. Absence of asymptomatic malaria in a cohort of 133 individuals in a malaria endemic area of Assam, India. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:919. [PMID: 26384971 PMCID: PMC4575429 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria in northeast India affects children and adults annually. The number of malaria cases reported has declined over the past few years. Nevertheless, it is not clear whether there is an actual decline in parasitaemia or whether asymptomatic malaria infections are on the rise, especially in forested and forest-fringed areas. Asymptomatic malaria forms a parasite reservoir that acts as an epicentre for malaria spread during high-transmission season. Therefore it is important to understand the quantum of asymptomatic malaria infections among the vulnerable population. METHOD Four forest fringed historically malaria endemic villages were selected for the study. A total of 133 individuals without a fever history in the past four weeks were tested for malaria parasite using rapid diagnostic test (RDT), microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay during January - February 2014. Indoor resting Anopheles vectors were collected, identified and tested for sporozoite using VectorTest™ panel assay during October 2013 to March 2014, which is a low transmission season for malaria. Social and demographic data were recorded during the study. RESULTS Mean age (± SEM) of the participants was 16.1 ± 1.2 years (95 % CI: 13.8-18.4). All participants (100 %) reported to use mosquito nets. Altogether, 43.6 % of participants had education below primary level and only 9 % reported a travel history during the past four weeks. All RDT, microscopy and PCR assays were found negative indicating no asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia. Seven known malaria vector species namely, Anopheles nivipes, An. minimus, An. annularis, An. vagus, An. aconitus, An. philippinensis and An. culicifacies, were recorded in the present study. VectorTest™ sporozoite panel assay conducted on 45 pools (N = 224) of vector mosquitoes were found negative for Plasmodium sporozoite. DISCUSSION Northeastern states of India report asymptomatic malaria parasitemia along with high malaria transmission. An. minimus and An. dirus are recognised as efficient vectors, but An. culicifacies, An. philippinensis and An. annularis also play role in malaria transmission. Currently all participants were found negative for asymptomatic malaria, however the small sample size may restrict the scope of present results to the population living in more remote areas. CONCLUSION No cases of asymptomatic malaria infections parasitaemia was found in the present study conducted during a low transmission season indicating that asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia may not be prevalent in the region. Mosquito specimens were tested negative for the malaria sporozoites. Study findings encourage the ongoing malaria intervention efforts and recommends similar investigations in different ecological areas involving large populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Dhiman
- Department of Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India, 784 001.
| | - Diganta Goswami
- Department of Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India, 784 001.
| | - Bipul Rabha
- Department of Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India, 784 001.
| | - Kavita Yadav
- Department of Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India, 784 001.
| | - Pronobesh Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India, 784 001.
| | - Vijay Veer
- Department of Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India, 784 001.
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8
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Ezatpour B, Farhadi SJ, Azami M, Alirezaei M, Ebrahimzadeh F. Importance of cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered herbivores from Iran. J Parasit Dis 2015; 39:234-7. [PMID: 26064006 PMCID: PMC4456532 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-013-0328-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) or hydatidosis is well-known as one of the zoonotic diseases in world-wide including Iran. Hydatidosis was considered as a disease that causes severe reduction in meat wool and milk in livestock animals which all of them indicating its importance. Thus, present study was designed to evaluated prevalence of CE in slaughtered animals from Delfan region in Lorestan province of Iran. The samples 6,885 animals were considered based on type of species in a slaughter from Lorestan province. The study performed from 3 April 2009 to 3 April 2012 and inspection carried out from 4,101 cattle, 2,150 sheep and 634 goat. The liver and lungs examined based on CE and showed the highest prevalence in cattle (25.7 %) and the lowest 3.8 % in goat, likewise, CE was more in the lung than to liver. There was significant difference between species of animals and infected organ (P < 0.001). The highest prevalence was seen in winter (32.8 % for cattle, 8.1 % for goat) while, it was 15.7 % for sheep in summer (P = 0.04). Overall these data indicate the necessity of disease control strategy for reduction of CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Ezatpour
- />Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Azami
- />Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masoud Alirezaei
