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Oertel FC, Zimmermann HG, Motamedi S, Bereuter C, Manthey LM, Ashtari F, Kafieh R, Dehghani A, Pourazizi M, Pandit L, D'Cunha A, Aktas O, Albrecht P, Ringelstein M, Martinez-Lapiscina EH, Sanchez Dalmau BF, Villoslada P, Asgari N, Marignier R, Cobo-Calvo A, Leocani L, Pisa M, Radaelli M, Palace J, Roca-Fernandez A, Leite MIS, Sharma S, De Seze J, Senger T, Yeaman MR, Smith TJ, Cook LJ, Brandt AU, Paul F. Retinal Changes in Double-Antibody Seronegative Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2024; 11:e200273. [PMID: 38941573 PMCID: PMC11214151 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To systematically describe the clinical picture of double-antibody seronegative neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (DN-NMOSD) with specific emphasis on retinal involvement. METHODS Cross-sectional data of 25 people with DN-NMOSD (48 eyes) with and without a history of optic neuritis (ON) were included in this study along with data from 25 people with aquaporin-4 antibody seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4-NMOSD, 46 eyes) and from 25 healthy controls (HCs, 49 eyes) for comparison. All groups were matched for age and sex and included from the collaborative retrospective study of retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) in neuromyelitis optica (CROCTINO). Participants underwent OCT with central postprocessing and local neurologic examination and antibody testing. Retinal neurodegeneration was quantified as peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (pRNFL) and combined ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer thickness (GCIPL). RESULTS This DN-NMOSD cohort had a history of [median (inter-quartile range)] 6 (5; 9) attacks within their 5 ± 4 years since onset. Myelitis and ON were the most common attack types. In DN-NMOSD eyes after ON, pRNFL (p < 0.001) and GCIPL (p = 0.023) were thinner compared with eyes of HCs. Even after only one ON episode, DN-NMOSD eyes already had considerable neuroaxonal loss compared with HCs. In DN-NMOSD eyes without a history of ON, pRNFL (p = 0.027) and GCIPL (p = 0.022) were also reduced compared with eyes of HCs. However, there was no difference in pRNFL and GCIPL between DN-NMOSD and AQP4-NMOSD for the whole group and for subsets with a history of ON and without a history of ON-as well as between variances of retinal layer thicknesses. DISCUSSION DN-NMOSD is characterized by severe retinal damage after ON and attack-independent retinal neurodegeneration. Most of the damage occurs during the first ON episode, which highlights the need for better diagnostic markers in DN-NMOSD to facilitate an earlier diagnosis as well as for effective and early treatments. In this study, people with DN-NMOSD presented with homogeneous clinical and imaging findings potentially suggesting a common retinal pathology in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike C Oertel
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Hanna G Zimmermann
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Seyedamirhosein Motamedi
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Charlotte Bereuter
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Luca Magdalena Manthey
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Fereshteh Ashtari
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Rahele Kafieh
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Alireza Dehghani
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Mohsen Pourazizi
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Lekha Pandit
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Anitha D'Cunha
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Orhan Aktas
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Philipp Albrecht
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Marius Ringelstein
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Elena H Martinez-Lapiscina
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Bernardo F Sanchez Dalmau
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Pablo Villoslada
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Nasrin Asgari
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Romain Marignier
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Alvaro Cobo-Calvo
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Letizia Leocani
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Marco Pisa
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Marta Radaelli
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Jacqueline Palace
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Adriana Roca-Fernandez
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Maria Isabel S Leite
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Srilakshmi Sharma
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Jerome De Seze
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Thomas Senger
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Michael R Yeaman
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Terry J Smith
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Lawrence J Cook
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Alexander U Brandt
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
| | - Friedemann Paul
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., H.G.Z., S.M., C.B., L.M.M., A.U.B., F.P.); Department of Neurology (F.C.O., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Einstein Center Digital Future (H.G.Z.), Berlin, Germany; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.); Department of Ophthalmology (A.D., M. Pourazizi), Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D.C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., P.A., M. Ringelstein), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurlogy (P.A.), Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach; Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (M. Ringelstein), Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L., B.F.S.D., P.V.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Service de Neurologie (R.M., A.C.-C.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., M. Pisa, M. Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.S.L.); Department of Ophthalmology (S.S.), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom; Neurology Service (J.D.S., T.S.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center; Division of Metabolism (T.J.S.), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; and Department of Pediatrics (L.J.C.), University of Utah
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Oertel FC, Specovius S, Zimmermann HG, Chien C, Motamedi S, Bereuter C, Cook L, Lana Peixoto MA, Fontanelle MA, Kim HJ, Hyun JW, Palace J, Roca-Fernandez A, Leite MI, Sharma S, Ashtari F, Kafieh R, Dehghani A, Pourazizi M, Pandit L, D'Cunha A, Aktas O, Ringelstein M, Albrecht P, May E, Tongco C, Leocani L, Pisa M, Radaelli M, Martinez-Lapiscina EH, Stiebel-Kalish H, Siritho S, de Seze J, Senger T, Havla J, Marignier R, Calvo AC, Bichuetti D, Tavares IM, Asgari N, Soelberg K, Altintas A, Yildirim R, Tanriverdi U, Jacob A, Huda S, Rimler Z, Reid A, Mao-Draayer Y, Soto de Castillo I, Petzold A, Green AJ, Yeaman MR, Smith T, Brandt AU, Paul F. Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography in Neuromyelitis Optica. