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Yang X, Liang J, Shu Y, Wei L, Wen C, Luo H, Ma L, Qin T, Wang B, Zeng S, Liu Y, Zhou C. Asperosaponin VI facilitates the regeneration of skeletal muscle injury by suppressing GSK-3β-mediated cell apoptosis. J Cell Biochem 2024; 125:115-126. [PMID: 38079224 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Asperosaponin VI (ASA VI) is a bioactive triterpenoid saponin extracted from Diptychus roots, of Diptyl, and has previously shown protective functions in rheumatoid arthritis and sepsis. This study investigates the effects and molecular mechanisms of ASA VI on skeletal muscle regeneration in a cardiotoxin (CTX)-induced skeletal muscle injury mouse model. Mice were subjected to CTX-induced injury in the tibialis anterior and C2C12 myotubes were treated with CTX. Muscle fiber histology was analyzed at 7 and 14 days postinjury. Apoptosis and autophagy-related protein expression were evaluated t s by Western blot, and muscle regeneration markers were quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Docking studies, cell viability assessments, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) activation analyses were performed to elucidate the mechanism. ASA VI was observed to improve muscle interstitial fibrosis, remodeling, and performance in CTX-treated mice, thereby increased skeletal muscle size, weight, and locomotion. Furthermore, ASA VI modulated the expression of apoptosis and autophagy-related proteins through GSK-3β inhibition and activated the transcription of regeneration genes. Our results suggest that ASA VI mitigates skeletal muscle injury by modulating apoptosis and autophagy via GSK-3β signaling and promotes regeneration, thus presenting a probable therapeutic agent for skeletal muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Shu
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linlin Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cailing Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liqing Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siyu Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Lewin MR, Gilliam LL, Gilliam J, Samuel SP, Bulfone TC, Bickler PE, Gutiérrez JM. Delayed LY333013 (Oral) and LY315920 (Intravenous) Reverse Severe Neurotoxicity and Rescue Juvenile Pigs from Lethal Doses of Micrurus fulvius (Eastern Coral Snake) Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E479. [PMID: 30453607 PMCID: PMC6265968 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a clear, unmet need for effective, lightweight, shelf-stable and economical snakebite envenoming therapies that can be given rapidly after the time of a snake's bite and as adjuncts to antivenom therapies in the hospital setting. The sPLA2 inhibitor, LY315920, and its orally bioavailable prodrug, LY333013, demonstrate surprising efficacy and have the characteristics of an antidote with potential for both field and hospital use. METHODS The efficacy of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (LY315920) and its prodrug (LY333013) to treat experimental, lethal envenoming by Micrurus fulvius (Eastern coral snake) venom was tested using a porcine model. Inhibitors were administered by either intravenous or oral routes at different time intervals after venom injection. In some experiments, antivenom was also administered alone or in conjunction with LY333013. RESULTS 14 of 14 animals (100%) receiving either LY315920 (intravenous) and/or LY333013 (oral) survived to the 120 h endpoint despite, in some protocols, the presence of severe neurotoxic signs. The study drugs demonstrated the ability to treat, rescue, and re-rescue animals with advanced manifestations of envenoming. CONCLUSIONS Low molecular mass sPLA2 inhibitors were highly effective in preventing lethality following experimental envenoming by M. fulvius. These findings suggest the plausibility of a new therapeutic approach to snakebite envenoming, in this example, for the treatment of a coral snake species for which there are limitations in the availability of effective antivenom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Lewin
- Ophirex, Inc., Corte Madera, CA 94925, USA.
- California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
| | - Lyndi L Gilliam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - John Gilliam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Stephen P Samuel
- California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kings Lynn, Norfolk PE30 4ET, UK.
| | - Tommaso C Bulfone
- Ophirex, Inc., Corte Madera, CA 94925, USA.
- California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
| | - Philip E Bickler
- Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
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Parker-Cote J, Meggs WJ. First Aid and Pre-Hospital Management of Venomous Snakebites. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:E45. [PMID: 30274441 PMCID: PMC6073535 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antivenom is the definitive treatment for venomous snakebites, but is expensive and not available in many rural and poorly developed regions. Timely transportation to facilities that stock and administer antivenom may not be available in rural areas with poorly developed emergency medical services. These factors have led to consideration of measures to delay onset of toxicity or alternatives to antivenom therapy. METHODS PubMed searches were conducted for articles on snakebite treatment, or that contained first aid, emergency medical services, tourniquets, pressure immobilization bandages, suction devices, and lymphatic flow inhibitors. RESULTS The reviewed articles describe how venoms spread after a venomous snakebite on an extremity, list the proposed first aid measures for delaying the spread of venoms, and evaluate the scientific studies that support or refute methods of snakebite first aid. The recommendations for field treatment of venomous snakebites will be discussed. CONCLUSIONS The evidence suggests that pressure immobilization bandages and related strategies are the best interventions to delay onset of systemic toxicity from venomous snakebites but may increase local toxicity for venoms that destroy tissue at the site of the bite, so their use should be individualized to the circumstances and nature of the venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Parker-Cote
- Division of Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
| | - William J Meggs
- Division of Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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