- />Division of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Farzad Ebrahimzadeh
- />Department of Biostatistics, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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9
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Das NG, Dhiman S, Talukdar PK, Goswami D, Rabha B, Baruah I, Veer V. Role of asymptomatic carriers and weather variables in persistent transmission of malaria in an endemic district of Assam, India. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2015; 5:25442. [PMID: 25595688 PMCID: PMC4297276 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v5.25442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria transmission is perennial in the Assam–Arunachal Pradesh interstate border areas in the Sonitpur district of Assam, India. A yearlong study was carried out on the incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria and the role of asymptomatic malaria carriers in persistent transmission of the disease. The relationships between malaria incidence and weather parameters were also investigated. Methods Active and mass blood surveys were conducted on a monthly basis in Bengenajuli, Sapairaumari Pathar, and Nigam villages near the Assam–Arunachal Pradesh border. Epidemiological indices were estimated for malaria-positive cases. Multiple linear regression between monthly malaria incidence and monthly average temperature, and relative humidity along with monthly total rainfall was carried out. The known malaria vectors collected in CDC light traps were identified and recorded. Results Slide positivity rate (SPR) and Plasmodium falciparum percent (Pf%) for symptomatic malaria were 26.1 and 79.8, respectively. Prevalence of malaria vectors was observed throughout the year with varying density. Anopheles philippinensis/nivipes and A. annularis were predominant among the seven known vector species recorded currently. Asymptomatic parasitemia was detected throughout the year with SPR ranging from 4.8 to 5.3. Monthly rainfall with 1-month lag had the highest correlation (r=0.92) with SPR. The relationship between SPR and weather factors was established as SPR=−114.22+0.58 Tmin+1.38 RH+0.03 RF (R2=0.89; p=0.00). Conclusion Low and relatively constant levels of asymptomatic parasitemia was present in the study area. High malaria vector density and presence of asymptomatic malaria parasite carriers were responsible for persistent malaria transmission in the region. This study concludes that passive detection and prompt treatment of asymptomatic carriers is essential for preventing persistent disease transmission. Rainfall along with some other weather variables may be used for predicting the malaria epidemics in the region. The predictive information could be useful to target resources more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunil Dhiman
- Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | | | | | - Bipul Rabha
- Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Indra Baruah
- Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Vijay Veer
- Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India
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10
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Goswami D, Dhiman S, Rabha B, Kumar D, Baruah I, Veer V, Bhola R, Sharma D. High prevalence of pfcrt K76T and mdr1 N86Y mutations in Sonitpur district of Assam, India. J Parasit Dis 2014; 38:250-4. [PMID: 25035579 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-013-0298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Present study reports the prevalence and distribution of pfcrt K76T and mdr1 N86Y mutations in malaria endemic areas of Sonitpur district of Assam. Out of 163 individuals tested for malaria, 67 (SPR = 41.1 %) were detected positive for malaria infection using rapid detection kit in the field and PCR assay in the laboratory. Nested PCR-RFLP assay was used to amplify pfcrt K76T and mdr1 N86Y genes flanking the K76T and N86Y mutations. P. falciparum was most abundant (91.04 %) among the three Plasmodium species reported and its prevalence was significantly higher as compared to P. vivax and P. malariae (χ(2) = 150.76; p ≤ 0.0001; df = 2). Malaria was equally distributed among all the age groups and both the sexes. Hemoglobin contents in severe anaemic patients had a significant linear decreasing trend among patients with the increase in age (χ(2) = 4.33; p = 0.03), whereas non severe anaemic patients exhibited significant linear increasing trend among the patients with the increase in age (χ(2) = 18.38; p ≤ 0.0001). Pfcrt K76T mutation was recorded in 44 (72.13 %) isolates, whereas mdr1 N86Y mutation could be detected in 28 (41.79 %) isolates only. Only 32.7 % of the samples had both pfcrt K76T and mdr N86Y mutations. Number of pfcrt K76T mutant isolates was significantly higher than the wild type. However no significant difference was observed among the number of isolates with mdr1 N86Y mutant and wild isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diganta Goswami
- Department of Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam India
| | - Sunil Dhiman
- Department of Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam India
| | - Bipul Rabha
- Department of Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam India
| | - Indra Baruah
- Department of Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam India
| | - Vijay Veer
- Department of Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam India