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 8:8/6/e1068. [PMID: 34526385 PMCID: PMC8448522 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives To determine optic nerve and retinal damage in aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-IgG)-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) in a large international cohort after previous studies have been limited by small and heterogeneous cohorts. Methods The cross-sectional Collaborative Retrospective Study on retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) in neuromyelitis optica collected retrospective data from 22 centers. Of 653 screened participants, we included 283 AQP4-IgG–seropositive patients with NMOSD and 72 healthy controls (HCs). Participants underwent OCT with central reading including quality control and intraretinal segmentation. The primary outcome was thickness of combined ganglion cell and inner plexiform (GCIP) layer; secondary outcomes were thickness of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) and visual acuity (VA). Results Eyes with ON (NMOSD-ON, N = 260) or without ON (NMOSD-NON, N = 241) were assessed compared with HCs (N = 136). In NMOSD-ON, GCIP layer (57.4 ± 12.2 μm) was reduced compared with HC (GCIP layer: 81.4 ± 5.7 μm, p < 0.001). GCIP layer loss (−22.7 μm) after the first ON was higher than after the next (−3.5 μm) and subsequent episodes. pRNFL observations were similar. NMOSD-NON exhibited reduced GCIP layer but not pRNFL compared with HC. VA was greatly reduced in NMOSD-ON compared with HC eyes, but did not differ between NMOSD-NON and HC. Discussion Our results emphasize that attack prevention is key to avoid severe neuroaxonal damage and vision loss caused by ON in NMOSD. Therapies ameliorating attack-related damage, especially during a first attack, are an unmet clinical need. Mild signs of neuroaxonal changes without apparent vision loss in ON-unaffected eyes might be solely due to contralateral ON attacks and do not suggest clinically relevant progression but need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Cosima Oertel
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Svenja Specovius
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanna G Zimmermann
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Chien
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Seyedamirhosein Motamedi
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Bereuter
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Lawrence Cook
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Aurélio Lana Peixoto
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Mariana Andrade Fontanelle
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Ho Jin Kim
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Jae-Won Hyun
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Palace
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Adriana Roca-Fernandez
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Isabel Leite
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Srilakshmi Sharma
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Fereshteh Ashtari
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Rahele Kafieh
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Alireza Dehghani
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohsen Pourazizi
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Lekha Pandit
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Anitha D'Cunha
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Orhan Aktas
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Marius Ringelstein
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Albrecht
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Eugene May
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Caryl Tongco
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Letizia Leocani
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Pisa
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Marta Radaelli
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena H Martinez-Lapiscina
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Hadas Stiebel-Kalish
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Sasitorn Siritho
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Jérome de Seze
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Senger
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Havla
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Romain Marignier
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Alvaro Cobo Calvo
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Denis Bichuetti
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivan Maynart Tavares
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Nasrin Asgari
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Soelberg
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Ayse Altintas
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Rengin Yildirim
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Uygur Tanriverdi
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Anu Jacob
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Saif Huda
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Zoe Rimler
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Allyson Reid
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Yang Mao-Draayer
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Ibis Soto de Castillo
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Petzold
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Ari J Green
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael R Yeaman
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Terry Smith
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander U Brandt
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.C.O., Svenja Specovius, H.G.Z., C.C., S.M., C.B., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.C.O., A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco, CA; Department of Pediatrics (L.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; CIEM MS Research Center (M.A.L.P., M.A.F.), University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.J.K., J.-W.H.), National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (J.P., A.R.-F., M.I.L.), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), and Department of Ophthalmology (Srilakshmi Sharma), Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, UK; Kashani MS Center (F.A.), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center (R.K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center (A.D., Mohsen Pourazizi), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Neurology (L.P., A.D'C.), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology (O.A., Marius Ringelstein, P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Swedish Neuroscience Institute Neuro-Ophthalmology (E.M., C.T.), Seattle, WA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L., Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli), Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) Scientific Institute Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions (E.H.M.-L.), Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Spain; Sackler School of Medicine (H.S.-K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (H.S.-K.), Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Division of Neurology (Sasitorn Siritho), Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurology Service (J.d.S., Thomas Senger), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Neurology (R.M., A.C.C.), Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.C.), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.B., I.M.T.), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Departments of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospitals, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Regional Health Research (N.A., K.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology (A.A., U.T.), and Department of Ophthalmology (R.Y.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.J., S.H.), Liverpool, UK; The Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (A.J.), United Arab Emirates; NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (Z.R., A.R.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.M.-D.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (I.S.C.), Hospital Clínico de Maracaibo, Venezuela; Moorfield's Eye Hospital (A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Terry Smith), Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America; Division of Metabolism (Terry Smith), Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California, Irvine; and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.
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