| | - Rk Bhola
- Department of Zoology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam India
| | - Dk Sharma
- Department of Zoology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam India
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11
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Yadav K, Dhiman S, Rabha B, Saikia P, Veer V. Socio-economic determinants for malaria transmission risk in an endemic primary health centre in Assam, India. Infect Dis Poverty 2014; 3:19. [PMID: 24991410 PMCID: PMC4078389 DOI: 10.1186/2049-9957-3-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Northeast India. As there is limited information available on the potential influence of socio-economic variables on malaria risk, the present study was conducted to assess the influence of demographic factors, the socio-economic status, and knowledge, awareness and education on malaria occurrence. Methods Demographics, malaria knowledge and socio-economic variables were collected in four randomly selected health sub-centres of the Orang primary health centre in the Udalguri district, Assam and the association of malaria occurrence with different variables were analysed. The trend of malaria occurrence for different income groups, proximity to health centres and number of mosquito bites per day was also determined using the chi-square test. Relative risk (RR) for gender, house type, knowledge and use of bed nets was determined using Katz approximation. Results Out of the 71 household heads interviewed, 70.4% (50/71) were males. About half (54.9%, 39/71) of the participants had a history of malaria in the last two years, of which 64.1% (25/39) were males, while 35.9% (14/39) were females (χ2 = 5.13; p = 0.02; RR = 1.79). Of the total population surveyed, 49.3% lived in bamboo houses and 35.2% lived at a distance of >3 km from the nearest health centre. The number of participants who had a history of malaria decreased with an increasing monthly income (p < 0.0001). Malaria occurrence was higher among the households living in bamboo houses (69.2%), as compared to Kucha houses (20.5%) and Pucca houses (10.3%). No significant association was observed between education level and malaria occurrence (p = 0.93). The participants who did not use bed nets regularly reported a high occurrence of malaria infection as compared to those who used bed nets everyday (p < 0.0001). Conclusions Lower income, house type, distance to health sub-centre, knowledge and awareness about malaria, number of mosquito bites per day and use of bed nets were positively associated with malaria occurrence. Increasing the number of health sub-centres close to rural areas, improving the economic status and increasing awareness about malaria prevention measures will thus help to reduce malaria-associated morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Yadav
- Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam 784001, India
| | - Sunil Dhiman
- Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam 784001, India
| | - Bipul Rabha
- Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam 784001, India
| | - Pk Saikia
- Department of Zoology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
| | - Vijay Veer
- Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam 784001, India
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12
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Dhiman S, Rabha B, Talukdar P, Das N, Yadav K, Baruah I, Singh L, Veer V. DDT & deltamethrin resistance status of known Japanese encephalitis vectors in Assam, India. Indian J Med Res 2013; 138:988-94. [PMID: 24521646 PMCID: PMC3978992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Japanese encephalitis (JE) outbreaks are common in Assam, northeastern State of India. Information on resistance in known JE vectors in the affected area is important for effective control measures. This study was undertaken to determine the species abundance of JE vectors endemic to Sibsagar district of Assam, and their susceptibility against DDT and deltamethrin. METHODS Adult mosquitoes were collected using CDC light trap and aspirators from human dwellings from 13 endemic villages falling under three Primary Health Centres. Collected mosquitoes were identified and unfed female mosquitoes were used for DDT and deltamethrin sensitivity bioassay. The bioassay was performed following WHO protocol using standard susceptibility test kit. Knockdown time (KDT) was monitored at every 10 minutes intervals, whereas mortalities were recorded 24 h post-exposure. Vector density and resistance status were mapped using geographic information system (GIS) technique. RESULTS A total of 7655 mosquitoes were sampled under three genera, i.e. Anopheles, Culex and Mansonia, and nine species, the JE vector Cx. vishnui group (31.78%) was the most predominant species, followed by Ma. uniformis (16.81%) and Ma. indiana (16.45%). All vector species were suspected to be resistant to DDT and sensitive to deltamethrin, except Ma. indiana, which was suspected to deltamethrin resistant. The KDT50 and KDT95 values of vector mosquitoes for DDT were significantly higher as compared to deltamethrin. The probit model used to estimate KDT50 and KDT95 values did not display normal distribution of percentage knockdown with time for all the vectors tested for DDT and deltamethrin, except for Ma. indiana for deltamethrin assay and Cx. gelidus for the DDT assay. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION Differences in insecticide resistance status were observed between insecticides and vector species. The results of this study provided baseline data on insecticide resistance in known JE vectors of Sibsagar, Assam. The maps generated may allow better communication in control operations and comparison of changes in susceptibility status of these vectors over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Dhiman
- Medical Entomology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, India
| | - Bipul Rabha
- Medical Entomology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, India
| | - P.K. Talukdar
- Medical Entomology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, India
| | - N.G. Das
- Medical Entomology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, India
| | - Kavita Yadav
- Medical Entomology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, India
| | - Indra Baruah
- Medical Entomology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, India
| | - Lokendra Singh
- Medical Entomology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, India
| | - Vijay Veer
- Medical Entomology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, India
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13
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Dhiman S, Bhola RK, Goswami D, Rabha B, Kumar D, Baruah I, Singh L. Polymerase chain reaction detection of human host preference and Plasmodium parasite infections in field collected potential malaria vectors. Pathog Glob Health 2013; 106:177-80. [PMID: 23265376 DOI: 10.1179/2047773212y.0000000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the human host preference and presence of Plasmodium parasite in field collected Anopheles mosquitoes among four villages around a military cantonment located in malaria endemic Sonitpur district of Assam, India. Encountered malaria vector mosquitoes were identified and tested for host preference and Plasmodium presence using PCR method. Human host preference was detected using simple PCR, whereas vectorial status for Plasmodium parasite was confirmed using first round PCR with genus specific primers and thereafter nested PCR with three Plasmodium species specific primers. Out of 1874 blood fed vector mosquitoes collected, 187 (10%) were processed for PCR, which revealed that 40·6% had fed on human blood; 9·2% of human blood fed mosquito were harbouring Plasmodium parasites, 71·4% of which were confirmed to Plasmodium falciparum. In addition to An. minimus, An. annularis and An. culicifacies were also found positive for malaria parasites. The present study exhibits the human feeding tendency of Anopheles vectors highlighting their malaria parasite transmission potential. The present study may serve as a model for understanding the human host preference of malaria vectors and detection of malaria parasite inside the anopheline vector mosquitoes in order to update their vectorial status for estimating the possible role of these mosquitoes in malaria transmission. The study has used PCR method and suggests that PCR-based method should be used in this entire malarious region to correctly report the vectorial position of different malaria vectors.
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Haddadzade HR, Fattahi R, Mohebali M, Akhoundi B, Ebrahimzade E. Seroepidemiologcal investigation of visceral leishmaniasis in stray and owned dogs in alborz province, central iran using direct agglutination test. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2013; 8:152-7. [PMID: 23682273 PMCID: PMC3655253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of present study was to determine the seroprevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) among stray and owned dogs in Kouhsar district of Alborz Province, central Iran. METHODS The study was performed from March 2011 to July 2011 using Direct Agglutination Test (DAT). Three hundred and thirty seven dogs including 257 stary and 80 owned dogs were selected by random sampling. The agreement between serological data and sex, age, life style of dogs and clinical signs were assessed by Chi-square. RESULTS DAT showed that from 337 serum samples collected from owned and stray dogs, 12sera (3.6%) were positive. The seroprevalance was 10% (8/80) among owned dogs and 1.6% (4/257) among stray dogs. A significant difference in seroplevalance was seen between owned and stray dogs (P = 0.01). The highest seroprevalence rate (14%) was observed among the ownership dogs of 5 years old and above. Statistical analysis revealed significant relation between seroprelvalence and age (P= 0.02). There was no statistically significant relation between male (6.3%) and female (2.2%) seroprevalence (P= 0.085). CONCLUSION This survey indicates the importance and necessity of serologic screening of visceral leishmaniasis in human and dogs in Kouhsar district.
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Affiliation(s)
- HR Haddadzade
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran,Iran
| | - R Fattahi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran,Iran
| | - M Mohebali
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
- Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - B Akhoundi
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
- Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - E Ebrahimzade
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran,Iran
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